Two new species of egg parasitoids, Oobius saimaensis Yao and Mottern new species and Oobius flei... more Two new species of egg parasitoids, Oobius saimaensis Yao and Mottern new species and Oobius fleischeri Yao and Duan new species (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), are described from eggs of Agrilus fleischeri Obenberger, 1925 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Agrilus fleischeri is a phloem-feeding woodborer of poplar (Populus Linnaeus; Salicaceae) in northeastern China. These two species can be distinguished morphologically as O. fleischeri has five tarsomeres and O. saimaensis has four tarsomeres. Although O. saimaensis is morphologically similar to its sympatric congener O. agrili Zhang and Hang, 2005, an important natural enemy of the invasive emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, 1888, molecular phylogenetics and morphological data indicate that they are distinct species. Phylogenetic relationships among the new species and other closely related species are also inferred by using DNA sequence data from several ribosomal and mitochondrial genes. In addition, we expand the known distribution of Oobius primorskyensis Yao and Duan, 2016 to include South Korea.
The search for natural enemies of the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Col... more The search for natural enemies of the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in northeastern Asia, its native range, was initiated within a year of its discovery in the United States (Bauer et al., 2005, 2014). Although the official response to EAB’s invasion in both the United States and Canada was to regulate and attempt to eradicate EAB, the size and complexity of the outbreak prompted scientists and policy makers to support exploration for natural enemies as a potential tool for management of EAB. In 2008, when populations of EAB were already known to occur in nine states, the U.S. government moved from a policy of eradication to one of management (USDA-APHIS, 2013). By this time, scientists had completed all the steps necessary to secure permits for field release of three EAB natural enemies (host range assessment and safety evaluations) from China, and the use of these parasitoids was incorporated into the EAB management plan. This chapter documents the considerable efforts that went into making this possible in just five years.
Ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) are an important components of both natural forests and urban plantings... more Ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) are an important components of both natural forests and urban plantings in the United States and Canada (Federal Register, 2003; Nowak et al., 2003). There are approximately 16 species of Fraxinus native to North America (Harlow et al., 1996; USGS, 2014), each adapted to different ecological niches across a range of climates zones, soil types, and moisture gradients (Eyre, 1980). This abundant and diverse ash resource provides economic benefits, with ash timber alone valued at $282 billion (Nowak et al., 2003). For instance, green ash (F. pennsylvanica Marsh.), the most widely distributed ash in North America, is a fast growing, moderately shade tolerant tree that grows in mixed hardwood stands along river bottoms and wetlands, in small lowland groves, or in upland mesic sites. It was planted extensively throughout North America as an ornamental landscape and street tree due to its rapid growth and hardiness, and as agricultural shelterbelts for livestock shelter and soil conservation (MacFarlane and Meyer, 2005; DOrangeville et al., 2008). Ash trees are also a valuable ecological component of the deciduous forests of eastern North America, and provide food, cover, nesting sites, and habitat for mammals, birds, insects, and other organisms (Poland and McCullough, 2006; Gandhi and Herms, 2010; Koenig et al., 2013).
The emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive... more The emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive beetle introduced from China (Bray et al., 2011), was identified as the cause of ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality in southeast Michigan and nearby Ontario in 2002 (Haack et al., 2002; Federal Register, 2003; Cappaert et al., 2005). Although eradication was attempted for several years after the beetle's discovery, it continued to spread throughout North America, killing ash trees in urban, forested, and riparian areas. In an effort to conserve native species of Fraxinus, researchers continue to evaluate integrated pest management methods that include the use of classical biological control, systemic insecticides, and the development of resistant cultivars (Herms and McCullough, 2014).
Two new species of egg parasitoids, Oobius saimaensis Yao and Mottern new species and Oobius flei... more Two new species of egg parasitoids, Oobius saimaensis Yao and Mottern new species and Oobius fleischeri Yao and Duan new species (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), are described from eggs of Agrilus fleischeri Obenberger, 1925 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Agrilus fleischeri is a phloem-feeding woodborer of poplar (Populus Linnaeus; Salicaceae) in northeastern China. These two species can be distinguished morphologically as O. fleischeri has five tarsomeres and O. saimaensis has four tarsomeres. Although O. saimaensis is morphologically similar to its sympatric congener O. agrili Zhang and Hang, 2005, an important natural enemy of the invasive emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, 1888, molecular phylogenetics and morphological data indicate that they are distinct species. Phylogenetic relationships among the new species and other closely related species are also inferred by using DNA sequence data from several ribosomal and mitochondrial genes. In addition, we expand the known distribution of Oobius primorskyensis Yao and Duan, 2016 to include South Korea.
The search for natural enemies of the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Col... more The search for natural enemies of the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in northeastern Asia, its native range, was initiated within a year of its discovery in the United States (Bauer et al., 2005, 2014). Although the official response to EAB’s invasion in both the United States and Canada was to regulate and attempt to eradicate EAB, the size and complexity of the outbreak prompted scientists and policy makers to support exploration for natural enemies as a potential tool for management of EAB. In 2008, when populations of EAB were already known to occur in nine states, the U.S. government moved from a policy of eradication to one of management (USDA-APHIS, 2013). By this time, scientists had completed all the steps necessary to secure permits for field release of three EAB natural enemies (host range assessment and safety evaluations) from China, and the use of these parasitoids was incorporated into the EAB management plan. This chapter documents the considerable efforts that went into making this possible in just five years.
Ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) are an important components of both natural forests and urban plantings... more Ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) are an important components of both natural forests and urban plantings in the United States and Canada (Federal Register, 2003; Nowak et al., 2003). There are approximately 16 species of Fraxinus native to North America (Harlow et al., 1996; USGS, 2014), each adapted to different ecological niches across a range of climates zones, soil types, and moisture gradients (Eyre, 1980). This abundant and diverse ash resource provides economic benefits, with ash timber alone valued at $282 billion (Nowak et al., 2003). For instance, green ash (F. pennsylvanica Marsh.), the most widely distributed ash in North America, is a fast growing, moderately shade tolerant tree that grows in mixed hardwood stands along river bottoms and wetlands, in small lowland groves, or in upland mesic sites. It was planted extensively throughout North America as an ornamental landscape and street tree due to its rapid growth and hardiness, and as agricultural shelterbelts for livestock shelter and soil conservation (MacFarlane and Meyer, 2005; DOrangeville et al., 2008). Ash trees are also a valuable ecological component of the deciduous forests of eastern North America, and provide food, cover, nesting sites, and habitat for mammals, birds, insects, and other organisms (Poland and McCullough, 2006; Gandhi and Herms, 2010; Koenig et al., 2013).
The emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive... more The emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive beetle introduced from China (Bray et al., 2011), was identified as the cause of ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality in southeast Michigan and nearby Ontario in 2002 (Haack et al., 2002; Federal Register, 2003; Cappaert et al., 2005). Although eradication was attempted for several years after the beetle's discovery, it continued to spread throughout North America, killing ash trees in urban, forested, and riparian areas. In an effort to conserve native species of Fraxinus, researchers continue to evaluate integrated pest management methods that include the use of classical biological control, systemic insecticides, and the development of resistant cultivars (Herms and McCullough, 2014).
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