We investigated the relationship of college students' conceptions of the wrathfulness-kin... more We investigated the relationship of college students' conceptions of the wrathfulness-kindliness of God to their parents' nurturance, their parents' permissiveness, authoritarianism, and authoritativeness, and the students' own self-esteem. Although parents' nurturance, authoritarianism, and authoritativeness were related to participants' conceptions of God (thus providing some support for psychoanalytic assertions), the variable of self-esteem far outweighed all other variables in accounting for the variance in God concepts. These results suggest that self-referencing explanations better account for individuals' conceptions of God than do parent referencing (i.e., psychoanalytic) explanations.
Adolescents' levels of self-esteem as a function of their own versus their parents' appra... more Adolescents' levels of self-esteem as a function of their own versus their parents' appraisals of parental nurturance and parental authority were investigated. Results revealed that (a) both mothers'andfathers'nurturance (as perceived by the adolescents) were positively related to self-esteem, (b) based upon the adolescents' appraisals, parental authoritativeness was directly related to self-esteem whereas parental authoritarianism was inversely related to self-esteem, (c) adolescents' assessments of parental nurturance and authority were more strongly related to self-esteem than were the parents'assessments of these variables, and (d) regression analyses suggested that parental authority may be an important source of parental nurturance information for adolescents.
This study investigated the relationship of college students' connotations of the "wrath... more This study investigated the relationship of college students' connotations of the "wrathfulness kindliness" of God to: (a) their mother's and father's nurturance, (b) their mother's and father's permissiveness, authoritarianism, and authoritativeness, and (a) their own self-esteem. While parental nurturance, authoritarianism, and author'Itativeness were related to participants' conceptions of God (thus providing mupport for psychoanalytic assertions), the variable of self-esteem far outwwighed all other variables in accounting for the variance in God-concepts. These results suggest that previous empirical support for psychoanalytic speculations as to the parental origins of individuals' God-concepts may largely derive from the influence of a strong correlate of parental nurturance and authority --selfesteem. As a result of Freud's (1928, 1938, 1946) seminal postulations of the psychoanalytic bases for one's God-concept, it is a frequ...
While numerous studies have emphasized more situational factors related to cheating, hooking up, ... more While numerous studies have emphasized more situational factors related to cheating, hooking up, and attention to romantic alternatives (e.g., alcohol use, need fulfillment, opportunity), the present findings support Finkel el al.’s (2012) argument for greater attentiveness to personal factors intrinsic to the individual that may influence the incidence of such behaviors. Personal factors (e.g., avoidant attachment, selfishness, and maximizing) were found to be significantly related to cheating, hooking up, and attention to romantic alternatives, explaining as much as 40% of the variance in these behaviors.
A questionnaire was developed for the purpose of measuring Baumrind's (1971) permissive, ... more A questionnaire was developed for the purpose of measuring Baumrind's (1971) permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parental authority prototypes. It consists of 30 items per parent and yields permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative scores for both the mother and the father; each of these scores is derived from the phenomenological appraisals of the parents' authority by their son or daughter. The results of several studies have supported the Parental Authority Questionnaire as a psychometrically sound and valid measure of Baumrind's parental authority prototypes, and they have suggested that this questionnaire has considerable potential as a valuable tool in the investigation of correlates of parental permissiveness, authoritarianism, and authoritativeness.
The relationship between Young's (1999) Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) and several parental... more The relationship between Young's (1999) Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) and several parental variables was investigated. Regression analyses revealed that parental practices predicted some of the categories of EMSs [e.g., Disconnection/Rejection (77 percent) and Impaired Autonomy/Performance (63 percent)] much better than others [e.g., Impaired Limits (30 percent) and Other Directedness (22 percent)].
Rationale is presented for the derivation of a new measure of stressful life events for use with ... more Rationale is presented for the derivation of a new measure of stressful life events for use with students [Negative Life Events Scale for Students (NLESS)]. Ten stressful life events questionnaires were reviewed, and the more than 600 items mentioned in these scales were culled based on the following criteria: (a) only long-term and unpleasant events were retained, (b) duplicates were eliminated, and (c) items measuring the same event domain were combined to form one item. The NLESS provides the following measures of negative life event stress: (a) normative scoring, (b) subjective scoring, (c) recent versus distal events, and (d) total number of events experienced.
We investigated the relationship of college students' conceptions of the wrathfulness-kin... more We investigated the relationship of college students' conceptions of the wrathfulness-kindliness of God to their parents' nurturance, their parents' permissiveness, authoritarianism, and authoritativeness, and the students' own self-esteem. Although parents' nurturance, authoritarianism, and authoritativeness were related to participants' conceptions of God (thus providing some support for psychoanalytic assertions), the variable of self-esteem far outweighed all other variables in accounting for the variance in God concepts. These results suggest that self-referencing explanations better account for individuals' conceptions of God than do parent referencing (i.e., psychoanalytic) explanations.
Adolescents' levels of self-esteem as a function of their own versus their parents' appra... more Adolescents' levels of self-esteem as a function of their own versus their parents' appraisals of parental nurturance and parental authority were investigated. Results revealed that (a) both mothers'andfathers'nurturance (as perceived by the adolescents) were positively related to self-esteem, (b) based upon the adolescents' appraisals, parental authoritativeness was directly related to self-esteem whereas parental authoritarianism was inversely related to self-esteem, (c) adolescents' assessments of parental nurturance and authority were more strongly related to self-esteem than were the parents'assessments of these variables, and (d) regression analyses suggested that parental authority may be an important source of parental nurturance information for adolescents.
This study investigated the relationship of college students' connotations of the "wrath... more This study investigated the relationship of college students' connotations of the "wrathfulness kindliness" of God to: (a) their mother's and father's nurturance, (b) their mother's and father's permissiveness, authoritarianism, and authoritativeness, and (a) their own self-esteem. While parental nurturance, authoritarianism, and author'Itativeness were related to participants' conceptions of God (thus providing mupport for psychoanalytic assertions), the variable of self-esteem far outwwighed all other variables in accounting for the variance in God-concepts. These results suggest that previous empirical support for psychoanalytic speculations as to the parental origins of individuals' God-concepts may largely derive from the influence of a strong correlate of parental nurturance and authority --selfesteem. As a result of Freud's (1928, 1938, 1946) seminal postulations of the psychoanalytic bases for one's God-concept, it is a frequ...
While numerous studies have emphasized more situational factors related to cheating, hooking up, ... more While numerous studies have emphasized more situational factors related to cheating, hooking up, and attention to romantic alternatives (e.g., alcohol use, need fulfillment, opportunity), the present findings support Finkel el al.’s (2012) argument for greater attentiveness to personal factors intrinsic to the individual that may influence the incidence of such behaviors. Personal factors (e.g., avoidant attachment, selfishness, and maximizing) were found to be significantly related to cheating, hooking up, and attention to romantic alternatives, explaining as much as 40% of the variance in these behaviors.
A questionnaire was developed for the purpose of measuring Baumrind's (1971) permissive, ... more A questionnaire was developed for the purpose of measuring Baumrind's (1971) permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parental authority prototypes. It consists of 30 items per parent and yields permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative scores for both the mother and the father; each of these scores is derived from the phenomenological appraisals of the parents' authority by their son or daughter. The results of several studies have supported the Parental Authority Questionnaire as a psychometrically sound and valid measure of Baumrind's parental authority prototypes, and they have suggested that this questionnaire has considerable potential as a valuable tool in the investigation of correlates of parental permissiveness, authoritarianism, and authoritativeness.
The relationship between Young's (1999) Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) and several parental... more The relationship between Young's (1999) Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) and several parental variables was investigated. Regression analyses revealed that parental practices predicted some of the categories of EMSs [e.g., Disconnection/Rejection (77 percent) and Impaired Autonomy/Performance (63 percent)] much better than others [e.g., Impaired Limits (30 percent) and Other Directedness (22 percent)].
Rationale is presented for the derivation of a new measure of stressful life events for use with ... more Rationale is presented for the derivation of a new measure of stressful life events for use with students [Negative Life Events Scale for Students (NLESS)]. Ten stressful life events questionnaires were reviewed, and the more than 600 items mentioned in these scales were culled based on the following criteria: (a) only long-term and unpleasant events were retained, (b) duplicates were eliminated, and (c) items measuring the same event domain were combined to form one item. The NLESS provides the following measures of negative life event stress: (a) normative scoring, (b) subjective scoring, (c) recent versus distal events, and (d) total number of events experienced.
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