Este artículo buscar aportar conocimiento en el proceso de innovación, un área de la investigació... more Este artículo buscar aportar conocimiento en el proceso de innovación, un área de la investigación en innovación en la cual existe menor aporte en la literatura. La comprensión de formas alternativas que tienen, empresas que innovan en productos y aquellas que innovan en servicios, para organizar sus actividades innovadoras y evaluar sus resultados es el foco de atención del presente estudio. Para ello, se llevó cabo un estudio cualitativo y exploratorio en Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (Pymes) pertenecientes al sector de tecnologías de información y comunicación, el cual se contrastó con otro estudio previo sobre Pymes del sector manufacturero de alimentos, ambos en Costa Rica. Se aplicaron entrevistas en profundidad con emprendedores quienes recientemente habían lanzado una innovación. Se utilizó el software Nvivo versión 10 para procesar la información. La investigación permitió determinar una serie de pasos comunes y elementos que caracterizan el proceso de la innovación. Asimism...
The possible existence of a direct projection from the substantia nigra to the pulvinar-lateral p... more The possible existence of a direct projection from the substantia nigra to the pulvinar-lateral posterior complex (Pul-LP) was investigated in the cat by using the horseradish peroxidase technique. In particular horseradish peroxidase was injected in the Pul-LP of 8 animals, either unilaterally or bilaterally. Tissue sections obtained from the cat's brain 24-48 hrs. after injection were prepared according to Mesulam's method as slightly modified by the authors. Retrogradelly labelled neurons were observed in substantia nigra pars lateralis and reliculata ipsilaterally to the injected pulvinar-lateral posterior complex. A small number of labelled cells were also found in the contralateral substantia nigra. These findings demonstrate the existence of a close connection between two system which are involved in turning behavior: the nigrostriatal and the pulvinar-lateral posterior complex-superior colliculus.
The effect of Pulvinar-Lateral Posterior (P-LP) electrical stimulation on superior colliculus uni... more The effect of Pulvinar-Lateral Posterior (P-LP) electrical stimulation on superior colliculus unitary responses and eye movements is analyzed in 17 encéphale isolé cats. Twelve of them were curarized. Out of a total of 190 recorded units, 117 were localized in the superior colliculus and 73 units in the Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MRF) below the superior colliculus. Thirty eight per cent (n = 45) of the collicular units modified their discharge frequency when the ipsilateral P-LP was electrically stimulated. The current intensity thresholds of transynaptic activation had a range between 0.5 and 2.0 mA. Most of the orthodromic responses were produced by ipsilateral P-LP stimulation and were localized in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus. Three types of responses were obtained: short latency responses between 2 and 10 ms (57%); intermediate latency responses between 15 and 40 ms (29%), and long latency responses between 50 and 200 ms (14%). Thirty one ...
In twenty two adult cats, distributed in four groups, stainless steel electrodes were implanted i... more In twenty two adult cats, distributed in four groups, stainless steel electrodes were implanted in the superior colliculus and the substantia nigra of both sides in order: 1) to find the current intensity threshold values necessary to evoke turning behavior, and record their variations after lesion of the cited structures; 2) to study the effects of lesioning two of these structures, specifically related to the direction of turning behavior, and 3) to assess the time-course of recovery from postural asymmetry after damaging two structures involved in rotation behavior, located either in the same or in the opposite side, as well as the importance of performing these lesions simultaneously or at different periods. Three main results were observed: 1) a large proportion of lesioned cats showed an increase in threshold values necessary to evoke rotation of the implanted structures located either in the same or in the opposite side; 2) the lesions induced in a significant number of cats ...
The electrical activity of single units located in the parvicellular part of the red nucleus (pRP... more The electrical activity of single units located in the parvicellular part of the red nucleus (pRP) was recorded extracellularly in nitrous oxide anesthetized and C1-transected adult cats. In this area, neurons were found to respond to electrical stimulation applied to intermediate and deep layers of the right superior colliculus (SC). Forty neurons located in the pRN of both sides were studied. Three neurons out of 18 (16.6%) located in the contralateral pRN and six neurons out of 22 (27.3%) located in the ipsilateral pRN were driven by the right SC stimulation. The pRN neurons were separated into four groups according to the latency response to the SC stimulation: 1) 0.6-1.9 ms, 2) 2-4 ms, 3) 4-6 ms, 4) variable latency responses. Each of these four groups of neurons showed a particular pattern of discharge, even though their discharge frequency showed a strong consistency. Four pRN neurons, which responded to SC stimulation, showed a significant correlation with spontaneous horizo...
1. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of noradrenergic neurotransmission in n... more 1. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of noradrenergic neurotransmission in neuronal activities intracellularly recorded in neocortical slices obtained from rats presenting the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) withdrawal syndrome (GWS), a focal epilepsy consecutive to the interruption of a chronic intracortical GABA infusion into the somatomotor cortex. Neurons recorded in the epileptic focus area (n = 52) were bursting or nonbursting cells. Intrinsic bursting (IB, n = 20) cells presented bursts of action potentials (APs) to an intracellular depolarizing current injection and paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDSs) to white matter stimulation. Synaptic bursting (SB, n = 22) cells presented only PDSs. Nonbursting (NB, n = 10) cells presented no burst after either synaptic stimulation or depolarizing current injection. Results were compared with those obtained from NB neurons (n = 4) recorded in slices from saline-infused rats. 2. In all of the recorded neurons, bath...
Copper as a trace metal is involved in several neurodegenerative illnesses, such as Menkes, Wilso... more Copper as a trace metal is involved in several neurodegenerative illnesses, such as Menkes, Wilson's, Alzheimer's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Creutzfeldt-Jakob. Electrophysiological evidence indicates that acute perfusion of copper can inhibit long-term synaptic potentiation in hippocampal slices. The objective of this work is to determine whether Cu perfusion can perturb synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices derived from pilocarpine treated epileptic rats. Field potential (FP) recordings of the CA1 neurons of rats with chronic epilepsy showed voltage and response duration decrease following copper sulfate perfusion. However, voltage and response duration were higher after removing copper by washing. The discharge frequency of the CA1 neurons of hippocampal slices from non-epileptic control rats was increased after acute perfusion of 10 μM of pilocarpine. This increase was blocked by administering copper sulphate 10 μM. Krebs-Ringer solution washing re-es...
Este artículo buscar aportar conocimiento en el proceso de innovación, un área de la investigació... more Este artículo buscar aportar conocimiento en el proceso de innovación, un área de la investigación en innovación en la cual existe menor aporte en la literatura. La comprensión de formas alternativas que tienen, empresas que innovan en productos y aquellas que innovan en servicios, para organizar sus actividades innovadoras y evaluar sus resultados es el foco de atención del presente estudio. Para ello, se llevó cabo un estudio cualitativo y exploratorio en Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (Pymes) pertenecientes al sector de tecnologías de información y comunicación, el cual se contrastó con otro estudio previo sobre Pymes del sector manufacturero de alimentos, ambos en Costa Rica. Se aplicaron entrevistas en profundidad con emprendedores quienes recientemente habían lanzado una innovación. Se utilizó el software Nvivo versión 10 para procesar la información. La investigación permitió determinar una serie de pasos comunes y elementos que caracterizan el proceso de la innovación. Asimism...
The possible existence of a direct projection from the substantia nigra to the pulvinar-lateral p... more The possible existence of a direct projection from the substantia nigra to the pulvinar-lateral posterior complex (Pul-LP) was investigated in the cat by using the horseradish peroxidase technique. In particular horseradish peroxidase was injected in the Pul-LP of 8 animals, either unilaterally or bilaterally. Tissue sections obtained from the cat's brain 24-48 hrs. after injection were prepared according to Mesulam's method as slightly modified by the authors. Retrogradelly labelled neurons were observed in substantia nigra pars lateralis and reliculata ipsilaterally to the injected pulvinar-lateral posterior complex. A small number of labelled cells were also found in the contralateral substantia nigra. These findings demonstrate the existence of a close connection between two system which are involved in turning behavior: the nigrostriatal and the pulvinar-lateral posterior complex-superior colliculus.
The effect of Pulvinar-Lateral Posterior (P-LP) electrical stimulation on superior colliculus uni... more The effect of Pulvinar-Lateral Posterior (P-LP) electrical stimulation on superior colliculus unitary responses and eye movements is analyzed in 17 encéphale isolé cats. Twelve of them were curarized. Out of a total of 190 recorded units, 117 were localized in the superior colliculus and 73 units in the Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MRF) below the superior colliculus. Thirty eight per cent (n = 45) of the collicular units modified their discharge frequency when the ipsilateral P-LP was electrically stimulated. The current intensity thresholds of transynaptic activation had a range between 0.5 and 2.0 mA. Most of the orthodromic responses were produced by ipsilateral P-LP stimulation and were localized in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus. Three types of responses were obtained: short latency responses between 2 and 10 ms (57%); intermediate latency responses between 15 and 40 ms (29%), and long latency responses between 50 and 200 ms (14%). Thirty one ...
In twenty two adult cats, distributed in four groups, stainless steel electrodes were implanted i... more In twenty two adult cats, distributed in four groups, stainless steel electrodes were implanted in the superior colliculus and the substantia nigra of both sides in order: 1) to find the current intensity threshold values necessary to evoke turning behavior, and record their variations after lesion of the cited structures; 2) to study the effects of lesioning two of these structures, specifically related to the direction of turning behavior, and 3) to assess the time-course of recovery from postural asymmetry after damaging two structures involved in rotation behavior, located either in the same or in the opposite side, as well as the importance of performing these lesions simultaneously or at different periods. Three main results were observed: 1) a large proportion of lesioned cats showed an increase in threshold values necessary to evoke rotation of the implanted structures located either in the same or in the opposite side; 2) the lesions induced in a significant number of cats ...
The electrical activity of single units located in the parvicellular part of the red nucleus (pRP... more The electrical activity of single units located in the parvicellular part of the red nucleus (pRP) was recorded extracellularly in nitrous oxide anesthetized and C1-transected adult cats. In this area, neurons were found to respond to electrical stimulation applied to intermediate and deep layers of the right superior colliculus (SC). Forty neurons located in the pRN of both sides were studied. Three neurons out of 18 (16.6%) located in the contralateral pRN and six neurons out of 22 (27.3%) located in the ipsilateral pRN were driven by the right SC stimulation. The pRN neurons were separated into four groups according to the latency response to the SC stimulation: 1) 0.6-1.9 ms, 2) 2-4 ms, 3) 4-6 ms, 4) variable latency responses. Each of these four groups of neurons showed a particular pattern of discharge, even though their discharge frequency showed a strong consistency. Four pRN neurons, which responded to SC stimulation, showed a significant correlation with spontaneous horizo...
1. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of noradrenergic neurotransmission in n... more 1. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of noradrenergic neurotransmission in neuronal activities intracellularly recorded in neocortical slices obtained from rats presenting the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) withdrawal syndrome (GWS), a focal epilepsy consecutive to the interruption of a chronic intracortical GABA infusion into the somatomotor cortex. Neurons recorded in the epileptic focus area (n = 52) were bursting or nonbursting cells. Intrinsic bursting (IB, n = 20) cells presented bursts of action potentials (APs) to an intracellular depolarizing current injection and paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDSs) to white matter stimulation. Synaptic bursting (SB, n = 22) cells presented only PDSs. Nonbursting (NB, n = 10) cells presented no burst after either synaptic stimulation or depolarizing current injection. Results were compared with those obtained from NB neurons (n = 4) recorded in slices from saline-infused rats. 2. In all of the recorded neurons, bath...
Copper as a trace metal is involved in several neurodegenerative illnesses, such as Menkes, Wilso... more Copper as a trace metal is involved in several neurodegenerative illnesses, such as Menkes, Wilson's, Alzheimer's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Creutzfeldt-Jakob. Electrophysiological evidence indicates that acute perfusion of copper can inhibit long-term synaptic potentiation in hippocampal slices. The objective of this work is to determine whether Cu perfusion can perturb synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices derived from pilocarpine treated epileptic rats. Field potential (FP) recordings of the CA1 neurons of rats with chronic epilepsy showed voltage and response duration decrease following copper sulfate perfusion. However, voltage and response duration were higher after removing copper by washing. The discharge frequency of the CA1 neurons of hippocampal slices from non-epileptic control rats was increased after acute perfusion of 10 μM of pilocarpine. This increase was blocked by administering copper sulphate 10 μM. Krebs-Ringer solution washing re-es...
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