Enthalpy Changes • Enthalpy change is the amount of heat energy taken in or given out during any ... more Enthalpy Changes • Enthalpy change is the amount of heat energy taken in or given out during any change in a system provided the pressure is constant • If enthalpy change occurs, energy is transferred between the system (chemicals) and the surroundings (everything outside the chemicals) • In an exothermic change, energy is transferred from the system to the surroundings; the products have less energy than the reactants (#H is negative) e.g. combustion of fuels • In an endothermic change, energy is transferred from the surroundings to the system (an input of heat energy is required); the products have more energy than the reactants (#H is positive) e.g. Thermal decomposition of Calcium Carbonate
• A Mass Spectrometer analyses the relative molecular masses of an organic molecule and its fragm... more • A Mass Spectrometer analyses the relative molecular masses of an organic molecule and its fragments • A Mass Spectrometer works by a five stage process Vapourisation-The organic molecule is turned into a gas so it can pass through the Mass Spectrometer Ionisation-The organic molecule is bombarded by electrons causing it to fragment and become ionised Acceleration-The ions pass through a metal plate to accelerate them through the vacuum in the Mass Spectrometer Deflection-A high powered electromagnet, alters the projectary of the ions based on the m/z ratio desired Detection-The ions are detected on a sensor and form a digital or hard copy of a mass spectrum • The system is kept under a vacuum so atoms don't interfer with the result/movement of the ions
• Hydrocarbon: A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only • Saturated: Carbon chains that ... more • Hydrocarbon: A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only • Saturated: Carbon chains that contain the maximum number of hydrogens per carbon; only single CC bonds • Unsaturated: Carbon chains that don't have the maximum number of hydrogens per carbon; contain C=C double bonds • Empirical formula: The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound • Molecular formula: The actual number of each type of atom in the compound • General formula: Algebraic formula for a homologous series • Structural formula: Shows the minimal detail of the arrangement of atoms in a molecule • Displayed formula: Shows all the covalent bonds present in a molecule • Skeletal formula: Shows the simplest organic formula of the carbon skeleton and associated functional groups • Homologous Series: Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and general formula • Functional group: the atom/group of atoms which provide the chemical properties of a substance
The number of moles of a pure solid, liquid or gaseous substance = Mass / Molar Mass The number o... more The number of moles of a pure solid, liquid or gaseous substance = Mass / Molar Mass The number of moles of a gas at room temperature (25C) and pressure (1atm) = Volume / 24 The volume of a gas is measured in dm3 The number of moles in a solution = Concentration x Volume Concentration is measured in mol dm-3 or M The number of moles of atoms = Number of atoms / Avogadros Number • The mole is the amount of substance in grams that has the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12 grams of Carbon-12 • One mole of any substance contains exactly 6.02x10^23 atoms or molecules of that substance-This is Avogadros Constant • The Relative Atomic Mass is the average mass of one atom compared to one twelth of the mass of one atom of Carbon-12 • The Molar Mass is the mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance and is given the unit of g mol-1 • The Molar Mass for a compound can be calculated by adding up the mass numbers of each element in a compound. e.g. CaCO3 = 40.1 + 12.0 + (3 x 16.0) = 100.1 g mol-1
The number of moles of a pure solid, liquid or gaseous substance = Mass / Molar Mass The number o... more The number of moles of a pure solid, liquid or gaseous substance = Mass / Molar Mass The number of moles of a gas at room temperature (25C) and pressure (1atm) = Volume / 24 The volume of a gas is measured in dm3 The number of moles in a solution = Concentration x Volume Concentration is measured in mol dm-3 or M The number of moles of atoms = Number of atoms / Avogadros Number • The mole is the amount of substance in grams that has the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12 grams of Carbon-12 • One mole of any substance contains exactly 6.02x10^23 atoms or molecules of that substance-This is Avogadros Constant • The Relative Atomic Mass is the average mass of one atom compared to one twelth of the mass of one atom of Carbon-12 • The Molar Mass is the mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance and is given the unit of g mol-1 • The Molar Mass for a compound can be calculated by adding up the mass numbers of each element in a compound. e.g. CaCO3 = 40.1 + 12.0 + (3 x 16.0) = 100.1 g mol-1
• Atomic radii increases down the group as there are more shells of electrons • Ionic radii incre... more • Atomic radii increases down the group as there are more shells of electrons • Ionic radii increases down the group as theare more shells increase shielding • First ionisation energy decreases down the group as their is more shielding and a larger atomic radius so the nuclear attraction between the nucleus and valence electrons are weaker • Melting points decreases down the group as the ionic size increases weakening the metallic bond • Reactivity increases down the group as the valence electrons are more easily lost forming positive ions because of the increased shielding • Electronegativity decreases down the group as the nuclear attraction becomes weaker
• Half equations show parts of a chemical equation involved in either reduction or oxidation • Re... more • Half equations show parts of a chemical equation involved in either reduction or oxidation • Reduction half equations have the electrons on the left Br2(aq) + 2e-> 2Br-(aq) • Oxidation half equations have the electrons on the right 2I-(aq)-> I2(aq) + 2e-• The overall equation would be: Br2(aq) + 2I-(aq)-> I2(aq) + 2Br-(aq) Oxidation Numbers • All uncombined elements have an oxidation number of ZERO • The oxidation numbers of the elements in a neutral compound add up to ZERO • The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is equal to the IONIC CHARGE • In a polyatomic ion, the sum of the individual oxidation numbers of the elements equals the IONIC CHARGE • Hydrogen is +1 except in metal hydrides (e.g. NaH) where it is-1 • Fluroine is-1 • Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine are-1 except in compounds with oxygen and fluorine • Oxygen is-2 except in peroxides (e.g. H2O2) where it is-1 and with fluorine • Group 1 metals have a charge of +1 • Group 2 metals have a charge of +2 • Transition metals have their charge in ROMAN NUMERALS (e.g. Iron(III) = +3) • Elements or ions that have variable oxidation states must have their oxidation number stated as roman numerals in their name e.g. NaClO = Sodium Chlorate(I) / NaClO3 = Sodium Chlorate (II)(
• The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transf... more • The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer. • Metal atoms lose electrons to form +ve ions • Non-metal atoms gain electrons to form-ve ions • Ionic Crystals have a giant lattice structure • Ionic bonding is stronger when there are smaller ions and larger charges involved • Physical properties include: High Melting Points (Strong attractive forces between ions) Non-conductor of Electricity when Solid (Ions held tightly together and cannot move) Conductor of Electricity when in Solution or Molten (Ions free to move) Brittle-Moving the ions along will cause ions to be next to similar ions. Like charges cause repulsion so they push they layers apart
Mono and Stereo are two classifications of reproduced sound. Mono is the term used to describe so... more Mono and Stereo are two classifications of reproduced sound. Mono is the term used to describe sound that is only from one channel while stereo uses 2 or more channels to provide an experience much like being in the same room where the sound was created. Listening to a stereo sound allows you to distinguish which sound is coming from which direction which is very similar to being in the same room as the sound was created. This provides listeners with a much more natural experience compared to where the sound comes from a single direction. The most prominent use of stereo sound is in music where multiple sources of sound are present. When you are listening to a band play and you have a sharp ear, you can distinguish the sound made by each instrument. This is what stereo tries to replicate with the use of multiple channels and what mono is completely unable to do. This is why all radio stations that broadcasts music use stereo, using mono would simply result in inferior sound. Mono is still widely used today in situations where stereo only takes up bandwidth and offers no advantages. A good example for this is in voice communications like in talk radio and telephone calls. In these cases, the only desired source of sound is the mouth of the speaker, utilizing two channels for this would only mean a greater bandwidth taken up which is counterproductive. The equipment needed to record stereo sound is also a little bit more complicated and pricey compared to equipment for mono. Recording mono sound requires only a single microphone and the data it acquires is automatically stored in magnetic tape or converted to digital formats for storage. With stereo, you would need multiple microphones along with the equipment needed to splice the multiple channels together in order to create a single sound stream that a player can break apart into the original channels. This is why most hand-held sound recorders can only record sound in mono since stereo recording is not really needed for the applications they are used for. Summary: 1. Mono sound uses only a single channel while stereo sound uses two channels or more 2. Stereo sound gives you a more natural listening experience compared to mono 3. Stereo is essential for broadcasting and listening to music since Mono provides inadequate sound quality 4. Mono is used widely in talk radio and mobile communications since stereo doesn't really provide any practical advantages in these situations 5. Recording in mono is less complicated compared to recording in stereo 6. Most hand-held voice recorders can only record in mono. Difference between AM and FM F 0 B 7 Easy to apply modulation at a low power stage of the transmitter: Another advantage of frequency modulation is associated with the transmitters. It is possible to apply the modulation to a low power stage of the transmitter, and it is not necessary to use a linear form of amplification to increase the power level of the signal to its final value. F 0 B 7 It is possible to use efficient RF amplifiers with frequency modulated signals: It is possible to use non-linear RF amplifiers to amplify FM signals in a transmitter and these are
A microcontroller is a computer control system on a single chip. It has many electronic circuits ... more A microcontroller is a computer control system on a single chip. It has many electronic circuits built into it, which can decode written instructions and convert them to electrical signals. The microcontroller will then step through these instructions and execute them one by one.
• Europe during the XI century
1. Throughout 10th C. Christianity spreads to Eastern & Northern E... more • Europe during the XI century 1. Throughout 10th C. Christianity spreads to Eastern & Northern Europe. By 1000, Denmark, Poland, Sweden, Norway and Hungary are all Christian. 2. Previously “barbarian” raiders (Vikings) are now Christian, eases exterior pressure. 3. Social structure of Europe is *feudal. Many Castles 4. Central power is relatively fragmented and Church is the major source of unity and moral guidance (courts are managed by Church) and power in Europe: “The great power of the Church in the 11th C. lay in the wills and consciences of men” HG Wells.
These are excerpts from a text by 16 th century French philosopher Michel de Montaigne discussing... more These are excerpts from a text by 16 th century French philosopher Michel de Montaigne discussing the native people of Brazil and their habits. Now, to return to my subject, I think there is nothing barbarous and savage in that nation, from what I have been told, except that each man calls barbarism whatever is not his own practice; for indeed it seems we have no other test of truth and reason than the example and pattern of the opinions and customs of the country we live in. There is always the perfect religion, the perfect government, the perfect and accomplished manners in all things. They have their wars with the nations beyond the mountains, further inland, to which they go quite naked, with no other arms than bows or wooden swords ending in a sharp point, in the manner of the tongues of our boar spears. It is astonishing what firmness they show in their combats, which never end but in slaughter and bloodshed; for as to routs and terror, they know nothing of either. Each man brings back as his trophy the head of the enemy he has killed, and sets it up at the entrance to his dwelling. After they have treated their prisoners well for a long time with all the hospitality they can think of, each man who has a prisoner calls a great assembly of his acquaintances. He ties a rope to one of the prisoner's arms, by the end of which he holds him, a few steps away, for fear of being hurt, and gives his dearest friend the other arm to hold in the same way; and these two, in the presence of the whole assembly, kill him with their swords. This done, they roast him and eat him in common and send some pieces to their absent friends. This is not, as people think, for nourishment, as of old the Scythians used to do; it is to betoken an extreme revenge. And the proof of this came when they saw the Portuguese, who had joined forces with their adversaries, inflict a different kind of death on them when they took them prisoner, which was to bury them up to the waist, shoot the rest of their body full of arrows, and afterward hang them. They thought that these people from the other world, being men who had sown the knowledge of many vices among their neighbors and were much greater masters than themselves in every sort of wickedness, did not adopt this sort of vengeance without some reason, and that it must be
HTML Introduction,HTML Tags, Elements and their Usage,HTML Editor,HTML Attributes, Headings & Par... more HTML Introduction,HTML Tags, Elements and their Usage,HTML Editor,HTML Attributes, Headings & Paragraphs,HTML Formatting & Quotations,HTML Comments HTML CSS,HTML Links & Images,HTML Tables
Enthalpy Changes • Enthalpy change is the amount of heat energy taken in or given out during any ... more Enthalpy Changes • Enthalpy change is the amount of heat energy taken in or given out during any change in a system provided the pressure is constant • If enthalpy change occurs, energy is transferred between the system (chemicals) and the surroundings (everything outside the chemicals) • In an exothermic change, energy is transferred from the system to the surroundings; the products have less energy than the reactants (#H is negative) e.g. combustion of fuels • In an endothermic change, energy is transferred from the surroundings to the system (an input of heat energy is required); the products have more energy than the reactants (#H is positive) e.g. Thermal decomposition of Calcium Carbonate
• A Mass Spectrometer analyses the relative molecular masses of an organic molecule and its fragm... more • A Mass Spectrometer analyses the relative molecular masses of an organic molecule and its fragments • A Mass Spectrometer works by a five stage process Vapourisation-The organic molecule is turned into a gas so it can pass through the Mass Spectrometer Ionisation-The organic molecule is bombarded by electrons causing it to fragment and become ionised Acceleration-The ions pass through a metal plate to accelerate them through the vacuum in the Mass Spectrometer Deflection-A high powered electromagnet, alters the projectary of the ions based on the m/z ratio desired Detection-The ions are detected on a sensor and form a digital or hard copy of a mass spectrum • The system is kept under a vacuum so atoms don't interfer with the result/movement of the ions
• Hydrocarbon: A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only • Saturated: Carbon chains that ... more • Hydrocarbon: A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only • Saturated: Carbon chains that contain the maximum number of hydrogens per carbon; only single CC bonds • Unsaturated: Carbon chains that don't have the maximum number of hydrogens per carbon; contain C=C double bonds • Empirical formula: The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound • Molecular formula: The actual number of each type of atom in the compound • General formula: Algebraic formula for a homologous series • Structural formula: Shows the minimal detail of the arrangement of atoms in a molecule • Displayed formula: Shows all the covalent bonds present in a molecule • Skeletal formula: Shows the simplest organic formula of the carbon skeleton and associated functional groups • Homologous Series: Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and general formula • Functional group: the atom/group of atoms which provide the chemical properties of a substance
The number of moles of a pure solid, liquid or gaseous substance = Mass / Molar Mass The number o... more The number of moles of a pure solid, liquid or gaseous substance = Mass / Molar Mass The number of moles of a gas at room temperature (25C) and pressure (1atm) = Volume / 24 The volume of a gas is measured in dm3 The number of moles in a solution = Concentration x Volume Concentration is measured in mol dm-3 or M The number of moles of atoms = Number of atoms / Avogadros Number • The mole is the amount of substance in grams that has the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12 grams of Carbon-12 • One mole of any substance contains exactly 6.02x10^23 atoms or molecules of that substance-This is Avogadros Constant • The Relative Atomic Mass is the average mass of one atom compared to one twelth of the mass of one atom of Carbon-12 • The Molar Mass is the mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance and is given the unit of g mol-1 • The Molar Mass for a compound can be calculated by adding up the mass numbers of each element in a compound. e.g. CaCO3 = 40.1 + 12.0 + (3 x 16.0) = 100.1 g mol-1
The number of moles of a pure solid, liquid or gaseous substance = Mass / Molar Mass The number o... more The number of moles of a pure solid, liquid or gaseous substance = Mass / Molar Mass The number of moles of a gas at room temperature (25C) and pressure (1atm) = Volume / 24 The volume of a gas is measured in dm3 The number of moles in a solution = Concentration x Volume Concentration is measured in mol dm-3 or M The number of moles of atoms = Number of atoms / Avogadros Number • The mole is the amount of substance in grams that has the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12 grams of Carbon-12 • One mole of any substance contains exactly 6.02x10^23 atoms or molecules of that substance-This is Avogadros Constant • The Relative Atomic Mass is the average mass of one atom compared to one twelth of the mass of one atom of Carbon-12 • The Molar Mass is the mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance and is given the unit of g mol-1 • The Molar Mass for a compound can be calculated by adding up the mass numbers of each element in a compound. e.g. CaCO3 = 40.1 + 12.0 + (3 x 16.0) = 100.1 g mol-1
• Atomic radii increases down the group as there are more shells of electrons • Ionic radii incre... more • Atomic radii increases down the group as there are more shells of electrons • Ionic radii increases down the group as theare more shells increase shielding • First ionisation energy decreases down the group as their is more shielding and a larger atomic radius so the nuclear attraction between the nucleus and valence electrons are weaker • Melting points decreases down the group as the ionic size increases weakening the metallic bond • Reactivity increases down the group as the valence electrons are more easily lost forming positive ions because of the increased shielding • Electronegativity decreases down the group as the nuclear attraction becomes weaker
• Half equations show parts of a chemical equation involved in either reduction or oxidation • Re... more • Half equations show parts of a chemical equation involved in either reduction or oxidation • Reduction half equations have the electrons on the left Br2(aq) + 2e-> 2Br-(aq) • Oxidation half equations have the electrons on the right 2I-(aq)-> I2(aq) + 2e-• The overall equation would be: Br2(aq) + 2I-(aq)-> I2(aq) + 2Br-(aq) Oxidation Numbers • All uncombined elements have an oxidation number of ZERO • The oxidation numbers of the elements in a neutral compound add up to ZERO • The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is equal to the IONIC CHARGE • In a polyatomic ion, the sum of the individual oxidation numbers of the elements equals the IONIC CHARGE • Hydrogen is +1 except in metal hydrides (e.g. NaH) where it is-1 • Fluroine is-1 • Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine are-1 except in compounds with oxygen and fluorine • Oxygen is-2 except in peroxides (e.g. H2O2) where it is-1 and with fluorine • Group 1 metals have a charge of +1 • Group 2 metals have a charge of +2 • Transition metals have their charge in ROMAN NUMERALS (e.g. Iron(III) = +3) • Elements or ions that have variable oxidation states must have their oxidation number stated as roman numerals in their name e.g. NaClO = Sodium Chlorate(I) / NaClO3 = Sodium Chlorate (II)(
• The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transf... more • The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer. • Metal atoms lose electrons to form +ve ions • Non-metal atoms gain electrons to form-ve ions • Ionic Crystals have a giant lattice structure • Ionic bonding is stronger when there are smaller ions and larger charges involved • Physical properties include: High Melting Points (Strong attractive forces between ions) Non-conductor of Electricity when Solid (Ions held tightly together and cannot move) Conductor of Electricity when in Solution or Molten (Ions free to move) Brittle-Moving the ions along will cause ions to be next to similar ions. Like charges cause repulsion so they push they layers apart
Mono and Stereo are two classifications of reproduced sound. Mono is the term used to describe so... more Mono and Stereo are two classifications of reproduced sound. Mono is the term used to describe sound that is only from one channel while stereo uses 2 or more channels to provide an experience much like being in the same room where the sound was created. Listening to a stereo sound allows you to distinguish which sound is coming from which direction which is very similar to being in the same room as the sound was created. This provides listeners with a much more natural experience compared to where the sound comes from a single direction. The most prominent use of stereo sound is in music where multiple sources of sound are present. When you are listening to a band play and you have a sharp ear, you can distinguish the sound made by each instrument. This is what stereo tries to replicate with the use of multiple channels and what mono is completely unable to do. This is why all radio stations that broadcasts music use stereo, using mono would simply result in inferior sound. Mono is still widely used today in situations where stereo only takes up bandwidth and offers no advantages. A good example for this is in voice communications like in talk radio and telephone calls. In these cases, the only desired source of sound is the mouth of the speaker, utilizing two channels for this would only mean a greater bandwidth taken up which is counterproductive. The equipment needed to record stereo sound is also a little bit more complicated and pricey compared to equipment for mono. Recording mono sound requires only a single microphone and the data it acquires is automatically stored in magnetic tape or converted to digital formats for storage. With stereo, you would need multiple microphones along with the equipment needed to splice the multiple channels together in order to create a single sound stream that a player can break apart into the original channels. This is why most hand-held sound recorders can only record sound in mono since stereo recording is not really needed for the applications they are used for. Summary: 1. Mono sound uses only a single channel while stereo sound uses two channels or more 2. Stereo sound gives you a more natural listening experience compared to mono 3. Stereo is essential for broadcasting and listening to music since Mono provides inadequate sound quality 4. Mono is used widely in talk radio and mobile communications since stereo doesn't really provide any practical advantages in these situations 5. Recording in mono is less complicated compared to recording in stereo 6. Most hand-held voice recorders can only record in mono. Difference between AM and FM F 0 B 7 Easy to apply modulation at a low power stage of the transmitter: Another advantage of frequency modulation is associated with the transmitters. It is possible to apply the modulation to a low power stage of the transmitter, and it is not necessary to use a linear form of amplification to increase the power level of the signal to its final value. F 0 B 7 It is possible to use efficient RF amplifiers with frequency modulated signals: It is possible to use non-linear RF amplifiers to amplify FM signals in a transmitter and these are
A microcontroller is a computer control system on a single chip. It has many electronic circuits ... more A microcontroller is a computer control system on a single chip. It has many electronic circuits built into it, which can decode written instructions and convert them to electrical signals. The microcontroller will then step through these instructions and execute them one by one.
• Europe during the XI century
1. Throughout 10th C. Christianity spreads to Eastern & Northern E... more • Europe during the XI century 1. Throughout 10th C. Christianity spreads to Eastern & Northern Europe. By 1000, Denmark, Poland, Sweden, Norway and Hungary are all Christian. 2. Previously “barbarian” raiders (Vikings) are now Christian, eases exterior pressure. 3. Social structure of Europe is *feudal. Many Castles 4. Central power is relatively fragmented and Church is the major source of unity and moral guidance (courts are managed by Church) and power in Europe: “The great power of the Church in the 11th C. lay in the wills and consciences of men” HG Wells.
These are excerpts from a text by 16 th century French philosopher Michel de Montaigne discussing... more These are excerpts from a text by 16 th century French philosopher Michel de Montaigne discussing the native people of Brazil and their habits. Now, to return to my subject, I think there is nothing barbarous and savage in that nation, from what I have been told, except that each man calls barbarism whatever is not his own practice; for indeed it seems we have no other test of truth and reason than the example and pattern of the opinions and customs of the country we live in. There is always the perfect religion, the perfect government, the perfect and accomplished manners in all things. They have their wars with the nations beyond the mountains, further inland, to which they go quite naked, with no other arms than bows or wooden swords ending in a sharp point, in the manner of the tongues of our boar spears. It is astonishing what firmness they show in their combats, which never end but in slaughter and bloodshed; for as to routs and terror, they know nothing of either. Each man brings back as his trophy the head of the enemy he has killed, and sets it up at the entrance to his dwelling. After they have treated their prisoners well for a long time with all the hospitality they can think of, each man who has a prisoner calls a great assembly of his acquaintances. He ties a rope to one of the prisoner's arms, by the end of which he holds him, a few steps away, for fear of being hurt, and gives his dearest friend the other arm to hold in the same way; and these two, in the presence of the whole assembly, kill him with their swords. This done, they roast him and eat him in common and send some pieces to their absent friends. This is not, as people think, for nourishment, as of old the Scythians used to do; it is to betoken an extreme revenge. And the proof of this came when they saw the Portuguese, who had joined forces with their adversaries, inflict a different kind of death on them when they took them prisoner, which was to bury them up to the waist, shoot the rest of their body full of arrows, and afterward hang them. They thought that these people from the other world, being men who had sown the knowledge of many vices among their neighbors and were much greater masters than themselves in every sort of wickedness, did not adopt this sort of vengeance without some reason, and that it must be
HTML Introduction,HTML Tags, Elements and their Usage,HTML Editor,HTML Attributes, Headings & Par... more HTML Introduction,HTML Tags, Elements and their Usage,HTML Editor,HTML Attributes, Headings & Paragraphs,HTML Formatting & Quotations,HTML Comments HTML CSS,HTML Links & Images,HTML Tables
Microscopes Light microscope – Light microscopes shine light through a specimen and then uses foc... more Microscopes Light microscope – Light microscopes shine light through a specimen and then uses focused lenses to magnify it. Laser scanning microscope – These use laser light to scan an object, point by point, before using the information to assemble an image on the computer. They create very high definition, high contrast images and have depth selectivity (they can focus on structures at different depths in the specimen). They are used for biological research and in the medical progression e.g. to use on a patient with a fungal corneal infection as the fungal filaments within the cornea will be visible on the microscope image. It helps give faster diagnosis so the treatment is given earlier and is therefore more effective.
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1. Throughout 10th C. Christianity spreads to Eastern & Northern Europe. By 1000, Denmark, Poland, Sweden, Norway and Hungary are all Christian.
2. Previously “barbarian” raiders (Vikings) are now Christian, eases exterior pressure.
3. Social structure of Europe is *feudal. Many Castles
4. Central power is relatively fragmented and Church is the major source of unity and moral guidance (courts are managed by Church) and power in Europe:
“The great power of the Church in the 11th C. lay in the wills and consciences of men” HG Wells.
HTML CSS,HTML Links & Images,HTML Tables
1. Throughout 10th C. Christianity spreads to Eastern & Northern Europe. By 1000, Denmark, Poland, Sweden, Norway and Hungary are all Christian.
2. Previously “barbarian” raiders (Vikings) are now Christian, eases exterior pressure.
3. Social structure of Europe is *feudal. Many Castles
4. Central power is relatively fragmented and Church is the major source of unity and moral guidance (courts are managed by Church) and power in Europe:
“The great power of the Church in the 11th C. lay in the wills and consciences of men” HG Wells.
HTML CSS,HTML Links & Images,HTML Tables