There is little knowledge of the existence of Alzheimer disease (AD) or Alzheimer type of dementi... more There is little knowledge of the existence of Alzheimer disease (AD) or Alzheimer type of dementia in indigenous populations of developing countries. In an effort to evaluate this, we assessed the deposition of amyloid beta (A beta) protein and other lesions associated with AD in brains of elderly East Africans. Brain tissues were examined from 32 subjects, aged 45 to 83 years with no apparent neurological disease, who came to autopsy at two medical Institutions in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam. An age-matched sample from subjects who had died from similar causes in Cleveland was assessed in parallel. Of the 20 samples from Nairobi, 3 (15%) brains exhibited neocortical A beta deposits that varied from numerous diffuse to highly localized compact or neuritic plaques, many of which were also thioflavin S positive. Two of the cases had profound A beta deposition in the prefrontal and temporal cortices and one of these also exhibited moderate to severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Similarly...
We report a case of multiple minute angioectasia of the jejunum presenting with fatal gastrointes... more We report a case of multiple minute angioectasia of the jejunum presenting with fatal gastrointestinal bleeding. Repeated endoscopies, mesenteric angiography and scintigraphy failed to locate the bleeding site. Multiple minute angioectasia was suspected on intraoperative enteroscopy; however, surgical resection failed to permanently control gastrointestinal haemorrhage. The final histology report confirmed the presence of multiple minute angioectasia of the jejunum. In this case study, we review current diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, and discuss the association between gastrointestinal angioectasia and malignant lymphoma.
To determine the frequency distribution of malignant tumours of childhood aged 0-14 years. A retr... more To determine the frequency distribution of malignant tumours of childhood aged 0-14 years. A retrospective histopathological review of 541 cases of malignant tumours of childhood. Cancer Registry, Department of Histopathology, Muhimbili Medical Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malignant tumours of childhood accounted for 11.5% of all malignant tumours recorded in the cancer registry. Commonest malignant tumours were lymphomas (53%), of which 31.4% were Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), 14.9% Hodgkin's disease (HD), and 6.6% Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Others were retinoblastoma (12.9%), carcinoma (9%), nephroblastoma and soft tissue sarcoma each 6.7% and Kaposi's sarcoma (5.9%). Bone, germ cell and nervous system tumours were rare. These findings may act as a basis for which further studies on malignant tumours of childhood in Tanzania could be carried out.
To determine diagnostic criteria for tuberculosis among sputum smear acid fast bacilli negative p... more To determine diagnostic criteria for tuberculosis among sputum smear acid fast bacilli negative patients with chronic cough, based on symptoms, signs and simple laboratory tests. A two-month prospective follow up study. Muhimbili Medical Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. One hundred and seventy- eight consecutive patients admitted between 1st November, 1994 and 31st March, 1995 with chronic productive cough. Sputum smear acid fast bacilli (AAFB) negative with TB, discriminating ability of clinical and laboratory parameters. Forty three (24.2%) were sputum smear positive for acid fast bacilli (AAFB). In 90 (50.6%) patients, AAFB could be isolated in specimen other than sputum and in 45 (25.3%) no AAFB could be isolated. In a univariate analysis of all symptoms, signs and laboratory test results, cough of four or more weeks, haemoptysis, oral candidiasis, chest consolidation, pleural effusion, mid zone and upper zone chest x-ray opacities were significantly different between sputum AAF...
Nucleic acid amplification techniques for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) are rapidly being de... more Nucleic acid amplification techniques for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) are rapidly being developed. Scant work, however, has focused on pericardial TB. Using cryopreserved specimens from a prior study of pericarditis, we compared PCR to culture and histopathology for the diagnosis of tuberculous pericarditis in 36 specimens of pericardial fluid and 19 specimens of pericardial tissue from 20 patients. Fluid and tissue were cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen and Middlebrook solid media and in BACTEC radiometric broth. Tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Ziehl-Neelsen, auramine O, and Kinyoun stains and were examined for granuloma formation and acid-fast bacilli. PCR was performed with both fluid and tissue with IS6110-based primers specific for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by published methods. Sixteen of the 20 patients had tuberculous pericarditis and 4 patients had other diagnoses. TB was correctly diagnosed by culture in 15 (93%) patients, by PCR in 13...
The effect of malaria chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy on placenta malarial changes (PMCs) was i... more The effect of malaria chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy on placenta malarial changes (PMCs) was investigated in 170 tissue sections. Women of 63 sections received daily proguanil (PROG), 61 once weekly chloroquine (CQ) and 46 the two drug combination (CQ+PROG). All were residents of a malaria hyperendemic area in Muheza District, Tanzania. Supervised prophylaxis started early in pregnancy till delivery. Parasitaemias and clinical episodes were detected early and radically treated. Overall, PMCs were mostly infrequent and light viz: fibrinous deposits (98%), fibrinoid necrosis (60%), leucocytic infiltrations (59%), macrophage containing pigment (16%), and malaria parasites (8%). The type, prevalence, and severity of the PMCs in the three prophylaxis groups were comparable. This was despite the fact that PROG and CQ+PROG were prophylactically more efficacious than CQ and despite the expectation that the prevalence and severity of the PMCs would be high in the CQ group. Prompt diagnosi...
Routinely collected, processed and stored breast cancer tissue blocks recovered from the archives... more Routinely collected, processed and stored breast cancer tissue blocks recovered from the archives of the Pathology laboratory in Dar es Salaam after storage of up to 3 years were analysed by a flow cytometry for DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction. Results showed that archival material stored in humid tropical conditions may be used for flow cytometric analysis. The mean age of the patients was rather low and aneuploidy was much rarer when compared to studies from Western countries, but the figures on S-phase fraction were comparable. The predominant histological type was infiltrating ductal carcinoma. These results seem to indicate that there may be some differences in the biology of breast cancer between Tanzania and other countries. Studies to confirm these preliminary findings are desirable.
In order to evaluate procedures leading to the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis, a prospect... more In order to evaluate procedures leading to the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis, a prospective clinical study was carried out of patients with lymphadenopathy admitted to the medical wards of a referral hospital in Tanzania. The yield of diagnostic procedures (direct auramine/Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stained smears, Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) cultures, cytology and histological examinations of fine needle aspirations (FNA) and biopsy material of lymph nodes, respectively, was compared. We also tried to identify clinical diagnostic markers. One hundred and twenty-eight (99 HIV-seropositive) patients were included. In 89 (67 HIV-positive) patients TB lymphadenitis could be proven. Histology and LJ culture of a lymph node biopsy had the highest diagnostic yield, 85% and 88% respectively, followed by detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in biopsy smear (53%) and in fine-needle aspirations (35%). The diagnostic yield of the several procedures was not affected by associated HIV infection. Mac...
African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 1988
Carcinoma of the stomach is the commonest malignancy in the Mount Kilimanjaro area of Tanzania, w... more Carcinoma of the stomach is the commonest malignancy in the Mount Kilimanjaro area of Tanzania, with relative frequencies of 16.3 and 15.1% of all malignancies for males and females, respectively; and even considerably higher population based incidences than in other African registries. In this area with high risk for gastric carcinoma the ratio of intestinal to diffuse type (I:D) was significantly higher, 4.1 compared with 2.1 in the other, lower risk, regions of Northern Tanzania. Tumours of intestinal type were more often seen in young patients around Mount Kilimanjaro than in other countries, 6.0% of the patients with an I:D of 3.7 being under 35 years of age. Likewise, the proportion of females with gastric carcinoma was higher in the Mount Kilimanjaro area with an I:D ratio of 3.1, compared with 1.7 in females from the other regions. The high frequency of stomach cancer in the Mount Kilimanjaro area may be due to the influence of volcanic soils.
In a five-year-period, twenty three cases of peripheral nerve tumours were seen at the pathology ... more In a five-year-period, twenty three cases of peripheral nerve tumours were seen at the pathology department of Muhimbili Medical Centre. Nine of these had von-Recklinghausen's disease (neurofibromatosis). One of these patients developed malignant schwannomas at two different sites simultaneously. Patients with malignant disease in Tanzania as in other sub-Saharan African countries usually get to the large referral hospitals late in the course of their disease. Despite this delay and the advanced nature of their illness, attempts should be made to achieve satisfactory palliative results.
In Africa breast cancer has been reported to occur frequently in young females and to show an agg... more In Africa breast cancer has been reported to occur frequently in young females and to show an aggressive histological and clinical picture, suggesting that this malignancy might have a different biology from this disease in Western females. To investigate this, the present study assessed by immunohistochemistry the expression of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PgR) in 60 fresh frozen breast cancer tissues from indigenous Tanzanian patients. This prospective study collected tissues from routine patients treated at the Muhimbili Medical Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. These markers have not been previously investigated in indigenous sub-Saharan females with breast cancer. Patients in this study expressed lower frequencies of ER (33%) and PgR (18%) as compared to literature reports including those about African-Americans. Expression of these markers, however, correlated with the demographic, clinical and histological characteristics in a similar way as observed els...
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) presents in four clinicopathological types namely classical... more Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) presents in four clinicopathological types namely classical/sporadic (CKS), endemic African (EKS), iatrogenic (IKS) and that associated with AIDS (AKS). Recently a putative herpes virus (HHV-8) was described and shown to be present in all four types of KS. The immunological status of patients with EKS has been conflicting. In this study total leucocyte counts, total lymphocyte counts and lymphocyte subsets of patients with EKS and AKS were determined by flow cytometry and compared to those of healthy HIV-1 seronegative controls. Results show that 50% of EKS lesions were of nodular type. Patients with EKS had significantly lower levels of CD4+ T- lymphocytes and CD4:CD8 ratio but significantly higher CD8+ T-lymphocytes compared to controls. Patients with AKS had significantly lower levels of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and also CD4:CD8 ratios but significantly higher percentage of CD8+ T-lymphocytes when compared with EKS patients. These findings indicate that in both forms of KS there is a certain degree of immunological disturbance which is more conspicuous in AKS because of HIV infection and suggests that HIV-1 acts synergistically with the aetiological agent (HHV-8) to cause a more aggressive type of KS.
Fifty seven adenocarcinomas, 43 large cell and 30 small cell lung carcinomas were immunohistochem... more Fifty seven adenocarcinomas, 43 large cell and 30 small cell lung carcinomas were immunohistochemically examined using monospecific IgG against pulmonary surfactant apoprotein. Six peripheral adenocarcinomas and one peripheral large cell carcinoma were found to be histogenetically related to type II pneumocytes. They showed an acinar, papillary or solid growth pattern. The immunohistochemical study using anti-surfactant apoprotein IgG gave a granular reaction product in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of tumor cells whose intensity was variable. Intranuclear inclusions were generally the most densely stained structures. These results suggest that lung carcinomas derived from alveolar type II cells are found not only in bronchioloalveolar tumors, but are also found in other types of adenocarcinoma and in large cell carcinomas.
The Tanzania cancer registry recorded 39,920 cancer cases from 1968 to 1995. Kaposi&#... more The Tanzania cancer registry recorded 39,920 cancer cases from 1968 to 1995. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) constituted 4% of the cases of which 79.9% were males. During the AIDS period changes in the demographics of KS were noted showing an increase in the diagnosis of KS (p=0.0001). There was an overall decrease in the mean age from 41.7 years before to 37.3 years during the AIDS epidemic (p=0.002). In males this decreased from 42.7 to 38.8 years (p=0.01) but was not statistically significant in females (p=0.06). In both periods the cases were observed in the sexually active age groups. The narrowing of the male/female ratio during the AIDS period (p=0.0004), and an increase in extra-limb lesions from 19.7% before to 48.7% during the AIDS epidemic indicates the emergence of an aggressive form of KS in Tanzania, suggesting a co-factor role of HIV in KS pathogenesis.
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2013
ABSTRACT Congo red was removed from aqueous solution using nano-crystalline agglomerates of calci... more ABSTRACT Congo red was removed from aqueous solution using nano-crystalline agglomerates of calcium–iron mixed oxide (CaIMO) and iron–calcium mixed oxide (ICaMO) (CaIMO: 30–25 nm; ICaMO: 22–19 nm). The optimum pH was 8.0 (±0.1). Kinetically, pore diffusion with pseudo-second order equation governs the overall adsorption process. Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson isotherms describe the experimental data. Negative ΔGo (−20.78 to −15.25 kJ mol−1) and negative ΔHo (−26.21 and −105.59 kJ mol−1) indicated spontaneous and exothermic reaction. Adsorbents are 4th cycle regenerated using 0.05 M NaOH. Both CaIMO and ICaMO are competitive materials for CR removal from aqueous solution
Death from accidental steam inhalation is quite a rare occurrence. Two cases of children who died... more Death from accidental steam inhalation is quite a rare occurrence. Two cases of children who died during the inhalation of superheated steam in a closed room are reported. To our knowledge this is the first case report where children died from the injurious effects of steam while inhaling steam. At autopsy, petechial haemorrhages in brain, lungs, heart, and congestion of epiglottis, congestion and oedema of lungs were seen macroscopically. Microscopically, trachea showed swelling and oedema of mucosa and sub mucosa, focal loss of mucosal epithelium and coagulative necrosis with scanty inflammatory reaction, lungs showed congestion, oedema and haemorrhages. It is considered that these findings caused hypoxia and cause of death in these cases was accidental inhalation of superheated steam. It indicates that mucosa of respiratory tract is vulnerable to the effects of vapors of superheated steam. Moreover it would seem that fatal hypoxia occurs within a few minutes from the effects of inhalation of steam in a closed space.
Carcinoma of the breast is the second most frequent tumour in African females. Breast carcinomas ... more Carcinoma of the breast is the second most frequent tumour in African females. Breast carcinomas in African females appear about a decade earlier and follow a more aggressive clinical course than those in developed countries. To elucidate this difference we investigated 63 ...
There is little knowledge of the existence of Alzheimer disease (AD) or Alzheimer type of dementi... more There is little knowledge of the existence of Alzheimer disease (AD) or Alzheimer type of dementia in indigenous populations of developing countries. In an effort to evaluate this, we assessed the deposition of amyloid beta (A beta) protein and other lesions associated with AD in brains of elderly East Africans. Brain tissues were examined from 32 subjects, aged 45 to 83 years with no apparent neurological disease, who came to autopsy at two medical Institutions in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam. An age-matched sample from subjects who had died from similar causes in Cleveland was assessed in parallel. Of the 20 samples from Nairobi, 3 (15%) brains exhibited neocortical A beta deposits that varied from numerous diffuse to highly localized compact or neuritic plaques, many of which were also thioflavin S positive. Two of the cases had profound A beta deposition in the prefrontal and temporal cortices and one of these also exhibited moderate to severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Similarly...
We report a case of multiple minute angioectasia of the jejunum presenting with fatal gastrointes... more We report a case of multiple minute angioectasia of the jejunum presenting with fatal gastrointestinal bleeding. Repeated endoscopies, mesenteric angiography and scintigraphy failed to locate the bleeding site. Multiple minute angioectasia was suspected on intraoperative enteroscopy; however, surgical resection failed to permanently control gastrointestinal haemorrhage. The final histology report confirmed the presence of multiple minute angioectasia of the jejunum. In this case study, we review current diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, and discuss the association between gastrointestinal angioectasia and malignant lymphoma.
To determine the frequency distribution of malignant tumours of childhood aged 0-14 years. A retr... more To determine the frequency distribution of malignant tumours of childhood aged 0-14 years. A retrospective histopathological review of 541 cases of malignant tumours of childhood. Cancer Registry, Department of Histopathology, Muhimbili Medical Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Malignant tumours of childhood accounted for 11.5% of all malignant tumours recorded in the cancer registry. Commonest malignant tumours were lymphomas (53%), of which 31.4% were Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), 14.9% Hodgkin's disease (HD), and 6.6% Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Others were retinoblastoma (12.9%), carcinoma (9%), nephroblastoma and soft tissue sarcoma each 6.7% and Kaposi's sarcoma (5.9%). Bone, germ cell and nervous system tumours were rare. These findings may act as a basis for which further studies on malignant tumours of childhood in Tanzania could be carried out.
To determine diagnostic criteria for tuberculosis among sputum smear acid fast bacilli negative p... more To determine diagnostic criteria for tuberculosis among sputum smear acid fast bacilli negative patients with chronic cough, based on symptoms, signs and simple laboratory tests. A two-month prospective follow up study. Muhimbili Medical Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. One hundred and seventy- eight consecutive patients admitted between 1st November, 1994 and 31st March, 1995 with chronic productive cough. Sputum smear acid fast bacilli (AAFB) negative with TB, discriminating ability of clinical and laboratory parameters. Forty three (24.2%) were sputum smear positive for acid fast bacilli (AAFB). In 90 (50.6%) patients, AAFB could be isolated in specimen other than sputum and in 45 (25.3%) no AAFB could be isolated. In a univariate analysis of all symptoms, signs and laboratory test results, cough of four or more weeks, haemoptysis, oral candidiasis, chest consolidation, pleural effusion, mid zone and upper zone chest x-ray opacities were significantly different between sputum AAF...
Nucleic acid amplification techniques for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) are rapidly being de... more Nucleic acid amplification techniques for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) are rapidly being developed. Scant work, however, has focused on pericardial TB. Using cryopreserved specimens from a prior study of pericarditis, we compared PCR to culture and histopathology for the diagnosis of tuberculous pericarditis in 36 specimens of pericardial fluid and 19 specimens of pericardial tissue from 20 patients. Fluid and tissue were cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen and Middlebrook solid media and in BACTEC radiometric broth. Tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Ziehl-Neelsen, auramine O, and Kinyoun stains and were examined for granuloma formation and acid-fast bacilli. PCR was performed with both fluid and tissue with IS6110-based primers specific for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by published methods. Sixteen of the 20 patients had tuberculous pericarditis and 4 patients had other diagnoses. TB was correctly diagnosed by culture in 15 (93%) patients, by PCR in 13...
The effect of malaria chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy on placenta malarial changes (PMCs) was i... more The effect of malaria chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy on placenta malarial changes (PMCs) was investigated in 170 tissue sections. Women of 63 sections received daily proguanil (PROG), 61 once weekly chloroquine (CQ) and 46 the two drug combination (CQ+PROG). All were residents of a malaria hyperendemic area in Muheza District, Tanzania. Supervised prophylaxis started early in pregnancy till delivery. Parasitaemias and clinical episodes were detected early and radically treated. Overall, PMCs were mostly infrequent and light viz: fibrinous deposits (98%), fibrinoid necrosis (60%), leucocytic infiltrations (59%), macrophage containing pigment (16%), and malaria parasites (8%). The type, prevalence, and severity of the PMCs in the three prophylaxis groups were comparable. This was despite the fact that PROG and CQ+PROG were prophylactically more efficacious than CQ and despite the expectation that the prevalence and severity of the PMCs would be high in the CQ group. Prompt diagnosi...
Routinely collected, processed and stored breast cancer tissue blocks recovered from the archives... more Routinely collected, processed and stored breast cancer tissue blocks recovered from the archives of the Pathology laboratory in Dar es Salaam after storage of up to 3 years were analysed by a flow cytometry for DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction. Results showed that archival material stored in humid tropical conditions may be used for flow cytometric analysis. The mean age of the patients was rather low and aneuploidy was much rarer when compared to studies from Western countries, but the figures on S-phase fraction were comparable. The predominant histological type was infiltrating ductal carcinoma. These results seem to indicate that there may be some differences in the biology of breast cancer between Tanzania and other countries. Studies to confirm these preliminary findings are desirable.
In order to evaluate procedures leading to the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis, a prospect... more In order to evaluate procedures leading to the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis, a prospective clinical study was carried out of patients with lymphadenopathy admitted to the medical wards of a referral hospital in Tanzania. The yield of diagnostic procedures (direct auramine/Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stained smears, Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) cultures, cytology and histological examinations of fine needle aspirations (FNA) and biopsy material of lymph nodes, respectively, was compared. We also tried to identify clinical diagnostic markers. One hundred and twenty-eight (99 HIV-seropositive) patients were included. In 89 (67 HIV-positive) patients TB lymphadenitis could be proven. Histology and LJ culture of a lymph node biopsy had the highest diagnostic yield, 85% and 88% respectively, followed by detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in biopsy smear (53%) and in fine-needle aspirations (35%). The diagnostic yield of the several procedures was not affected by associated HIV infection. Mac...
African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 1988
Carcinoma of the stomach is the commonest malignancy in the Mount Kilimanjaro area of Tanzania, w... more Carcinoma of the stomach is the commonest malignancy in the Mount Kilimanjaro area of Tanzania, with relative frequencies of 16.3 and 15.1% of all malignancies for males and females, respectively; and even considerably higher population based incidences than in other African registries. In this area with high risk for gastric carcinoma the ratio of intestinal to diffuse type (I:D) was significantly higher, 4.1 compared with 2.1 in the other, lower risk, regions of Northern Tanzania. Tumours of intestinal type were more often seen in young patients around Mount Kilimanjaro than in other countries, 6.0% of the patients with an I:D of 3.7 being under 35 years of age. Likewise, the proportion of females with gastric carcinoma was higher in the Mount Kilimanjaro area with an I:D ratio of 3.1, compared with 1.7 in females from the other regions. The high frequency of stomach cancer in the Mount Kilimanjaro area may be due to the influence of volcanic soils.
In a five-year-period, twenty three cases of peripheral nerve tumours were seen at the pathology ... more In a five-year-period, twenty three cases of peripheral nerve tumours were seen at the pathology department of Muhimbili Medical Centre. Nine of these had von-Recklinghausen's disease (neurofibromatosis). One of these patients developed malignant schwannomas at two different sites simultaneously. Patients with malignant disease in Tanzania as in other sub-Saharan African countries usually get to the large referral hospitals late in the course of their disease. Despite this delay and the advanced nature of their illness, attempts should be made to achieve satisfactory palliative results.
In Africa breast cancer has been reported to occur frequently in young females and to show an agg... more In Africa breast cancer has been reported to occur frequently in young females and to show an aggressive histological and clinical picture, suggesting that this malignancy might have a different biology from this disease in Western females. To investigate this, the present study assessed by immunohistochemistry the expression of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PgR) in 60 fresh frozen breast cancer tissues from indigenous Tanzanian patients. This prospective study collected tissues from routine patients treated at the Muhimbili Medical Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. These markers have not been previously investigated in indigenous sub-Saharan females with breast cancer. Patients in this study expressed lower frequencies of ER (33%) and PgR (18%) as compared to literature reports including those about African-Americans. Expression of these markers, however, correlated with the demographic, clinical and histological characteristics in a similar way as observed els...
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) presents in four clinicopathological types namely classical... more Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) presents in four clinicopathological types namely classical/sporadic (CKS), endemic African (EKS), iatrogenic (IKS) and that associated with AIDS (AKS). Recently a putative herpes virus (HHV-8) was described and shown to be present in all four types of KS. The immunological status of patients with EKS has been conflicting. In this study total leucocyte counts, total lymphocyte counts and lymphocyte subsets of patients with EKS and AKS were determined by flow cytometry and compared to those of healthy HIV-1 seronegative controls. Results show that 50% of EKS lesions were of nodular type. Patients with EKS had significantly lower levels of CD4+ T- lymphocytes and CD4:CD8 ratio but significantly higher CD8+ T-lymphocytes compared to controls. Patients with AKS had significantly lower levels of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and also CD4:CD8 ratios but significantly higher percentage of CD8+ T-lymphocytes when compared with EKS patients. These findings indicate that in both forms of KS there is a certain degree of immunological disturbance which is more conspicuous in AKS because of HIV infection and suggests that HIV-1 acts synergistically with the aetiological agent (HHV-8) to cause a more aggressive type of KS.
Fifty seven adenocarcinomas, 43 large cell and 30 small cell lung carcinomas were immunohistochem... more Fifty seven adenocarcinomas, 43 large cell and 30 small cell lung carcinomas were immunohistochemically examined using monospecific IgG against pulmonary surfactant apoprotein. Six peripheral adenocarcinomas and one peripheral large cell carcinoma were found to be histogenetically related to type II pneumocytes. They showed an acinar, papillary or solid growth pattern. The immunohistochemical study using anti-surfactant apoprotein IgG gave a granular reaction product in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of tumor cells whose intensity was variable. Intranuclear inclusions were generally the most densely stained structures. These results suggest that lung carcinomas derived from alveolar type II cells are found not only in bronchioloalveolar tumors, but are also found in other types of adenocarcinoma and in large cell carcinomas.
The Tanzania cancer registry recorded 39,920 cancer cases from 1968 to 1995. Kaposi&#... more The Tanzania cancer registry recorded 39,920 cancer cases from 1968 to 1995. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) constituted 4% of the cases of which 79.9% were males. During the AIDS period changes in the demographics of KS were noted showing an increase in the diagnosis of KS (p=0.0001). There was an overall decrease in the mean age from 41.7 years before to 37.3 years during the AIDS epidemic (p=0.002). In males this decreased from 42.7 to 38.8 years (p=0.01) but was not statistically significant in females (p=0.06). In both periods the cases were observed in the sexually active age groups. The narrowing of the male/female ratio during the AIDS period (p=0.0004), and an increase in extra-limb lesions from 19.7% before to 48.7% during the AIDS epidemic indicates the emergence of an aggressive form of KS in Tanzania, suggesting a co-factor role of HIV in KS pathogenesis.
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2013
ABSTRACT Congo red was removed from aqueous solution using nano-crystalline agglomerates of calci... more ABSTRACT Congo red was removed from aqueous solution using nano-crystalline agglomerates of calcium–iron mixed oxide (CaIMO) and iron–calcium mixed oxide (ICaMO) (CaIMO: 30–25 nm; ICaMO: 22–19 nm). The optimum pH was 8.0 (±0.1). Kinetically, pore diffusion with pseudo-second order equation governs the overall adsorption process. Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson isotherms describe the experimental data. Negative ΔGo (−20.78 to −15.25 kJ mol−1) and negative ΔHo (−26.21 and −105.59 kJ mol−1) indicated spontaneous and exothermic reaction. Adsorbents are 4th cycle regenerated using 0.05 M NaOH. Both CaIMO and ICaMO are competitive materials for CR removal from aqueous solution
Death from accidental steam inhalation is quite a rare occurrence. Two cases of children who died... more Death from accidental steam inhalation is quite a rare occurrence. Two cases of children who died during the inhalation of superheated steam in a closed room are reported. To our knowledge this is the first case report where children died from the injurious effects of steam while inhaling steam. At autopsy, petechial haemorrhages in brain, lungs, heart, and congestion of epiglottis, congestion and oedema of lungs were seen macroscopically. Microscopically, trachea showed swelling and oedema of mucosa and sub mucosa, focal loss of mucosal epithelium and coagulative necrosis with scanty inflammatory reaction, lungs showed congestion, oedema and haemorrhages. It is considered that these findings caused hypoxia and cause of death in these cases was accidental inhalation of superheated steam. It indicates that mucosa of respiratory tract is vulnerable to the effects of vapors of superheated steam. Moreover it would seem that fatal hypoxia occurs within a few minutes from the effects of inhalation of steam in a closed space.
Carcinoma of the breast is the second most frequent tumour in African females. Breast carcinomas ... more Carcinoma of the breast is the second most frequent tumour in African females. Breast carcinomas in African females appear about a decade earlier and follow a more aggressive clinical course than those in developed countries. To elucidate this difference we investigated 63 ...
Uploads
Papers by J. Kitinya