Random sampling of cases is usually infeasible for psychotherapy research, so opportunistic and p... more Random sampling of cases is usually infeasible for psychotherapy research, so opportunistic and purposive sampling must be used instead. Such sampling does not justify generalizations from sample to population-distribution statistics, but does justify reporting what independent-variable value configurations are associated with what dependent-variable value configurations. This allows only the generalization that these associations occur at least that frequently in the population sampled from, which is enough for suggesting and testing some psychotherapy theories and informing some psychotherapy practice. Although psychotherapy practice is a longitudinal process, formal psychotherapy outcome research is so far most feasible and most widely done in the form of two-phase cross-sectional input-outcome studies. Thus, the analysis of sampling for psychotherapy research here will be in terms of the independent- and dependent-variable value configurations produced in such two-phase studies.
There is another important artifactual contributor to the apparent improvement of persons subject... more There is another important artifactual contributor to the apparent improvement of persons subjected to an experimental intervention which may be mistaken for regression toward the mean. This is the phenomenon of random error and extreme selection, which does not at all involve the population regression of posttest on pretest scores but involves a quite different and independent reversion of subjects’
The efficacy of treatments is better expressed for clinical purposes in terms of these treatments... more The efficacy of treatments is better expressed for clinical purposes in terms of these treatments' outcome distributions and their overlapping rather than in terms of the statistical significance of these distributions' mean differences, because clinical practice is primarily concerned with the outcome of each individual client rather than with the mean of the variety of outcomes in any group of clients. Reports of the obtained outcome distributions for the comparison groups of all competently designed and executed randomized clinical trials should be publicly available no matter what the statistical significance of the mean differences among these groups, because all of these studies' outcome distributions provide clinically useful information about the efficacy of the treatments compared.
Following a search of the literature for criterion evidence of transitory anxiety, 6 kinds were f... more Following a search of the literature for criterion evidence of transitory anxiety, 6 kinds were found: the introspective report, the response distress, physiological signs, clinical intuition, free molar behavior, and task performance changes. Each of these is discussed in terms of values, problems, and restrictions. Suggestions are made toward avoiding some of the objections. Considering both practicality and validity, certain
Random sampling of cases is usually infeasible for psychotherapy research, so opportunistic and p... more Random sampling of cases is usually infeasible for psychotherapy research, so opportunistic and purposive sampling must be used instead. Such sampling does not justify generalizations from sample to population-distribution statistics, but does justify reporting what independent-variable value configurations are associated with what dependent-variable value configurations. This allows only the generalization that these associations occur at least that frequently in the population sampled from, which is enough for suggesting and testing some psychotherapy theories and informing some psychotherapy practice. Although psychotherapy practice is a longitudinal process, formal psychotherapy outcome research is so far most feasible and most widely done in the form of two-phase cross-sectional input-outcome studies. Thus, the analysis of sampling for psychotherapy research here will be in terms of the independent- and dependent-variable value configurations produced in such two-phase studies.
There is another important artifactual contributor to the apparent improvement of persons subject... more There is another important artifactual contributor to the apparent improvement of persons subjected to an experimental intervention which may be mistaken for regression toward the mean. This is the phenomenon of random error and extreme selection, which does not at all involve the population regression of posttest on pretest scores but involves a quite different and independent reversion of subjects’
The efficacy of treatments is better expressed for clinical purposes in terms of these treatments... more The efficacy of treatments is better expressed for clinical purposes in terms of these treatments' outcome distributions and their overlapping rather than in terms of the statistical significance of these distributions' mean differences, because clinical practice is primarily concerned with the outcome of each individual client rather than with the mean of the variety of outcomes in any group of clients. Reports of the obtained outcome distributions for the comparison groups of all competently designed and executed randomized clinical trials should be publicly available no matter what the statistical significance of the mean differences among these groups, because all of these studies' outcome distributions provide clinically useful information about the efficacy of the treatments compared.
Following a search of the literature for criterion evidence of transitory anxiety, 6 kinds were f... more Following a search of the literature for criterion evidence of transitory anxiety, 6 kinds were found: the introspective report, the response distress, physiological signs, clinical intuition, free molar behavior, and task performance changes. Each of these is discussed in terms of values, problems, and restrictions. Suggestions are made toward avoiding some of the objections. Considering both practicality and validity, certain
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Papers by Merton Krause