Variations in root growth and functions in response to soil compaction associated with soil and c... more Variations in root growth and functions in response to soil compaction associated with soil and crop type, and soil wetness at the time of load application and weather in Central and Eastern Europe are reviewed. The effects of soil compaction on the morphological and anatomical modifications of the roots were shown. The influence of soil compaction on plasticity in root growth and functioning in relation to structural discontinuity is discussed. Possible mechanisms of root-shoot relations as affected by soil compaction are presented. Crop yields on compacted soil largely depend on weather conditions and initial soil compactness.
The effect of two management practices: grass cover (G) and traditional tillage (T) on the annual... more The effect of two management practices: grass cover (G) and traditional tillage (T) on the annual temperature variations of silt-loamy soil in inter-rows of sloping vineyard (Piedmont, Italy) was studied. Soil temperatures at depths of 6 cm and 11 cm and air temperature were recorded hourly during a whole year. In most of autumn and winter months the average daily soil temperatures were higher under G than T. The differences between minimum and maximum daily temperatures were pronounced the most strongly during the February - March period and in August. The mean standard deviations of monthly soil temperature at both depths were lower in G than in T in most months, mainly due to the damping effect of grass cover. In both treatments the deviations decreased with depth. Higher values of skewness and kurtosis of temperature in February and March under G than T indicate asymmetry and narrowness of daily temperature distribution in the former.
One of the factors that changes the physical and chemical properties of soil is the activity of m... more One of the factors that changes the physical and chemical properties of soil is the activity of micro- and mesofauna, including earthworms. The important influence of earthworms on the aggregate and organic matter stabilization is often emphasized in literature. The aim of this research was to compare the occurrence of microorganisms in soil media not treated and treated by earthworms in laboratory conditions. In fresh and dried coproliths and in soil the following microorganisms were determined: total number of bacteria, fungi, ammonifiers, sporulating mic roorganisms and actinomycetes. On the basis of obtained data, no evident differences in the number of selected microorganisms in earthworm coproliths and in soil not treated by earthworms were observed.The obtained data confirm, however, a higher number of fungi in dry coproliths and soil aggregates and a smaller number of actinomycetes in comparison to fresh coproliths. In fresh coproliths a higher number of ammonifiers was det...
Loamy soil (Orthic Luvisol) with 4-8 mm peds was collected from Lublin, Poland and compacted to b... more Loamy soil (Orthic Luvisol) with 4-8 mm peds was collected from Lublin, Poland and compacted to bulk densities of 1.30, 1.45 or 1.60 t/m³ with or without prior sieving to 2 mm particles. Maize cv. KLG 22-10 was sown in containers and placed in growth chambers with 14 h light/10 h dark at 25°C/18°C for 28 d. Total porosity, oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) and air permeability decreased and penetration resistance increased with increasing level of compaction, and were lower in the fine than the coarse soil. The largest decrease in root length was from medium to high compaction, and this decrease was larger in fine than in coarse structured soil. Increasing compaction resulted in root concentration near the soil surface. DW was highest at 2.38 and 2.62 g per 8 plants for fine structured soil in low and medium compaction levels, respectively. At the highest compaction level the highest DW of 1.35 g was from the coarse structured soil.
Validation of SMOS products is vital for their further use in the study of climate and hydrology.... more Validation of SMOS products is vital for their further use in the study of climate and hydrology. Several authors [1,2] have recently evaluated SMOS soil moisture data with an aid of in-situ observations of soil moisture. Collow and Robock have reported a dry bias as compared to in situ observations. Since their results are not much conclusive, they call for further studies using more data. Bircher and co-authors have also noted significant discrepancies between Danish network and SMOS soil moisture. SWEX_POLAND soil moisture network consists of 9 stations located in Eastern Poland. These stations are located on the areas representing variety types of land use: meadows, cultivated fields, wetlands and forests. We have expanded our analysis, as presented in the EGU 2012, using data from all network stations. Similarly as before, we have used three methods in our comparison studies: the Bland-Altman method, concordance correlation coefficient and total deviation index. Using these met...
Radiometric observations with SMOS rely on the Radiation Transfer Equations (RTE) determining the... more Radiometric observations with SMOS rely on the Radiation Transfer Equations (RTE) determining the Brightness Temperature (BT) in two linear polarization components (H, V) satisfying Fresnel principle of propagation in horizontally layered target media on the ground. RTE involve variables which bound the equations expressed in Electro-Magnetic (EM) terms of the intensity BT to the physical reality expressed by non-EM variables (Soil Moisture (SM), vegetation indexes, fractional coverage with many different properties, and the boundary conditions like optical thickness, layer definitions, roughness, etc.) bridging the EM domain to other physical aspects by means of the so called tau-omega methods. This method enables joining variety of different valuable models, including specific empirical estimation of physical properties in relation to the volumetric water content. The equations of RTE are in fact expressed by propagation, reflection and losses or attenuation existing on a consider...
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various straw management and tillage systems... more The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various straw management and tillage systems on the emergence, grain yield and cob characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.) under different cereal rotations on two soils (Orthic Luvisols) of loamy sand and sandy loam textures. The study was conducted in 1999, 2002 and 2003 in a micro-plot (1x1 m) experiment. Concrete walls, 120 cm deep, separated each plot of 1x1 m (five replicates). Straw management systems included: removed straw (RS) and left straw (LS) in the amount of annual straw yield. The retained straw was chopped and spread by hand. Under each straw management system the three following tillage systems were applied: conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), no-tillage (NT) with sowing to the uncultivated soil and chemical weed control. Each treatment had five replicates giving a total of sixty micro-plots. The preceding crops of maize were rye, winter wheat or maize, depending on the soil and year. The same maize va...
Drought and heat stresses are important threat limitations to plant growth and sustainable agricu... more Drought and heat stresses are important threat limitations to plant growth and sustainable agriculture worldwide. Our objective is to provide a review of plant responses and adaptations to drought and elevated temperature including roots, shoots, and final yield and management approaches for alleviating adverse effects of the stresses based mostly on recent literature. The sections of the paper deal with plant responses including root growth, transpiration, photosynthesis, water use efficiency, phenotypic flexibility, accumulation of compounds of low molecular mass (eg proline and gibberellins), and expression of some genes and proteins for increasing the tolerance to the abiotic stresses. Soil and crop management practices to alleviate negative effects of drought and heat stresses are also discussed. Investigations involving determination of plant assimilate partitioning, phenotypic plasticity, and identification of most stress-tolerant plant genotypes are essential for understandi...
Apple pomace (AP) is an abundant waste causing environmental problems. Therefore, the aim of the ... more Apple pomace (AP) is an abundant waste causing environmental problems. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of AP on soil and plant growth under optimum and limited water availability. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of AP on: (i) hydrophysical properties, respiration, and N transformations in soil aggregates and (ii) the growth of wheat and faba bean in soil with addition of AP under optimum and limited water availability. The soil respiration rate increased rapidly after the introduction of AP, and the effect was dependent on the aggregate size. The reduction of nitrate and the increase in ammonium content in response to the AP addition were more pronounced in the larger aggregates. Reduced growth of wheat was noted in the dry soil supplemented with AP. Faba bean maintained its unchanged rate of growth after the application of AP, irrespective of water availability. An increase in the chlorophyll content was observed in faba b...
Variations in root growth and functions in response to soil compaction associated with soil and c... more Variations in root growth and functions in response to soil compaction associated with soil and crop type, and soil wetness at the time of load application and weather in Central and Eastern Europe are reviewed. The effects of soil compaction on the morphological and anatomical modifications of the roots were shown. The influence of soil compaction on plasticity in root growth and functioning in relation to structural discontinuity is discussed. Possible mechanisms of root-shoot relations as affected by soil compaction are presented. Crop yields on compacted soil largely depend on weather conditions and initial soil compactness.
The effect of two management practices: grass cover (G) and traditional tillage (T) on the annual... more The effect of two management practices: grass cover (G) and traditional tillage (T) on the annual temperature variations of silt-loamy soil in inter-rows of sloping vineyard (Piedmont, Italy) was studied. Soil temperatures at depths of 6 cm and 11 cm and air temperature were recorded hourly during a whole year. In most of autumn and winter months the average daily soil temperatures were higher under G than T. The differences between minimum and maximum daily temperatures were pronounced the most strongly during the February - March period and in August. The mean standard deviations of monthly soil temperature at both depths were lower in G than in T in most months, mainly due to the damping effect of grass cover. In both treatments the deviations decreased with depth. Higher values of skewness and kurtosis of temperature in February and March under G than T indicate asymmetry and narrowness of daily temperature distribution in the former.
One of the factors that changes the physical and chemical properties of soil is the activity of m... more One of the factors that changes the physical and chemical properties of soil is the activity of micro- and mesofauna, including earthworms. The important influence of earthworms on the aggregate and organic matter stabilization is often emphasized in literature. The aim of this research was to compare the occurrence of microorganisms in soil media not treated and treated by earthworms in laboratory conditions. In fresh and dried coproliths and in soil the following microorganisms were determined: total number of bacteria, fungi, ammonifiers, sporulating mic roorganisms and actinomycetes. On the basis of obtained data, no evident differences in the number of selected microorganisms in earthworm coproliths and in soil not treated by earthworms were observed.The obtained data confirm, however, a higher number of fungi in dry coproliths and soil aggregates and a smaller number of actinomycetes in comparison to fresh coproliths. In fresh coproliths a higher number of ammonifiers was det...
Loamy soil (Orthic Luvisol) with 4-8 mm peds was collected from Lublin, Poland and compacted to b... more Loamy soil (Orthic Luvisol) with 4-8 mm peds was collected from Lublin, Poland and compacted to bulk densities of 1.30, 1.45 or 1.60 t/m³ with or without prior sieving to 2 mm particles. Maize cv. KLG 22-10 was sown in containers and placed in growth chambers with 14 h light/10 h dark at 25°C/18°C for 28 d. Total porosity, oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) and air permeability decreased and penetration resistance increased with increasing level of compaction, and were lower in the fine than the coarse soil. The largest decrease in root length was from medium to high compaction, and this decrease was larger in fine than in coarse structured soil. Increasing compaction resulted in root concentration near the soil surface. DW was highest at 2.38 and 2.62 g per 8 plants for fine structured soil in low and medium compaction levels, respectively. At the highest compaction level the highest DW of 1.35 g was from the coarse structured soil.
Validation of SMOS products is vital for their further use in the study of climate and hydrology.... more Validation of SMOS products is vital for their further use in the study of climate and hydrology. Several authors [1,2] have recently evaluated SMOS soil moisture data with an aid of in-situ observations of soil moisture. Collow and Robock have reported a dry bias as compared to in situ observations. Since their results are not much conclusive, they call for further studies using more data. Bircher and co-authors have also noted significant discrepancies between Danish network and SMOS soil moisture. SWEX_POLAND soil moisture network consists of 9 stations located in Eastern Poland. These stations are located on the areas representing variety types of land use: meadows, cultivated fields, wetlands and forests. We have expanded our analysis, as presented in the EGU 2012, using data from all network stations. Similarly as before, we have used three methods in our comparison studies: the Bland-Altman method, concordance correlation coefficient and total deviation index. Using these met...
Radiometric observations with SMOS rely on the Radiation Transfer Equations (RTE) determining the... more Radiometric observations with SMOS rely on the Radiation Transfer Equations (RTE) determining the Brightness Temperature (BT) in two linear polarization components (H, V) satisfying Fresnel principle of propagation in horizontally layered target media on the ground. RTE involve variables which bound the equations expressed in Electro-Magnetic (EM) terms of the intensity BT to the physical reality expressed by non-EM variables (Soil Moisture (SM), vegetation indexes, fractional coverage with many different properties, and the boundary conditions like optical thickness, layer definitions, roughness, etc.) bridging the EM domain to other physical aspects by means of the so called tau-omega methods. This method enables joining variety of different valuable models, including specific empirical estimation of physical properties in relation to the volumetric water content. The equations of RTE are in fact expressed by propagation, reflection and losses or attenuation existing on a consider...
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various straw management and tillage systems... more The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various straw management and tillage systems on the emergence, grain yield and cob characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.) under different cereal rotations on two soils (Orthic Luvisols) of loamy sand and sandy loam textures. The study was conducted in 1999, 2002 and 2003 in a micro-plot (1x1 m) experiment. Concrete walls, 120 cm deep, separated each plot of 1x1 m (five replicates). Straw management systems included: removed straw (RS) and left straw (LS) in the amount of annual straw yield. The retained straw was chopped and spread by hand. Under each straw management system the three following tillage systems were applied: conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), no-tillage (NT) with sowing to the uncultivated soil and chemical weed control. Each treatment had five replicates giving a total of sixty micro-plots. The preceding crops of maize were rye, winter wheat or maize, depending on the soil and year. The same maize va...
Drought and heat stresses are important threat limitations to plant growth and sustainable agricu... more Drought and heat stresses are important threat limitations to plant growth and sustainable agriculture worldwide. Our objective is to provide a review of plant responses and adaptations to drought and elevated temperature including roots, shoots, and final yield and management approaches for alleviating adverse effects of the stresses based mostly on recent literature. The sections of the paper deal with plant responses including root growth, transpiration, photosynthesis, water use efficiency, phenotypic flexibility, accumulation of compounds of low molecular mass (eg proline and gibberellins), and expression of some genes and proteins for increasing the tolerance to the abiotic stresses. Soil and crop management practices to alleviate negative effects of drought and heat stresses are also discussed. Investigations involving determination of plant assimilate partitioning, phenotypic plasticity, and identification of most stress-tolerant plant genotypes are essential for understandi...
Apple pomace (AP) is an abundant waste causing environmental problems. Therefore, the aim of the ... more Apple pomace (AP) is an abundant waste causing environmental problems. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of AP on soil and plant growth under optimum and limited water availability. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of AP on: (i) hydrophysical properties, respiration, and N transformations in soil aggregates and (ii) the growth of wheat and faba bean in soil with addition of AP under optimum and limited water availability. The soil respiration rate increased rapidly after the introduction of AP, and the effect was dependent on the aggregate size. The reduction of nitrate and the increase in ammonium content in response to the AP addition were more pronounced in the larger aggregates. Reduced growth of wheat was noted in the dry soil supplemented with AP. Faba bean maintained its unchanged rate of growth after the application of AP, irrespective of water availability. An increase in the chlorophyll content was observed in faba b...
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Papers by J. Lipiec