This paper deals with the social implications of ethanol expansion in Brazil. The evolution of th... more This paper deals with the social implications of ethanol expansion in Brazil. The evolution of the labor market in sugar cane production in the country is analyzed together with its regional patterns of expansion, to illustrate how the changes in the recent expansion are modifying the traditional pattern of labor demand in the activity. At the same time, the distributional effects of sugar cane expansion, as well as it´s impacts on food security and land use change was approached with the aid of general equilibrium simulation models. The analysis shows that both the average earnings and the average years of schooling in sugar cane production are actually higher than in general agriculture in Brazil, and that this is linked to the fast increase in production in Southeast and Center-west. Sugar cane production in those regions is more capital intensive and has much higher productivity than in other traditional regions in Northeast Brazil. The study concludes that the expansion in suga...
Paper prepared for the meeting “Impulsos para una recuperación sostenida de las economias del esp... more Paper prepared for the meeting “Impulsos para una recuperación sostenida de las economias del espacio iberoamericano”.
of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly,... more of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors.
Brazil has traditionally been one of the most important sugarcane and ethanol producers. Since 19... more Brazil has traditionally been one of the most important sugarcane and ethanol producers. Since 1975, when the National Ethanol Program (Programa Nacional do Alcool – Proalcool) was created, the country has produced fuel ethanol on a large scale. The increase in sugar exports in the nineties, which competed with inputs to
Brazil exhibits a high degree of income concentration – that has persisted through the dramatic e... more Brazil exhibits a high degree of income concentration – that has persisted through the dramatic economic and political changes of the last 20 years. The resilience of this income distribution problem has attracted the attention of researchers both inside and outside Brazil. Although increased world trade offers many opportunities for the Brazilian economy to grow,
In this paper we analyze the economic and environmental effects of the new Brazilian Forest Code,... more In this paper we analyze the economic and environmental effects of the new Brazilian Forest Code, when compared to the previous version. A general equilibrium model of Brazil, tailored for land use change and emissions analysis is used. It´s a dynamic, inter-regional and “bottom-up” model, with a land use and emissions module. Two versions of the Forest Code are analyzed: the original (old) forest code, and the new version approved recently, and still awaiting implementation. The scenarios are based on satellite imagery generated in the AgLue Project. Results point to a significant reduction in greenhouse gases emissions in both versions of the forest code, although higher in the previous version. The economic costs associated are found not to be very high, although different across different states.
Brasil ha sido tradicionalmente uno de los productores mas importantes de cana de azucar y etanol... more Brasil ha sido tradicionalmente uno de los productores mas importantes de cana de azucar y etanol. Desde 1975, cuando fue creado el Programa Nacional de Etanol (Programa Nacional do Alcool - Proalcool);, el pais ha producido combustible de etanol a gran escala. El incremento en las exportaciones de azucar en los noventa, que competian con los insumos para la produccion de etanol, genero racionamiento en el mercado brasileno de etanol y una reduccion en el consumo que se prolongaron hasta 2003. Desde entonces el escenario para el etanol ha vuelto a cambiar sustancialmente. El desarrollo de motores flexibles (que pueden utilizar tanto etanol como gasolina); y el incremento en el precio del petroleo le confirieron al etanol un nuevo estatus como combustible en Brasil, permitiendo a los consumidores elegir entre ambos, en funcion de los precios relativos. De acuerdo a un estudio del Ministerio de Energia y Mineria (EPE, 2008a);, en 2008 el etanol ya era economicamente viable en 19 de 26...
El presente artículo contribuye a la controversia sobre los modelos de desarrollo en la región Am... more El presente artículo contribuye a la controversia sobre los modelos de desarrollo en la región Amazónica, aprovechando los descubrimientos de los modelos macroeconómicos de alta resolución. Una Matriz de Contabilidad Social para el bosque amazónico y un Modelo Computable de Equilibrio General revelan nuevos hechos y perspectivas para la formulación de políticas. Muchas más personas de lo que se pensaba se ganan la vida en base a los bosques de la Amazonia. Más de 525.000 trabajadores (de trabajo a tiempo completo) encontraron empleo directo en la cosecha y la fabricación de productos forestales en 2005 y 115.000 en la pesca de río. Los cultivos agrícolas y la cría de ganado tienen mayor tasa de empleo en la Amazonia que los bosques, pero los tres sectores ofrecen ingresos muy bajos. Estas actividades tampoco son mejores que la forestal para estimular el crecimiento económico. Un ejemplo de esto es que el coste de una política de deforestación cero para alcanzar las metas brasileñas ...
In response to scepticism over the supposed trickle-down effects of Latin American trade reforms,... more In response to scepticism over the supposed trickle-down effects of Latin American trade reforms, the region's policymakers are increasingly focusing attention on the distributive impacts of the reform measures and the channels through which they are transmitted. For ...
In response to scepticism over the supposed trickle-down effects of Latin American trade reforms,... more In response to scepticism over the supposed trickle-down effects of Latin American trade reforms, the region's policymakers are increasingly focusing attention on the distributive impacts of the reform measures and the channels through which they are transmitted. For ...
This paper deals with the social implications of ethanol expansion in Brazil. The evolution of th... more This paper deals with the social implications of ethanol expansion in Brazil. The evolution of the labor market in sugar cane production in the country is analyzed together with its regional patterns of expansion, to illustrate how the changes in the recent expansion are modifying the traditional pattern of labor demand in the activity. At the same time, the distributional effects of sugar cane expansion, as well as it´s impacts on food security and land use change was approached with the aid of general equilibrium simulation models. The analysis shows that both the average earnings and the average years of schooling in sugar cane production are actually higher than in general agriculture in Brazil, and that this is linked to the fast increase in production in Southeast and Center-west. Sugar cane production in those regions is more capital intensive and has much higher productivity than in other traditional regions in Northeast Brazil. The study concludes that the expansion in suga...
Paper prepared for the meeting “Impulsos para una recuperación sostenida de las economias del esp... more Paper prepared for the meeting “Impulsos para una recuperación sostenida de las economias del espacio iberoamericano”.
of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly,... more of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors.
Brazil has traditionally been one of the most important sugarcane and ethanol producers. Since 19... more Brazil has traditionally been one of the most important sugarcane and ethanol producers. Since 1975, when the National Ethanol Program (Programa Nacional do Alcool – Proalcool) was created, the country has produced fuel ethanol on a large scale. The increase in sugar exports in the nineties, which competed with inputs to
Brazil exhibits a high degree of income concentration – that has persisted through the dramatic e... more Brazil exhibits a high degree of income concentration – that has persisted through the dramatic economic and political changes of the last 20 years. The resilience of this income distribution problem has attracted the attention of researchers both inside and outside Brazil. Although increased world trade offers many opportunities for the Brazilian economy to grow,
In this paper we analyze the economic and environmental effects of the new Brazilian Forest Code,... more In this paper we analyze the economic and environmental effects of the new Brazilian Forest Code, when compared to the previous version. A general equilibrium model of Brazil, tailored for land use change and emissions analysis is used. It´s a dynamic, inter-regional and “bottom-up” model, with a land use and emissions module. Two versions of the Forest Code are analyzed: the original (old) forest code, and the new version approved recently, and still awaiting implementation. The scenarios are based on satellite imagery generated in the AgLue Project. Results point to a significant reduction in greenhouse gases emissions in both versions of the forest code, although higher in the previous version. The economic costs associated are found not to be very high, although different across different states.
Brasil ha sido tradicionalmente uno de los productores mas importantes de cana de azucar y etanol... more Brasil ha sido tradicionalmente uno de los productores mas importantes de cana de azucar y etanol. Desde 1975, cuando fue creado el Programa Nacional de Etanol (Programa Nacional do Alcool - Proalcool);, el pais ha producido combustible de etanol a gran escala. El incremento en las exportaciones de azucar en los noventa, que competian con los insumos para la produccion de etanol, genero racionamiento en el mercado brasileno de etanol y una reduccion en el consumo que se prolongaron hasta 2003. Desde entonces el escenario para el etanol ha vuelto a cambiar sustancialmente. El desarrollo de motores flexibles (que pueden utilizar tanto etanol como gasolina); y el incremento en el precio del petroleo le confirieron al etanol un nuevo estatus como combustible en Brasil, permitiendo a los consumidores elegir entre ambos, en funcion de los precios relativos. De acuerdo a un estudio del Ministerio de Energia y Mineria (EPE, 2008a);, en 2008 el etanol ya era economicamente viable en 19 de 26...
El presente artículo contribuye a la controversia sobre los modelos de desarrollo en la región Am... more El presente artículo contribuye a la controversia sobre los modelos de desarrollo en la región Amazónica, aprovechando los descubrimientos de los modelos macroeconómicos de alta resolución. Una Matriz de Contabilidad Social para el bosque amazónico y un Modelo Computable de Equilibrio General revelan nuevos hechos y perspectivas para la formulación de políticas. Muchas más personas de lo que se pensaba se ganan la vida en base a los bosques de la Amazonia. Más de 525.000 trabajadores (de trabajo a tiempo completo) encontraron empleo directo en la cosecha y la fabricación de productos forestales en 2005 y 115.000 en la pesca de río. Los cultivos agrícolas y la cría de ganado tienen mayor tasa de empleo en la Amazonia que los bosques, pero los tres sectores ofrecen ingresos muy bajos. Estas actividades tampoco son mejores que la forestal para estimular el crecimiento económico. Un ejemplo de esto es que el coste de una política de deforestación cero para alcanzar las metas brasileñas ...
In response to scepticism over the supposed trickle-down effects of Latin American trade reforms,... more In response to scepticism over the supposed trickle-down effects of Latin American trade reforms, the region's policymakers are increasingly focusing attention on the distributive impacts of the reform measures and the channels through which they are transmitted. For ...
In response to scepticism over the supposed trickle-down effects of Latin American trade reforms,... more In response to scepticism over the supposed trickle-down effects of Latin American trade reforms, the region's policymakers are increasingly focusing attention on the distributive impacts of the reform measures and the channels through which they are transmitted. For ...
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