We present a palaeoenvironmental study of the Castelló lagoon (NE Spain), an important archive fo... more We present a palaeoenvironmental study of the Castelló lagoon (NE Spain), an important archive for understanding long-term interactions between dynamic littoral ecosystems and human management. Combining geochemistry, mineralogy, ostracods, diatoms, pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, charcoal and archaeo-historical datasets we reconstruct: 1) the transition of the lagoon from a marine to a marginal environment between ~3150 cal BC to the 17th century AD; 2) fluctuations in salinity; and 3) natural and anthropogenic forces contributing to these changes. From the Late Neolithic to the Medieval period the lagoon ecosystem was driven by changing marine influence and the land was mainly exploited for grazing, with little evidence for impact on the natural woodland. Land-use exploitation adapted to natural coastal dynamics, with maximum marine flooding hampering agropastoral activities between ~1550 and ~150 cal BC. In contrast, societies actively controlled the lagoon dynamics and become a major agent of landscape transformation after the Medieval period. The removal of littoral woodlands after the 8th century was followed by the expansion of agrarian and industrial activities. Regional mining and smelting activities polluted the lagoon with heavy metals from the ~11th century onwards. The expansion of the milling industry and of agricultural lands led to the channelization of the river Muga into the lagoon after ~1250 cal AD. This caused its transformation into a freshwater lake, increased nutrient load, and the infilling and drainage of a great part of the lagoon. By tracking the shift towards an anthropogenically-controlled system around ~750 yr ago, this study points out Mediterranean lagoons as ancient and heavily-modified systems, with anthropogenic impacts and controls covering multi-centennial and even millennial timescales. Finally, we contributed to the future construction of reliable seashell-based chronologies in NE Spain by calibrating the Banyuls-sur-Mer ΔR offset with ceramic imports from the Emporiae archaeological site.
The DWPF will immobilize highly radioactive defense wastes for storage on site until shipment to ... more The DWPF will immobilize highly radioactive defense wastes for storage on site until shipment to an approved federal repository for radioactive wastes. This document assesses the socioeconomic impacts of constructing and operating the proposed facility and presents the assessment methodology. Because various schedules and various ways of staging the construction of the DWPF are considered and because in some of
When at sea, phocids dive for long periods and spend a high percentage of their time submerged. T... more When at sea, phocids dive for long periods and spend a high percentage of their time submerged. This behaviour requires some combination of an increased oxygen storage capacity, rapid oxygen loading at the surface and reduced oxygen utilisation when submerged. To assess these adaptations, breath-by-breath ventilation was studied in four adult grey seals (two male, two female, 160-250 kg), freely diving in a large outdoor tank where surface access was restricted to one breathing hole. The dive patterns obtained were similar to those recorded from freely diving wild grey seals. Respiratory frequency during the surface periods was 40% higher than that estimated from allometric relationships (19.4 +/- 0.7 breaths min-1), and tidal volume (6.3 +/- 1.21) was approximately five times higher than that estimated from allometric relationships. These adaptations produce a high minute volume and enable gas exchange to occur at the surface. Mean oxygen consumption rate (VO2, measured for a dive+...
... Limnological variables and biotic assemblages were analysed from each sample (Vicente et al.,... more ... Limnological variables and biotic assemblages were analysed from each sample (Vicente et al., 1998). Boronat et al. (2001) discuss the ecology of cladoceran assemblages and Roca et al. (2000) present results on the ostracod fauna of these systems. ...
Melanie J. Leng1, Neil Roberts2**, Jane M. Reed2*** & Hilary J. Sloane1 1NERC Isotope Geosciences... more Melanie J. Leng1, Neil Roberts2**, Jane M. Reed2*** & Hilary J. Sloane1 1NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK (E-mail: M.Leng@nigl.nerc.ac.uk; H.Sloane@nigl.nerc.ac.uk) 2Department of Geography, Loughborough University, ...
We present a palaeoenvironmental study of the Castelló lagoon (NE Spain), an important archive fo... more We present a palaeoenvironmental study of the Castelló lagoon (NE Spain), an important archive for understanding long-term interactions between dynamic littoral ecosystems and human management. Combining geochemistry, mineralogy, ostracods, diatoms, pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, charcoal and archaeo-historical datasets we reconstruct: 1) the transition of the lagoon from a marine to a marginal environment between ~3150 cal BC to the 17th century AD; 2) fluctuations in salinity; and 3) natural and anthropogenic forces contributing to these changes. From the Late Neolithic to the Medieval period the lagoon ecosystem was driven by changing marine influence and the land was mainly exploited for grazing, with little evidence for impact on the natural woodland. Land-use exploitation adapted to natural coastal dynamics, with maximum marine flooding hampering agropastoral activities between ~1550 and ~150 cal BC. In contrast, societies actively controlled the lagoon dynamics and become a major agent of landscape transformation after the Medieval period. The removal of littoral woodlands after the 8th century was followed by the expansion of agrarian and industrial activities. Regional mining and smelting activities polluted the lagoon with heavy metals from the ~11th century onwards. The expansion of the milling industry and of agricultural lands led to the channelization of the river Muga into the lagoon after ~1250 cal AD. This caused its transformation into a freshwater lake, increased nutrient load, and the infilling and drainage of a great part of the lagoon. By tracking the shift towards an anthropogenically-controlled system around ~750 yr ago, this study points out Mediterranean lagoons as ancient and heavily-modified systems, with anthropogenic impacts and controls covering multi-centennial and even millennial timescales. Finally, we contributed to the future construction of reliable seashell-based chronologies in NE Spain by calibrating the Banyuls-sur-Mer ΔR offset with ceramic imports from the Emporiae archaeological site.
The DWPF will immobilize highly radioactive defense wastes for storage on site until shipment to ... more The DWPF will immobilize highly radioactive defense wastes for storage on site until shipment to an approved federal repository for radioactive wastes. This document assesses the socioeconomic impacts of constructing and operating the proposed facility and presents the assessment methodology. Because various schedules and various ways of staging the construction of the DWPF are considered and because in some of
When at sea, phocids dive for long periods and spend a high percentage of their time submerged. T... more When at sea, phocids dive for long periods and spend a high percentage of their time submerged. This behaviour requires some combination of an increased oxygen storage capacity, rapid oxygen loading at the surface and reduced oxygen utilisation when submerged. To assess these adaptations, breath-by-breath ventilation was studied in four adult grey seals (two male, two female, 160-250 kg), freely diving in a large outdoor tank where surface access was restricted to one breathing hole. The dive patterns obtained were similar to those recorded from freely diving wild grey seals. Respiratory frequency during the surface periods was 40% higher than that estimated from allometric relationships (19.4 +/- 0.7 breaths min-1), and tidal volume (6.3 +/- 1.21) was approximately five times higher than that estimated from allometric relationships. These adaptations produce a high minute volume and enable gas exchange to occur at the surface. Mean oxygen consumption rate (VO2, measured for a dive+...
... Limnological variables and biotic assemblages were analysed from each sample (Vicente et al.,... more ... Limnological variables and biotic assemblages were analysed from each sample (Vicente et al., 1998). Boronat et al. (2001) discuss the ecology of cladoceran assemblages and Roca et al. (2000) present results on the ostracod fauna of these systems. ...
Melanie J. Leng1, Neil Roberts2**, Jane M. Reed2*** & Hilary J. Sloane1 1NERC Isotope Geosciences... more Melanie J. Leng1, Neil Roberts2**, Jane M. Reed2*** & Hilary J. Sloane1 1NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK (E-mail: M.Leng@nigl.nerc.ac.uk; H.Sloane@nigl.nerc.ac.uk) 2Department of Geography, Loughborough University, ...
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