Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Aug 4, 2023
Weaning is a critical period in raising pigs. Novel animal feed additives that promote gut health... more Weaning is a critical period in raising pigs. Novel animal feed additives that promote gut health and regulate immune function of piglets without antibiotics are needed. In this study, we aimed to test the ability of mesobiliverdin IXα‐enriched microalgae (MBV IXα‐enriched microalgae) to eliminate reliance on antibiotics to promote intestinal health in piglets. Eighty 28‐day‐old weaned piglets were randomly allocated to four groups each with four replicate pens and five piglets per pen. The dietary treatments were a basal diet as control (NC), basal diet plus 0.05% tylosin (PC), basal diet plus 0.1% or 0.5% MBV IXα‐enriched microalgae as low (MBV‐SP1) or high (MBV‐SP2) dose respectively. All treated animals showed no significant differences in live weight, average daily gain and feed efficiency compared to control animals. Histological examination showed that MBV‐SP1 and particularly MBV‐SP2 increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum compared to NC (p < 0.05). Similarly, tylosin treatment also increased villi lengths and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum compared to the NC (p < 0.05). MBV‐SP1 and particularly MBV‐SP2 reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha in the small intestine. MBV‐SP2 and tylosin similarly reduced the lipid peroxidation marker (TBARS value) in the duodenum and ileum. In conclusion, feed supplementation with MBV IXα‐enriched microalgae improved gut health by villus height and production of immunomodulators that correlated with down‐regulated secretion of inflammatory cytokines.
The Phytotoxin syringomycin is produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and is... more The Phytotoxin syringomycin is produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and is a major virulence factor in plant diseases caused by this organism (DeVay, et al., 1968; Sinden, et al., 1971; Gross and DeVay, 1977). Recent work has shown that syringomycin acts primarily at the plasma membranes of plant and yeast cells (Zhang and Takemoto, 1986; Zhang and Takemoto, 1987; Bidwai, et al., 1987). Among its effects on plasma membrane are hyperpolarization (Zhang and Takemoto, 1986; Zhang and Takemoto, 1987; Reidl and Takemoto, 1987), alterations of proton and potassium fluxes (Zhang and Takemoto, 1987; Reidl and Takemoto, 1987), stimulation of the proton-pump ATPase (Bidwai, et al., 1987), and an increase in the rates of protein phosphorylation (Bidwai and Takemoto, 1987).
Muscular atrophy, defined as the loss of muscle tissue, is a serious issue for immobilized patien... more Muscular atrophy, defined as the loss of muscle tissue, is a serious issue for immobilized patients on Earth and in human spaceflight, where microgravity prevents normal muscle loading. Developing countermeasures for atrophy in spaceflight will require extensive screening of promising pharmaceuticals for efficacy, safety, contraindications, and dosage schedule. Due to the cost of spaceflight and limited crew time aboard the International Space Station, high throughput screening of pharmaceuticals in actual microgravity conditions is not economically feasible. We present an optimized ground-based model that induces similar genetic markers of atrophy as seen in spaceflight. To model the microgravity conditions on the International Space Station, murine C2C12 myoblasts were cultured in a rotary cell culture system. Hydrogel encapsulation was compared against microcarrier beads as a substrate for C2C12 muscle cells. Microcarrier beads are commonly used for suspension culture of adherent cell lines. However, the irregular monolayer that forms on the surface of clustered microcarriers may not accurately model solid muscle tissue. In contrast, encapsulation of differentiated muscle cells in an alginate hydrogel creates a three dimensional tissue model of consistent size and cell density. Changes due to the spaceflight model were characterized qRT-PCR for the atrophy markers MuRF1 and MAFbx. The muscle proteins myosin and tropomyosin were assessed via Western blot. Encapsulated cells are expected to produce higher levels of MuRF1 and MAFbx than cells cultured on microcarriers. Myosin and tropomyosin levels are also expected to be higher in encapsulated cells, indicating a larger percentage of differentiation. Hydrogel encapsulation increases biosimilarity by using large quantities of pre-differentiated muscle tissue. Simulation of microgravity and spaceflight radiation will provide a valuable platform for drug discovery and an understanding of the progression from normal to disease state
The background is a bright-field microscopic image ofCandida albicansthat is inhibited by amphiph... more The background is a bright-field microscopic image ofCandida albicansthat is inhibited by amphiphilic kanamycinsFG08andK20.
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Aug 4, 2023
Weaning is a critical period in raising pigs. Novel animal feed additives that promote gut health... more Weaning is a critical period in raising pigs. Novel animal feed additives that promote gut health and regulate immune function of piglets without antibiotics are needed. In this study, we aimed to test the ability of mesobiliverdin IXα‐enriched microalgae (MBV IXα‐enriched microalgae) to eliminate reliance on antibiotics to promote intestinal health in piglets. Eighty 28‐day‐old weaned piglets were randomly allocated to four groups each with four replicate pens and five piglets per pen. The dietary treatments were a basal diet as control (NC), basal diet plus 0.05% tylosin (PC), basal diet plus 0.1% or 0.5% MBV IXα‐enriched microalgae as low (MBV‐SP1) or high (MBV‐SP2) dose respectively. All treated animals showed no significant differences in live weight, average daily gain and feed efficiency compared to control animals. Histological examination showed that MBV‐SP1 and particularly MBV‐SP2 increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum compared to NC (p < 0.05). Similarly, tylosin treatment also increased villi lengths and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum compared to the NC (p < 0.05). MBV‐SP1 and particularly MBV‐SP2 reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha in the small intestine. MBV‐SP2 and tylosin similarly reduced the lipid peroxidation marker (TBARS value) in the duodenum and ileum. In conclusion, feed supplementation with MBV IXα‐enriched microalgae improved gut health by villus height and production of immunomodulators that correlated with down‐regulated secretion of inflammatory cytokines.
The Phytotoxin syringomycin is produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and is... more The Phytotoxin syringomycin is produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and is a major virulence factor in plant diseases caused by this organism (DeVay, et al., 1968; Sinden, et al., 1971; Gross and DeVay, 1977). Recent work has shown that syringomycin acts primarily at the plasma membranes of plant and yeast cells (Zhang and Takemoto, 1986; Zhang and Takemoto, 1987; Bidwai, et al., 1987). Among its effects on plasma membrane are hyperpolarization (Zhang and Takemoto, 1986; Zhang and Takemoto, 1987; Reidl and Takemoto, 1987), alterations of proton and potassium fluxes (Zhang and Takemoto, 1987; Reidl and Takemoto, 1987), stimulation of the proton-pump ATPase (Bidwai, et al., 1987), and an increase in the rates of protein phosphorylation (Bidwai and Takemoto, 1987).
Muscular atrophy, defined as the loss of muscle tissue, is a serious issue for immobilized patien... more Muscular atrophy, defined as the loss of muscle tissue, is a serious issue for immobilized patients on Earth and in human spaceflight, where microgravity prevents normal muscle loading. Developing countermeasures for atrophy in spaceflight will require extensive screening of promising pharmaceuticals for efficacy, safety, contraindications, and dosage schedule. Due to the cost of spaceflight and limited crew time aboard the International Space Station, high throughput screening of pharmaceuticals in actual microgravity conditions is not economically feasible. We present an optimized ground-based model that induces similar genetic markers of atrophy as seen in spaceflight. To model the microgravity conditions on the International Space Station, murine C2C12 myoblasts were cultured in a rotary cell culture system. Hydrogel encapsulation was compared against microcarrier beads as a substrate for C2C12 muscle cells. Microcarrier beads are commonly used for suspension culture of adherent cell lines. However, the irregular monolayer that forms on the surface of clustered microcarriers may not accurately model solid muscle tissue. In contrast, encapsulation of differentiated muscle cells in an alginate hydrogel creates a three dimensional tissue model of consistent size and cell density. Changes due to the spaceflight model were characterized qRT-PCR for the atrophy markers MuRF1 and MAFbx. The muscle proteins myosin and tropomyosin were assessed via Western blot. Encapsulated cells are expected to produce higher levels of MuRF1 and MAFbx than cells cultured on microcarriers. Myosin and tropomyosin levels are also expected to be higher in encapsulated cells, indicating a larger percentage of differentiation. Hydrogel encapsulation increases biosimilarity by using large quantities of pre-differentiated muscle tissue. Simulation of microgravity and spaceflight radiation will provide a valuable platform for drug discovery and an understanding of the progression from normal to disease state
The background is a bright-field microscopic image ofCandida albicansthat is inhibited by amphiph... more The background is a bright-field microscopic image ofCandida albicansthat is inhibited by amphiphilic kanamycinsFG08andK20.
Uploads
Papers by Jon Takemoto