Abstract An overview and assessment of tourism marketing at the national level in China is presen... more Abstract An overview and assessment of tourism marketing at the national level in China is presented. First, the inbound market profile is examined, and the organization responsible for national-level tourism marketing (and its structure) is described. The nature and state of funding for tourism marketing and promotional activities undertaken by the China National Tourism Administration are also examined. Finally, tourism marketing constraints currently facing China are presented and discussed.
Abstract This chapter identifies and discusses the pressing issues confronting China's touri... more Abstract This chapter identifies and discusses the pressing issues confronting China's tourism industry in the new millennium, with particular emphasis given to the impacts of the market opening measures that China will be required to adopt since its recent accession to the World Trade Organization. It is concluded that appropriate government strategies and policies will be key to the future success of the country's tourism industry as market demands change and global competition increases.
Abstract This chapter briefly traces the development of theme parks in China and examines the rea... more Abstract This chapter briefly traces the development of theme parks in China and examines the reasons for the spectacular growth that occurred during the 1990s and the issues affecting the industry in the 21st century. Besides looking at the elements of success for some parks, reasons why the industry experienced turmoil and why many projects failed are also examined.
This chapter provides an overview of ecotourism in China, including relevant policy, issues, and ... more This chapter provides an overview of ecotourism in China, including relevant policy, issues, and trends. Most concepts and definitions of ecotourism can be reduced to the following: ecotourism is tourism and recreation that is both nature based and sustainable. The focus of this chapter is on visitation at nature reserves in China. Issues relevant to sustainability and ecotourism objectives are noted in the chapter, and the need for ongoing development of policy and management systems is stressed in order to enhance future achievement of these objectives.
Purpose The purpose of the study is to examine the livelihood impacts, any inequalities and pover... more Purpose The purpose of the study is to examine the livelihood impacts, any inequalities and poverty consequences in the special administration region of Macao, following the liberalization of the gaming industry and the subsequent development of casino resorts. Design/methodology/approach A descriptive research design was used, which adopted the case study method to conduct this research study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify and gain better understanding of the impacts influencing residents’ livelihoods. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings The findings identified and examined the major livelihood impacts affecting local residents, and the recommendations of local residents in addressing these impacts were provided. Research limitations/implications The research was conducted as a descriptive cross-sectional study. To fully understand holistically the recent casino development and monitor the likelihood outcomes, a longitudinal study could b...
John Ap, a graduate student, and Turgut Var, Professor of Tourism, in the Department of Recreatio... more John Ap, a graduate student, and Turgut Var, Professor of Tourism, in the Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Sciences at Texas A&M University, have carried out an exploratory survey of Australian and North American tourism professionals to examine their ...
ABSTRACT The understanding of tourism policy-making and implementation is important due to the mu... more ABSTRACT The understanding of tourism policy-making and implementation is important due to the multi-faceted nature of tourism and the complexity in inter-organizational relations and collaborative policy-making. This paper aims at contributing to the frameworks and theories regarding the implementation of tourism policy by considering the factors identified in both the top-down and bottom-up approaches of policy implementation. The main purpose of this study is to develop a conceptual framework describing the factors affecting the implementation of tourism policy and illustrate the framework with the experience of tourism policy implementation at the local level in China. It was found that four factors including: economic and social macro-environment; institutional arrangements; inter-organizational relations (IOR) and inter-organizational co-ordination structures (IOC); and interest groups were influential in the implementation of tourism policy. Furthermore, the case study in China identified the roles of each factor in terms of constraints and facilitators in the real-world context and enriched the conceptual framework by illustrating the relationships among factors. This study sheds light on concepts and theories regarding tourism policy implementation. It also addresses some solutions which may enrich the tourism policy literature in an Asian and developing country context.
The aim of this article is to identify and examine the host residents' perceptions towards a ... more The aim of this article is to identify and examine the host residents' perceptions towards a mega event, the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, and its impacts. An impact scale comprising 20 impact items with four factors—social-psychological impacts, urban development impacts, economic development impacts, and social life impacts—was developed. It was found that the majority of respondents perceived the impacts of the 2008 Games very positively, particularly for those related to the social-psychological, urban development, and economic development factors. Residents' perceptions towards some social life impacts (e.g., overcrowding, higher prices) were mixed. Based on their different social representations (i.e., perceptions towards the impacts of the Games), residents were classified into two groups: “embracers” and “tolerators.” The three most significant factors that influenced residents' perceptions towards the Beijing 2008 Olympics were residents' perceptions/attitudes...
... 1) as the framework for tourism planning to avoid &dquo;its [tourism planning's] tra... more ... 1) as the framework for tourism planning to avoid &dquo;its [tourism planning's] traditional, narrow focus ... development&dquo; (p. 32) and also to provide an opportunity for tourism's theoretical development ... model was de-rived from Chadwick's (1971) approach to planning that is ...
This article reports four strategies that comprise a continuum for responding to tourism impacts:... more This article reports four strategies that comprise a continuum for responding to tourism impacts: embracement, tolerance, adjustment, and withdrawal. The behaviors seem to result from reactions to tourists' numbers and behavior rather than from a cultural gap. Two directions for future research are suggested: to relate residents' perceptions of tourism impacts to the behavioral strategies they adopt, and to develop an instrument for measuring the strategies continuum described.
As a major stake-holder, government plays an important role in mega events development. Studies o... more As a major stake-holder, government plays an important role in mega events development. Studies on government's motivations for staging mega events are noticeably lacking and this paper attempts to address this gap by examining the Chinese governments' motivations for hosting the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Such a study can enhance our understanding of governments' events strategy and policies, as well as provide insights on mega event policy making. It is identified that the Chinese government's primary motivations to host the Olympics were to showcase its reform achievements, unify its citizenry, and boost national pride. Other motivations of a developmental nature are also identified and examined.
There have been few efforts made to identify the positioning of exhibition host countries or citi... more There have been few efforts made to identify the positioning of exhibition host countries or cities, even though studies on the positioning of convention host destinations have been popular. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the positioning of exhibition cities as ...
Abstract An overview and assessment of tourism marketing at the national level in China is presen... more Abstract An overview and assessment of tourism marketing at the national level in China is presented. First, the inbound market profile is examined, and the organization responsible for national-level tourism marketing (and its structure) is described. The nature and state of funding for tourism marketing and promotional activities undertaken by the China National Tourism Administration are also examined. Finally, tourism marketing constraints currently facing China are presented and discussed.
Abstract This chapter identifies and discusses the pressing issues confronting China's touri... more Abstract This chapter identifies and discusses the pressing issues confronting China's tourism industry in the new millennium, with particular emphasis given to the impacts of the market opening measures that China will be required to adopt since its recent accession to the World Trade Organization. It is concluded that appropriate government strategies and policies will be key to the future success of the country's tourism industry as market demands change and global competition increases.
Abstract This chapter briefly traces the development of theme parks in China and examines the rea... more Abstract This chapter briefly traces the development of theme parks in China and examines the reasons for the spectacular growth that occurred during the 1990s and the issues affecting the industry in the 21st century. Besides looking at the elements of success for some parks, reasons why the industry experienced turmoil and why many projects failed are also examined.
This chapter provides an overview of ecotourism in China, including relevant policy, issues, and ... more This chapter provides an overview of ecotourism in China, including relevant policy, issues, and trends. Most concepts and definitions of ecotourism can be reduced to the following: ecotourism is tourism and recreation that is both nature based and sustainable. The focus of this chapter is on visitation at nature reserves in China. Issues relevant to sustainability and ecotourism objectives are noted in the chapter, and the need for ongoing development of policy and management systems is stressed in order to enhance future achievement of these objectives.
Purpose The purpose of the study is to examine the livelihood impacts, any inequalities and pover... more Purpose The purpose of the study is to examine the livelihood impacts, any inequalities and poverty consequences in the special administration region of Macao, following the liberalization of the gaming industry and the subsequent development of casino resorts. Design/methodology/approach A descriptive research design was used, which adopted the case study method to conduct this research study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify and gain better understanding of the impacts influencing residents’ livelihoods. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings The findings identified and examined the major livelihood impacts affecting local residents, and the recommendations of local residents in addressing these impacts were provided. Research limitations/implications The research was conducted as a descriptive cross-sectional study. To fully understand holistically the recent casino development and monitor the likelihood outcomes, a longitudinal study could b...
John Ap, a graduate student, and Turgut Var, Professor of Tourism, in the Department of Recreatio... more John Ap, a graduate student, and Turgut Var, Professor of Tourism, in the Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Sciences at Texas A&M University, have carried out an exploratory survey of Australian and North American tourism professionals to examine their ...
ABSTRACT The understanding of tourism policy-making and implementation is important due to the mu... more ABSTRACT The understanding of tourism policy-making and implementation is important due to the multi-faceted nature of tourism and the complexity in inter-organizational relations and collaborative policy-making. This paper aims at contributing to the frameworks and theories regarding the implementation of tourism policy by considering the factors identified in both the top-down and bottom-up approaches of policy implementation. The main purpose of this study is to develop a conceptual framework describing the factors affecting the implementation of tourism policy and illustrate the framework with the experience of tourism policy implementation at the local level in China. It was found that four factors including: economic and social macro-environment; institutional arrangements; inter-organizational relations (IOR) and inter-organizational co-ordination structures (IOC); and interest groups were influential in the implementation of tourism policy. Furthermore, the case study in China identified the roles of each factor in terms of constraints and facilitators in the real-world context and enriched the conceptual framework by illustrating the relationships among factors. This study sheds light on concepts and theories regarding tourism policy implementation. It also addresses some solutions which may enrich the tourism policy literature in an Asian and developing country context.
The aim of this article is to identify and examine the host residents' perceptions towards a ... more The aim of this article is to identify and examine the host residents' perceptions towards a mega event, the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, and its impacts. An impact scale comprising 20 impact items with four factors—social-psychological impacts, urban development impacts, economic development impacts, and social life impacts—was developed. It was found that the majority of respondents perceived the impacts of the 2008 Games very positively, particularly for those related to the social-psychological, urban development, and economic development factors. Residents' perceptions towards some social life impacts (e.g., overcrowding, higher prices) were mixed. Based on their different social representations (i.e., perceptions towards the impacts of the Games), residents were classified into two groups: “embracers” and “tolerators.” The three most significant factors that influenced residents' perceptions towards the Beijing 2008 Olympics were residents' perceptions/attitudes...
... 1) as the framework for tourism planning to avoid &dquo;its [tourism planning's] tra... more ... 1) as the framework for tourism planning to avoid &dquo;its [tourism planning's] traditional, narrow focus ... development&dquo; (p. 32) and also to provide an opportunity for tourism's theoretical development ... model was de-rived from Chadwick's (1971) approach to planning that is ...
This article reports four strategies that comprise a continuum for responding to tourism impacts:... more This article reports four strategies that comprise a continuum for responding to tourism impacts: embracement, tolerance, adjustment, and withdrawal. The behaviors seem to result from reactions to tourists' numbers and behavior rather than from a cultural gap. Two directions for future research are suggested: to relate residents' perceptions of tourism impacts to the behavioral strategies they adopt, and to develop an instrument for measuring the strategies continuum described.
As a major stake-holder, government plays an important role in mega events development. Studies o... more As a major stake-holder, government plays an important role in mega events development. Studies on government's motivations for staging mega events are noticeably lacking and this paper attempts to address this gap by examining the Chinese governments' motivations for hosting the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Such a study can enhance our understanding of governments' events strategy and policies, as well as provide insights on mega event policy making. It is identified that the Chinese government's primary motivations to host the Olympics were to showcase its reform achievements, unify its citizenry, and boost national pride. Other motivations of a developmental nature are also identified and examined.
There have been few efforts made to identify the positioning of exhibition host countries or citi... more There have been few efforts made to identify the positioning of exhibition host countries or cities, even though studies on the positioning of convention host destinations have been popular. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the positioning of exhibition cities as ...
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