Patient’s compliance can be enhanced by using extended release drug delivery systems which allow ... more Patient’s compliance can be enhanced by using extended release drug delivery systems which allow decreasing the number of daily doses, and helping to maintain uniform drug levels and increase the safety margin for high-potency drugs. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is the most commonly used hydrophilic polymer for the preparation of oral controlled drug delivery systems. This research was conducted with the aim of developing matrix based oral controlled release tablets for the drug diclofenac sodium using different viscosity grades of HPMC (K15M) and to compare the drug release characteristics with those of a commercial product, Voltaren® SR 100. Similarity factor (f2), values in between test formulation and marketed preparation was calculated to choose the best formulation. The release kinetics from various matrices was also studied. Increasing in polymer content reduced the rate of drug release. At the same polymer content in the matrix, the drug release was most sustained ...
The present study was to prepare and evaluate the polyherbal anti-acne cream comprising natural p... more The present study was to prepare and evaluate the polyherbal anti-acne cream comprising natural plants such as Curcuma longa, Aloe vera and Cucumis sativus. Different types of formulations oil in water (O/W) · herbal cream namely Fonn'ulation 1 to Formulation 4 were formulated by incorporating different concentrations of Curcuma longa, Aloe vera and Cucumis sativus from powdered form. The finished formulations give a pale yellowish colour cream. The evaluations qf all formulations were done on different parameters like pH, texture changes and c~lour changes to examine the physical stability of formulations in which these tests were conducted for 10 days at cool temperature of 5°C, for 10 days in room temperature of 35°C and for 10 days in elevated temperature of 40°C. Moreover, evaluation of antimicrobial. activity of all formulations were done. All the formulations showed optimal pH and physically stable. This indicates that the formulations can be used for topical dosage form....
Aluminium hydroxide was used as a main active ingredient in this antacid tablet. There were 8 for... more Aluminium hydroxide was used as a main active ingredient in this antacid tablet. There were 8 formulations prepared with the different concentrations of fillers/ excipients. The excipients and drug were weighed and mixed by geometric dilution and then 1% Tri-Star, 1% Talk and 1% Magnesium stearate were used as lubricants. Antacid tablets were prepared by using direct compression method. Various concentrations of different excipients were used for the formulations of the series of tablets containing a constant amount of Aluminium hydroxide by varying the composition of the excipients. Maalox-plus was used as the reference based on the disintegration time result. The antacid formulation of Aluminium hydroxide tablets was prepared using different materials/ excipients. The optimized formulation has found to be stable for a period of 12 months upon storage, which could be further extended by protecting the tablets in a suitable package.
Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIDs) with anti-inflammatory activity.... more Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIDs) with anti-inflammatory activity. Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are applied to the skin in the forms of gels, and cream in the region where pain is experienced. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various vehicles containing an anti-inflammatory agent and to establish and optimal and stable system for cutaneous application. Ointments and gels are semisolid dosage forms intended for topical application. They may be applied to the skin, or used nasally, rectally and etc. Topical cutaneous applications minimize first pass effect and avoid harsh gastric condition. Two vehicle systems were evaluated, which includes emulsion O/W (cream) and gel, all of them containing indomethacin. The investigation of the vehicle systems was characterized by suitable in-vivo studies. Studies on in-vivo performance of indomethacin cream showed a decrease in 9 % of paw size after inducing inflammation ...
Extensive research has been conducted in the recent years with a focus on drug administration via... more Extensive research has been conducted in the recent years with a focus on drug administration via the skin for both topical and systemic drug delivery. Understanding the drug permeation through the skin is crucial for the development of an optimal product. In this study, the permeation of clindamycin phosphate through the pig's ear was evaluated. Both plugged and non-plugged skin was used. In non-plugged skin, the hair follicle orifices were open and a significant amount of clindamycin phosphate was detected. However, plugged skin, in which hair follicle orifices were artificially blocked, clindamycin phosphate can only penetrate to a less extent through interfollicular epidermis and possible through sweat glands. The study was performed using a Franz-type diffusion cell for 24 hours. The samples were withdrawn for each time interval and were analyzed by UV spectrophotometer. Cumulative amount of permeated clindamycin phosphate was compared using the drug concentration. The diff...
Matrix tablets of controlled release systems were designed by incorporating HPMC (K100M) and Koll... more Matrix tablets of controlled release systems were designed by incorporating HPMC (K100M) and Kollidon ® SR polymers in order to sustain the release of ketoprofen. All the formulations were prepared by direct compression method. Various pharmaco technical evaluation tests such as uniformity of weight, diameter and thickness, hardness and friability of the tablets were determined for each formulation and the marketed reference product. The effects of different types and concentrations of polymers were also investigated. The dissolution profiles of the formulated tablets were compared to that of the marketed reference Apo-Keto SR ® tablets. The in vitro release studies revealed that the release was sustained up to 12 hours in this experiment. The best formulation was selected by obtaining a similarity factor (f 2) value of more than 50%, approaching 100%. The release kinetics from each formulation such as first order equation, zero order equation, Higuchi equation, equation and Korsmey...
Matrix tablets of controlled release systems were designed by incorporating HPMC (K100M) and Koll... more Matrix tablets of controlled release systems were designed by incorporating HPMC (K100M) and Kollidon ® SR polymers in order to sustain the release of ketoprofen. All the formulations were prepared by direct compression method. Various pharmaco technical evaluation tests such as uniformity of weight, diameter and thickness, hardness and friability of the tablets were determined for each formulation and the marketed reference product. The effects of different types and concentrations of polymers were also investigated. The dissolution profiles of the formulated tablets were compared to that of the marketed reference Apo-Keto SR ® tablets. The in vitro release studies revealed that the release was sustained up to 12 hours in this experiment. The best formulation was selected by obtaining a similarity factor (f 2) value of more than 50%, approaching 100%. The release kinetics from each formulation such as first order equation, zero order equation, Higuchi equation, equation and Korsmey...
Sustained-release matrix tablets for the drug theophylline were prepared by direct compression. T... more Sustained-release matrix tablets for the drug theophylline were prepared by direct compression. Three formulations, namely F1, F2, and F3, were prepared by using three different percentages of HPMC K100M 10%, 20% and 30% respectively. All the three formulations contained theophylline, HPMC K100M, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose DC, magnesium stearate and talc. Among the three formulations, formulation F2 showed a sustained release profile similar to that of the branded product with a similarity factor of 79 and a difference factor of 7. It was also found that the different amounts of the polymer significantly affected the time required for 50% drug release (T50%) and the Mean Dissolution Time (MDT). Higher MDT value indicates a higher drug retaining capacity of the polymer. This study also explored the effect of the polymer on the pattern of theophylline release from the tablets for 8 hours period. The release mechanisms were explored and explained by Zero order, First order, Hi...
Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) are systems that are retained in the stomach for a longer p... more Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) are systems that are retained in the stomach for a longer period of time and thereby improve the bioavailability of the drug. Different gastroretentive dosage forms have been developed, namely floating, swelling, bioadhesive or mucoadhesive and high/low density systems. Theophylline, a bronchodilator, has a narrow absorption window in the GIT which makes it a good candidate for gastroretentive systems. The objective of the present work is to formulate and evaluate a controlled-release gastroretentive dosage form for theophylline by using floating systems with eight different concentrations of polymer, in order to increase the gastric residence time of the dosage form. Floating tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using HPMC (K4M) as a polymer for its gel-forming properties which create floating characteristic. The prepared FDDS tablets were evaluated for their hardness, weight variations, diameter, thickness, in-vitro floating s...
A new approach to the development of an oxygen‐carrying blood substitute is presented. The develo... more A new approach to the development of an oxygen‐carrying blood substitute is presented. The development of a viable blood substitute in the form of a multiple emulsion encapsulating hemoglobin solution was explored. Results indicated that the formulation ingredients and procedure affect the properties of the multiple emulsion. In order to evaluate the different formulations a quantitative method of assessing the encapsulation efficiency (yield) of the multiple emulsions was developed. The yield test measures the amount of hemoglobin released into the external phase. A model mutiple emulsion was formulated and characterized by yield, drop size distribution, oxygen‐carrying capacity, oxyhemoglobin dissociation, short‐term storage stability, and viscosity. The yield obtained for the model formulation was excellent (greater than 90%) giving high oxygen‐carrying capacity. The high yield was maintained over a four day storage period at 4d̀C.
Patient’s compliance can be enhanced by using extended release drug delivery systems which allow ... more Patient’s compliance can be enhanced by using extended release drug delivery systems which allow decreasing the number of daily doses, and helping to maintain uniform drug levels and increase the safety margin for high-potency drugs. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is the most commonly used hydrophilic polymer for the preparation of oral controlled drug delivery systems. This research was conducted with the aim of developing matrix based oral controlled release tablets for the drug diclofenac sodium using different viscosity grades of HPMC (K15M) and to compare the drug release characteristics with those of a commercial product, Voltaren® SR 100. Similarity factor (f2), values in between test formulation and marketed preparation was calculated to choose the best formulation. The release kinetics from various matrices was also studied. Increasing in polymer content reduced the rate of drug release. At the same polymer content in the matrix, the drug release was most sustained ...
The present study was to prepare and evaluate the polyherbal anti-acne cream comprising natural p... more The present study was to prepare and evaluate the polyherbal anti-acne cream comprising natural plants such as Curcuma longa, Aloe vera and Cucumis sativus. Different types of formulations oil in water (O/W) · herbal cream namely Fonn'ulation 1 to Formulation 4 were formulated by incorporating different concentrations of Curcuma longa, Aloe vera and Cucumis sativus from powdered form. The finished formulations give a pale yellowish colour cream. The evaluations qf all formulations were done on different parameters like pH, texture changes and c~lour changes to examine the physical stability of formulations in which these tests were conducted for 10 days at cool temperature of 5°C, for 10 days in room temperature of 35°C and for 10 days in elevated temperature of 40°C. Moreover, evaluation of antimicrobial. activity of all formulations were done. All the formulations showed optimal pH and physically stable. This indicates that the formulations can be used for topical dosage form....
Aluminium hydroxide was used as a main active ingredient in this antacid tablet. There were 8 for... more Aluminium hydroxide was used as a main active ingredient in this antacid tablet. There were 8 formulations prepared with the different concentrations of fillers/ excipients. The excipients and drug were weighed and mixed by geometric dilution and then 1% Tri-Star, 1% Talk and 1% Magnesium stearate were used as lubricants. Antacid tablets were prepared by using direct compression method. Various concentrations of different excipients were used for the formulations of the series of tablets containing a constant amount of Aluminium hydroxide by varying the composition of the excipients. Maalox-plus was used as the reference based on the disintegration time result. The antacid formulation of Aluminium hydroxide tablets was prepared using different materials/ excipients. The optimized formulation has found to be stable for a period of 12 months upon storage, which could be further extended by protecting the tablets in a suitable package.
Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIDs) with anti-inflammatory activity.... more Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIDs) with anti-inflammatory activity. Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are applied to the skin in the forms of gels, and cream in the region where pain is experienced. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various vehicles containing an anti-inflammatory agent and to establish and optimal and stable system for cutaneous application. Ointments and gels are semisolid dosage forms intended for topical application. They may be applied to the skin, or used nasally, rectally and etc. Topical cutaneous applications minimize first pass effect and avoid harsh gastric condition. Two vehicle systems were evaluated, which includes emulsion O/W (cream) and gel, all of them containing indomethacin. The investigation of the vehicle systems was characterized by suitable in-vivo studies. Studies on in-vivo performance of indomethacin cream showed a decrease in 9 % of paw size after inducing inflammation ...
Extensive research has been conducted in the recent years with a focus on drug administration via... more Extensive research has been conducted in the recent years with a focus on drug administration via the skin for both topical and systemic drug delivery. Understanding the drug permeation through the skin is crucial for the development of an optimal product. In this study, the permeation of clindamycin phosphate through the pig's ear was evaluated. Both plugged and non-plugged skin was used. In non-plugged skin, the hair follicle orifices were open and a significant amount of clindamycin phosphate was detected. However, plugged skin, in which hair follicle orifices were artificially blocked, clindamycin phosphate can only penetrate to a less extent through interfollicular epidermis and possible through sweat glands. The study was performed using a Franz-type diffusion cell for 24 hours. The samples were withdrawn for each time interval and were analyzed by UV spectrophotometer. Cumulative amount of permeated clindamycin phosphate was compared using the drug concentration. The diff...
Matrix tablets of controlled release systems were designed by incorporating HPMC (K100M) and Koll... more Matrix tablets of controlled release systems were designed by incorporating HPMC (K100M) and Kollidon ® SR polymers in order to sustain the release of ketoprofen. All the formulations were prepared by direct compression method. Various pharmaco technical evaluation tests such as uniformity of weight, diameter and thickness, hardness and friability of the tablets were determined for each formulation and the marketed reference product. The effects of different types and concentrations of polymers were also investigated. The dissolution profiles of the formulated tablets were compared to that of the marketed reference Apo-Keto SR ® tablets. The in vitro release studies revealed that the release was sustained up to 12 hours in this experiment. The best formulation was selected by obtaining a similarity factor (f 2) value of more than 50%, approaching 100%. The release kinetics from each formulation such as first order equation, zero order equation, Higuchi equation, equation and Korsmey...
Matrix tablets of controlled release systems were designed by incorporating HPMC (K100M) and Koll... more Matrix tablets of controlled release systems were designed by incorporating HPMC (K100M) and Kollidon ® SR polymers in order to sustain the release of ketoprofen. All the formulations were prepared by direct compression method. Various pharmaco technical evaluation tests such as uniformity of weight, diameter and thickness, hardness and friability of the tablets were determined for each formulation and the marketed reference product. The effects of different types and concentrations of polymers were also investigated. The dissolution profiles of the formulated tablets were compared to that of the marketed reference Apo-Keto SR ® tablets. The in vitro release studies revealed that the release was sustained up to 12 hours in this experiment. The best formulation was selected by obtaining a similarity factor (f 2) value of more than 50%, approaching 100%. The release kinetics from each formulation such as first order equation, zero order equation, Higuchi equation, equation and Korsmey...
Sustained-release matrix tablets for the drug theophylline were prepared by direct compression. T... more Sustained-release matrix tablets for the drug theophylline were prepared by direct compression. Three formulations, namely F1, F2, and F3, were prepared by using three different percentages of HPMC K100M 10%, 20% and 30% respectively. All the three formulations contained theophylline, HPMC K100M, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose DC, magnesium stearate and talc. Among the three formulations, formulation F2 showed a sustained release profile similar to that of the branded product with a similarity factor of 79 and a difference factor of 7. It was also found that the different amounts of the polymer significantly affected the time required for 50% drug release (T50%) and the Mean Dissolution Time (MDT). Higher MDT value indicates a higher drug retaining capacity of the polymer. This study also explored the effect of the polymer on the pattern of theophylline release from the tablets for 8 hours period. The release mechanisms were explored and explained by Zero order, First order, Hi...
Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) are systems that are retained in the stomach for a longer p... more Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) are systems that are retained in the stomach for a longer period of time and thereby improve the bioavailability of the drug. Different gastroretentive dosage forms have been developed, namely floating, swelling, bioadhesive or mucoadhesive and high/low density systems. Theophylline, a bronchodilator, has a narrow absorption window in the GIT which makes it a good candidate for gastroretentive systems. The objective of the present work is to formulate and evaluate a controlled-release gastroretentive dosage form for theophylline by using floating systems with eight different concentrations of polymer, in order to increase the gastric residence time of the dosage form. Floating tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using HPMC (K4M) as a polymer for its gel-forming properties which create floating characteristic. The prepared FDDS tablets were evaluated for their hardness, weight variations, diameter, thickness, in-vitro floating s...
A new approach to the development of an oxygen‐carrying blood substitute is presented. The develo... more A new approach to the development of an oxygen‐carrying blood substitute is presented. The development of a viable blood substitute in the form of a multiple emulsion encapsulating hemoglobin solution was explored. Results indicated that the formulation ingredients and procedure affect the properties of the multiple emulsion. In order to evaluate the different formulations a quantitative method of assessing the encapsulation efficiency (yield) of the multiple emulsions was developed. The yield test measures the amount of hemoglobin released into the external phase. A model mutiple emulsion was formulated and characterized by yield, drop size distribution, oxygen‐carrying capacity, oxyhemoglobin dissociation, short‐term storage stability, and viscosity. The yield obtained for the model formulation was excellent (greater than 90%) giving high oxygen‐carrying capacity. The high yield was maintained over a four day storage period at 4d̀C.
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