The stratosphere can be used as an archive of past tropospheric conditions. Measurements of the l... more The stratosphere can be used as an archive of past tropospheric conditions. Measurements of the long‐lived trace gases CF 4 , C 2 F 6 , and SF 6 have been carried out on stratospheric air samples obtained by balloon borne cryosampling from altitudes of up to 34 km between ...
This chapter focuses on the radiative impact of the following compounds: chlorofluorocarbons (CFC... more This chapter focuses on the radiative impact of the following compounds: chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), halons, and methyl bromide. For decades, these synthetic halocarbons have been widely used as refrigerants, blowing agents in foam production, propellants for aerosol applications, solvents, surfactants, and fire-fighting. The non-ozone-depleting HFCs are progressively substituting CFCs and HCFCs in many of their applications, leading to rapidly growing emissions rates of HFCs. For this reason, and because of their atmospheric persistence, they have been included into the Kyoto-Protocol. PFCs and SF6 have also been included for the same reasons. The direct global warming potentials (GWP) of these gases range from a few hundred to more than 20,000 times CO2-equivalent, when calculated over a 100-year period. Within the stratosphere, the chlorinated and brominated compounds are the prime causes of ozone depletion. This contribution to ozone depletion adds an indirect cooling to the radiative effect of these compounds. This chapter assesses the contribution to climate change resulting from emissions of the group of halogenated greenhouse gases. A bottom-up emission model covering 22 technological sectors in four major regions is described.
Measurements of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbondisulfide (CS2) were carried out on samples draw... more Measurements of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbondisulfide (CS2) were carried out on samples drawn from a smoke stack of an aluminium smelter. Volume mixing ratios of 6 ppm COS and 0.1 ppm CS2 were measured for gases from the electrolysis unit that had previously passed an Al2O3 fluid bed reactor and electrostatic precipitators. Specific emissions of 1.6 kg COS and 0.03 kg CS2 per ton of primary aluminium were found. Extrapolating from this particular smelter's conditions to a world mix specific COS emissions of about 4 kg/t(Al) are calculated resulting in emissions of annually 0.08 Tg COS into the atmosphere due to electrolytic aluminium production in 1995. Besides the photochemical conversion of anthropogenic CS2 aluminium production is established to be the second major industrial source of COS probably exceeding automotive tire wear's and coal combustion's contributions.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 17-18). Abstract in HTML and technical report in HTML and... more Includes bibliographical references (p. 17-18). Abstract in HTML and technical report in HTML and PDF available on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://mit.edu/globalchange/www/) Climate policy regarding perfluorocarbons (PFCs) may have a significant influence on investment decisions in the production of primary aluminum. This work demonstrates an integrated analysis of the effectiveness and likely economic consequences of different climate policy options. In our study we first compare atmospheric observations to the available estimates of PFC emissions for the baseline years 1990 and 1995. We then present projections for regional emissions of PFCs from the aluminum industry using the MIT Emissions Projection and Policy Analysis model under different policy scenarios. Abatement costs for emissions of PFCs and CO2 are compared in the context of the Kyoto Protocol.
Climate policy regarding perfluorocarbons (PFCs) may have a significant influence on investment d... more Climate policy regarding perfluorocarbons (PFCs) may have a significant influence on investment decisions in the production of primary aluminum. This work demonstrates an integrated analysis of the effectiveness and likely economic consequences of different climate policy options. In our study we first compare atmospheric observations to the available estimates of PFC emissions for the baseline years 1990 and 1995. We then present projections for regional emissions of PFCs from the aluminum industry using the MIT Emissions Projection and Policy Analysis model under different policy scenarios. Abatement costs for emissions of PFCs and CO 2 are compared in the context of the Kyoto Protocol.
This chapter addresses past, ongoing, and short (to 2010) and medium-term (to 2030) future action... more This chapter addresses past, ongoing, and short (to 2010) and medium-term (to 2030) future actions that can be taken to mitigate GHG emissions from the manufacturing and process industries. Globally, and in most countries, CO accounts for more than 90% of CO-eq GHG emissions from the industrial sector (Price et al., 2006; US EPA, 2006b). These CO emissions arise from three sources: (1) the use of fossil fuels for energy, either directly by industry for heat and power generation or indirectly in the generation of purchased electricity and steam; (2) non-energy uses of fossil fuels in chemical processing and metal smelting; and (3) non-fossil fuel sources, for example cement and lime manufacture. Industrial processes also emit other GHGs, e.g.: (1) Nitrous oxide (NO) is emitted as a byproduct of adipic acid, nitric acid and caprolactam production; (2) HFC-23 is emitted as a byproduct of HCFC-22 production, a refrigerant, and also used in fluoroplastics manufacture; (3) Perfluorocarbon...
The stratosphere can be used as an archive of past tropospheric conditions. Measurements of the l... more The stratosphere can be used as an archive of past tropospheric conditions. Measurements of the long‐lived trace gases CF 4 , C 2 F 6 , and SF 6 have been carried out on stratospheric air samples obtained by balloon borne cryosampling from altitudes of up to 34 km between ...
This chapter focuses on the radiative impact of the following compounds: chlorofluorocarbons (CFC... more This chapter focuses on the radiative impact of the following compounds: chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), halons, and methyl bromide. For decades, these synthetic halocarbons have been widely used as refrigerants, blowing agents in foam production, propellants for aerosol applications, solvents, surfactants, and fire-fighting. The non-ozone-depleting HFCs are progressively substituting CFCs and HCFCs in many of their applications, leading to rapidly growing emissions rates of HFCs. For this reason, and because of their atmospheric persistence, they have been included into the Kyoto-Protocol. PFCs and SF6 have also been included for the same reasons. The direct global warming potentials (GWP) of these gases range from a few hundred to more than 20,000 times CO2-equivalent, when calculated over a 100-year period. Within the stratosphere, the chlorinated and brominated compounds are the prime causes of ozone depletion. This contribution to ozone depletion adds an indirect cooling to the radiative effect of these compounds. This chapter assesses the contribution to climate change resulting from emissions of the group of halogenated greenhouse gases. A bottom-up emission model covering 22 technological sectors in four major regions is described.
Measurements of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbondisulfide (CS2) were carried out on samples draw... more Measurements of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbondisulfide (CS2) were carried out on samples drawn from a smoke stack of an aluminium smelter. Volume mixing ratios of 6 ppm COS and 0.1 ppm CS2 were measured for gases from the electrolysis unit that had previously passed an Al2O3 fluid bed reactor and electrostatic precipitators. Specific emissions of 1.6 kg COS and 0.03 kg CS2 per ton of primary aluminium were found. Extrapolating from this particular smelter's conditions to a world mix specific COS emissions of about 4 kg/t(Al) are calculated resulting in emissions of annually 0.08 Tg COS into the atmosphere due to electrolytic aluminium production in 1995. Besides the photochemical conversion of anthropogenic CS2 aluminium production is established to be the second major industrial source of COS probably exceeding automotive tire wear's and coal combustion's contributions.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 17-18). Abstract in HTML and technical report in HTML and... more Includes bibliographical references (p. 17-18). Abstract in HTML and technical report in HTML and PDF available on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://mit.edu/globalchange/www/) Climate policy regarding perfluorocarbons (PFCs) may have a significant influence on investment decisions in the production of primary aluminum. This work demonstrates an integrated analysis of the effectiveness and likely economic consequences of different climate policy options. In our study we first compare atmospheric observations to the available estimates of PFC emissions for the baseline years 1990 and 1995. We then present projections for regional emissions of PFCs from the aluminum industry using the MIT Emissions Projection and Policy Analysis model under different policy scenarios. Abatement costs for emissions of PFCs and CO2 are compared in the context of the Kyoto Protocol.
Climate policy regarding perfluorocarbons (PFCs) may have a significant influence on investment d... more Climate policy regarding perfluorocarbons (PFCs) may have a significant influence on investment decisions in the production of primary aluminum. This work demonstrates an integrated analysis of the effectiveness and likely economic consequences of different climate policy options. In our study we first compare atmospheric observations to the available estimates of PFC emissions for the baseline years 1990 and 1995. We then present projections for regional emissions of PFCs from the aluminum industry using the MIT Emissions Projection and Policy Analysis model under different policy scenarios. Abatement costs for emissions of PFCs and CO 2 are compared in the context of the Kyoto Protocol.
This chapter addresses past, ongoing, and short (to 2010) and medium-term (to 2030) future action... more This chapter addresses past, ongoing, and short (to 2010) and medium-term (to 2030) future actions that can be taken to mitigate GHG emissions from the manufacturing and process industries. Globally, and in most countries, CO accounts for more than 90% of CO-eq GHG emissions from the industrial sector (Price et al., 2006; US EPA, 2006b). These CO emissions arise from three sources: (1) the use of fossil fuels for energy, either directly by industry for heat and power generation or indirectly in the generation of purchased electricity and steam; (2) non-energy uses of fossil fuels in chemical processing and metal smelting; and (3) non-fossil fuel sources, for example cement and lime manufacture. Industrial processes also emit other GHGs, e.g.: (1) Nitrous oxide (NO) is emitted as a byproduct of adipic acid, nitric acid and caprolactam production; (2) HFC-23 is emitted as a byproduct of HCFC-22 production, a refrigerant, and also used in fluoroplastics manufacture; (3) Perfluorocarbon...
Uploads