Introduction: This review concerns three species of berries, namely the high- -latitude cloudberr... more Introduction: This review concerns three species of berries, namely the high- -latitude cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) and arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus), and the high-altitude yellow raspberry (Rubus ellipticus). These plants are mostly exploited on a local basis as food or traditional remedies but could have a wider usage as nutraceuticals due to their richness in ellagitannins (ETs) and other phenolic compounds. ETs are hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters of carbohydrates and the largest group of hydrolysable tannins. They are distinctly antioxidant and bioactive compounds, and therefore, are considered as majorly responsible for the biological properties of ET-rich berries. The health benefits of ETs are mainly due to the release of ellagic acid and to their metabolic transformation by the gut microbiota into urolithins, and include, among others, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-bacterial, and anticancer actions. Methods: Based on the literature searches in the Web of Science, Scopu...
The Orchidaceae family accounts for about 28,000 species, and most of them are mentioned in the f... more The Orchidaceae family accounts for about 28,000 species, and most of them are mentioned in the folk medicine of nations around the world. The use of terrestrial orchids in European and Mediterranean regions has been reported since ancient times, but little information is available on their medicinal properties, as well as on their phytochemicals and biological activities. However, plant collection for human use is still listed as one of the main threats for terrestrial orchids, alongside other menacing factors such as wrong habitat management and disturbance to symbionts, such as pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi. Therefore, the primary aim of this review was to resume and discuss available information regarding the past and current popular uses of European orchids. We then grouped phytochemical data to evaluate the presence of bioactive compounds of pharmacological relevance, and we discussed whether these could support the therapeutic employment of the different organs. Finally, ...
The misidentification between edible and poisonous plants is an increasing problem because of the... more The misidentification between edible and poisonous plants is an increasing problem because of the new trend to collect wild plants, especially by amateur collectors who do not have the botanical skills to distinguish between edible and toxic species. Moreover, morphologically similar species are sometimes responsible for accidental contamination or used in the intentional adulteration of products for human and animal consumption. Laurus nobilis L. (laurel) and Prunus laurocerasus L. (cherry laurel) are typical ornamental shrubs of the Mediterranean region. Laurel is considered a non-toxic plant, widely used as flavorings. Conversely, cherry laurel leaves, morphologically similar to those of laurel, contain toxic cyanogenic glycosides. Considering this, the aim of this study was to carry out an in-depth evaluation of laurel and cherry laurel leaves by using light and scanning electron microscopy coupled with three step phytochemical analyses (qualitative and quantitative colorimetric...
The cultivation of different species of Eucalyptus has recently expanded in Liguria (Italy) due t... more The cultivation of different species of Eucalyptus has recently expanded in Liguria (Italy) due to the growing demand of the North European floricultural market. Eucalyptus tree branches are cut and selected for their quality, resulting in large amounts of waste biomass to be disposed of. The aim of our study was to evaluate the phytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of essential oils (EOs) from pruning wastes of E. cinerea (EC) and E. nicholii (EN), for potential applications in agriculture. Phytochemical analyses showed eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) as the major component in both EOs, but the EO yield of EN was higher than that of EC, in agreement with a significantly higher oil gland density on EN leaves. EOs from both species showed phytotoxicity on both weeds tested, but no significant inhibition on horticultural crop seed germination, except for Raphanus sativus. The EO from EC showed the strongest antibacterial activity, while the EO from EN showed the strongest antifungal activi...
Geographic isolation is one of the primary drivers of speciation, but islands remain a reservoir ... more Geographic isolation is one of the primary drivers of speciation, but islands remain a reservoir of overlooked and understudied endemic species. In this study, we collected seed micromorphological data from Orchis canariensis (Orchidaceae), a declining species occurring only on the Canary Islands (Spain), whose taxonomy was debated in the past decades. The aim of the study was to detect seed micromorphological traits in support of species delimitation by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. Seeds from a population on Tenerife resulted to be clavate with a cell number in the longitudinal axis varying from five to seven. Seeds showed straight to sinuous anticlinal walls and no ornamentations in the periclinal walls. The average seed length was 313.66 ± 44.78 µm and the average width 184.31 ± 30.26 µm, with a ratio of 1.72 ± 0.25, while the embryo length and width were 157.18 ± 35.21 µm and 125.43 ± 25.92 µm respectively. However, despite the affinities with the sister spec...
90th SIBS National Congresson Experimental biology in basicand applied research to the environmentand human health, 2017
Cnidarian venoms are thought to have therapeutic potential so that the research about these compo... more Cnidarian venoms are thought to have therapeutic potential so that the research about these compounds is a field of concern for applicative purposes. Nevertheless, at present the fine composition, the activity and the characterization of venom constituents are greatly unexplored. Cnidarian venoms are complex mixtures of thousands of components, mainly peptides, having specific bond targets. This study aims to evaluate the neutralizing properties of natural products from plants against cnidarian envenomation and induced pain, to develop protective products having topical utilization. The isolation of heterotrichous microbasic eurytele nematocysts from tentacles of Pelagia noctiluca collected in Eastern Tyrrhenian Sicily waters around Messina and venom extraction have been carried out according to published methods. Commercial extracts from Ananas comosus and Carica papaya were formerly evaluated on cultured mouse lung fibroblasts L979 to measure their cytotoxicity by MTT assay and here used to prove protection against cytotoxicity of eurytele nematocysts venom. Eurytele nematocysts induced cytotoxicity with an IC50 of about 40 710exp4 N/mL. The extracts from Ananas comosus and Carica papaya resulted non-toxic, both with an IC50>2000 ug/mL. Ananas comosus extract caused reduction of venom effects at 10 and 100 ug/ml, doubling the amount of surviving cells at the endpoint, while Carica papaya extract was more effective at 100 ug/mL than at 10 ug/mL. These preliminary results show that the studied plant extracts can have an interest in fighting the effects of jellyfish stings and could be good candidates for the preparation of topical products. Further studies in progress in our laboratory will hopefully confirm these first heartening data
Melanin is the main pigment of human skin, playing the primary role of protection from ultraviole... more Melanin is the main pigment of human skin, playing the primary role of protection from ultraviolet radiation. Alteration of the melanin production may lead to hyperpigmentation diseases, with both aesthetic and health consequences. Thus, suppressors of melanogenesis are considered useful tools for medical and cosmetic treatments. A great interest is focused on natural sources, aimed at finding safe and quantitatively available depigmenting substances. Lichens are thought to be possible sources of this kind of compounds, as the occurrence of many phenolic molecules suggests possible effects on phenolase enzymes involved in melanin synthesis, like tyrosinase. In this work, we used four lichen species, Cetraria islandica Ach., Flavoparmelia caperata Hale, Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue, and Parmotrema perlatum (Hudson) M. Choisy, to obtain extracts in solvents of increasing polarity, viz. chloroform, chloroform-methanol, methanol, and water. Cell-free, tyrosinase inhibition experiments show...
Sedum telephium L. is one of those species that have received the attention of scientific researc... more Sedum telephium L. is one of those species that have received the attention of scientific research many years after its clinical use that derived from centuries of tradition and descriptions provided by various ancient medical texts. Although it has been mostly cultivated for ornamental use, it was also widely mentioned in the Italian ethno-botany. The traditional use of the species has been reported throughout Italy (Guarrera, 2006), from Alpine regions (Vitalini et al., 2015) to Central and Southern areas of the peninsula (Guarino et al., 2008; Pieroni et al., 2005). The species has been frequently used for various kinds of indications, including the treatment of insect bites, burns, corns, ulcers, warts, abscesses and wounds. The fresh leaves are applied as poultice or ointment for topical application, whereas the juice from crushed leaves is used to heal scars. The macerated aerial parts of S. telephium sub. maximum are also used as poultice for the same indications. The main chemical constituents of the species are flavonoids and polysaccharides, but phenolic and organic acids are also present, together with coumarins, amino acids and triterpenes. Overall, at least fifteen different flavonoids have been identified, belonging to the group of glycosides of kaempferol and quercetin with one, two or three sugar units. The freeze-dried juice of S. telephium contains about 3% of total flavonoids expressed as kaempferol, and more than 5% of soluble polysaccharides (Biagi et al., 2013). In modern herbal medicine, S. telephium has been used in clinical practice even in serious emergency cases, such as for treating open wounds and deep burns of II and III degree, or for major damage from traumatic events involving bone (Balatri, 2013). More recently, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies have investigated the mechanisms of action, with the aim of proposing stable preparations with a standardized chemical composition. Our data have shown that the whole phytocomplex is responsible for the biological activity, with a prominent role of both polysaccharides and flavonoids. Tissue repair is ascribed to a complex series of cellular and molecular events, including in situ tissue regeneration, reduction of pathogenic bacteria, and reshaping of the new tissue in its final structure. S. telephium shows bacteriostatic activity especially against Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Moreover, thanks to its anti-radical and antioxidants properties, it also inhibits the accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the site of action (in particular species produced by monocytes as antibacterial agents). Preparations obtained from Sedum leaves show radical scavenging and photoprotective ability in vitro, also confirmed by in vivo experiments (Bonina et al., 2000). In addition, these preparations are able to modulate the inflammatory response, that is considered the ideal goal of a therapeutic healing agent (Altavilla et al., 2008). As another key mechanism of action, S. telephium promotes the proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen production. Finally, working with primary human fibroblasts, we highlighted that dry extracts of S. telephium, standardized in flavonoids and polysaccharides, are able to enhance the levels of sirtuin 1, which represents an interesting cell repair signal.
Organic (such as parasites or vegetable remnants) and inorganic substances may be encountered dur... more Organic (such as parasites or vegetable remnants) and inorganic substances may be encountered during routine pathology diagnostic work up of endoscopic gastrointestinal biopsy samples and major resections, causing possible diagnostic conundrums for the young and not so young pathologists. The main aim of this review is the description of the most frequent oddities one can encounter as foreign bodies, in gastrointestinal pathology, on the basis of the current literature and personal experience. The types of encountered substances are divided into four principal categories: parasites (helminths such as Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides, Schistosoma, and Anisakis, and protozoa such as Entamoeba, Giardia and some intestinal coccidia); drugs and pharmaceutical fillers (found as deposits and as bystanders, innocent or not); seeds (possibly confused with worms) and plant remnants; pollutants (secondary to post-resection or post-biopsy contamination of the sample). An ample library of ...
Introduction: Seeds may be found in gastrointestinal tissue samples, and their multifaceted appea... more Introduction: Seeds may be found in gastrointestinal tissue samples, and their multifaceted appearance may be challenging. The aim is to report a rough incidence of pathology samples which show seeds, specify the most frequent sample types and show an iconography of the most commonly identified seeds.Materials and Methods: Between 2017 and 2020, all gastrointestinal pathology cases in which seeds/seed parts were found, were collected and seed type described by referencing a seed image library.Results: Fifty cases with complete seeds/seed parts were collected: 16 colonic resections for colorectal cancer and diverticulosis, 13 appendiceal resections for appendicitis, 1 gastric resection. Fifteen cases were found in polypectomy specimens and 5 cases in colorectal endoscopic biopsies. Most frequent seed types were tomato, kiwi, blueberry, and blackberry seeds.Conclusion: Seeds may be found in up to 4% of specimens; their recognition may be useful to exclude parasitic infections as well ...
The aim of this study was to compare the micro‐morphological features of two different non‐drug C... more The aim of this study was to compare the micro‐morphological features of two different non‐drug Cannabis sativa L. biotypes (Chinese accession G‐309 and one fibrante variety) and to evaluate the phytochemical profile as well as some biological properties of the essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation of dried flowering tops. After a micro‐morphological evaluation by scanning electron microscopy, the phytochemical composition was analysed by GC–FID and GC–MS analyses. Antioxidant and anti‐acetylcholinesterase properties were investigated by several in vitro cell‐free assays, while neuroactive effects were evaluated on mouse cortical neuronal as well as human iPS cell‐derived central nervous system cells grown on MEA chips. Both EOs showed strong antioxidant properties mainly attributable to the high content of hydroxylated compounds as well as significant anti‐acetylcholinesterase activities (IC50 74.64 and 57.31 μg/ml for Chinese accession and fibrante variety, respective...
Introduction: This review concerns three species of berries, namely the high- -latitude cloudberr... more Introduction: This review concerns three species of berries, namely the high- -latitude cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) and arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus), and the high-altitude yellow raspberry (Rubus ellipticus). These plants are mostly exploited on a local basis as food or traditional remedies but could have a wider usage as nutraceuticals due to their richness in ellagitannins (ETs) and other phenolic compounds. ETs are hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters of carbohydrates and the largest group of hydrolysable tannins. They are distinctly antioxidant and bioactive compounds, and therefore, are considered as majorly responsible for the biological properties of ET-rich berries. The health benefits of ETs are mainly due to the release of ellagic acid and to their metabolic transformation by the gut microbiota into urolithins, and include, among others, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-bacterial, and anticancer actions. Methods: Based on the literature searches in the Web of Science, Scopu...
The Orchidaceae family accounts for about 28,000 species, and most of them are mentioned in the f... more The Orchidaceae family accounts for about 28,000 species, and most of them are mentioned in the folk medicine of nations around the world. The use of terrestrial orchids in European and Mediterranean regions has been reported since ancient times, but little information is available on their medicinal properties, as well as on their phytochemicals and biological activities. However, plant collection for human use is still listed as one of the main threats for terrestrial orchids, alongside other menacing factors such as wrong habitat management and disturbance to symbionts, such as pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi. Therefore, the primary aim of this review was to resume and discuss available information regarding the past and current popular uses of European orchids. We then grouped phytochemical data to evaluate the presence of bioactive compounds of pharmacological relevance, and we discussed whether these could support the therapeutic employment of the different organs. Finally, ...
The misidentification between edible and poisonous plants is an increasing problem because of the... more The misidentification between edible and poisonous plants is an increasing problem because of the new trend to collect wild plants, especially by amateur collectors who do not have the botanical skills to distinguish between edible and toxic species. Moreover, morphologically similar species are sometimes responsible for accidental contamination or used in the intentional adulteration of products for human and animal consumption. Laurus nobilis L. (laurel) and Prunus laurocerasus L. (cherry laurel) are typical ornamental shrubs of the Mediterranean region. Laurel is considered a non-toxic plant, widely used as flavorings. Conversely, cherry laurel leaves, morphologically similar to those of laurel, contain toxic cyanogenic glycosides. Considering this, the aim of this study was to carry out an in-depth evaluation of laurel and cherry laurel leaves by using light and scanning electron microscopy coupled with three step phytochemical analyses (qualitative and quantitative colorimetric...
The cultivation of different species of Eucalyptus has recently expanded in Liguria (Italy) due t... more The cultivation of different species of Eucalyptus has recently expanded in Liguria (Italy) due to the growing demand of the North European floricultural market. Eucalyptus tree branches are cut and selected for their quality, resulting in large amounts of waste biomass to be disposed of. The aim of our study was to evaluate the phytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of essential oils (EOs) from pruning wastes of E. cinerea (EC) and E. nicholii (EN), for potential applications in agriculture. Phytochemical analyses showed eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) as the major component in both EOs, but the EO yield of EN was higher than that of EC, in agreement with a significantly higher oil gland density on EN leaves. EOs from both species showed phytotoxicity on both weeds tested, but no significant inhibition on horticultural crop seed germination, except for Raphanus sativus. The EO from EC showed the strongest antibacterial activity, while the EO from EN showed the strongest antifungal activi...
Geographic isolation is one of the primary drivers of speciation, but islands remain a reservoir ... more Geographic isolation is one of the primary drivers of speciation, but islands remain a reservoir of overlooked and understudied endemic species. In this study, we collected seed micromorphological data from Orchis canariensis (Orchidaceae), a declining species occurring only on the Canary Islands (Spain), whose taxonomy was debated in the past decades. The aim of the study was to detect seed micromorphological traits in support of species delimitation by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. Seeds from a population on Tenerife resulted to be clavate with a cell number in the longitudinal axis varying from five to seven. Seeds showed straight to sinuous anticlinal walls and no ornamentations in the periclinal walls. The average seed length was 313.66 ± 44.78 µm and the average width 184.31 ± 30.26 µm, with a ratio of 1.72 ± 0.25, while the embryo length and width were 157.18 ± 35.21 µm and 125.43 ± 25.92 µm respectively. However, despite the affinities with the sister spec...
90th SIBS National Congresson Experimental biology in basicand applied research to the environmentand human health, 2017
Cnidarian venoms are thought to have therapeutic potential so that the research about these compo... more Cnidarian venoms are thought to have therapeutic potential so that the research about these compounds is a field of concern for applicative purposes. Nevertheless, at present the fine composition, the activity and the characterization of venom constituents are greatly unexplored. Cnidarian venoms are complex mixtures of thousands of components, mainly peptides, having specific bond targets. This study aims to evaluate the neutralizing properties of natural products from plants against cnidarian envenomation and induced pain, to develop protective products having topical utilization. The isolation of heterotrichous microbasic eurytele nematocysts from tentacles of Pelagia noctiluca collected in Eastern Tyrrhenian Sicily waters around Messina and venom extraction have been carried out according to published methods. Commercial extracts from Ananas comosus and Carica papaya were formerly evaluated on cultured mouse lung fibroblasts L979 to measure their cytotoxicity by MTT assay and here used to prove protection against cytotoxicity of eurytele nematocysts venom. Eurytele nematocysts induced cytotoxicity with an IC50 of about 40 710exp4 N/mL. The extracts from Ananas comosus and Carica papaya resulted non-toxic, both with an IC50>2000 ug/mL. Ananas comosus extract caused reduction of venom effects at 10 and 100 ug/ml, doubling the amount of surviving cells at the endpoint, while Carica papaya extract was more effective at 100 ug/mL than at 10 ug/mL. These preliminary results show that the studied plant extracts can have an interest in fighting the effects of jellyfish stings and could be good candidates for the preparation of topical products. Further studies in progress in our laboratory will hopefully confirm these first heartening data
Melanin is the main pigment of human skin, playing the primary role of protection from ultraviole... more Melanin is the main pigment of human skin, playing the primary role of protection from ultraviolet radiation. Alteration of the melanin production may lead to hyperpigmentation diseases, with both aesthetic and health consequences. Thus, suppressors of melanogenesis are considered useful tools for medical and cosmetic treatments. A great interest is focused on natural sources, aimed at finding safe and quantitatively available depigmenting substances. Lichens are thought to be possible sources of this kind of compounds, as the occurrence of many phenolic molecules suggests possible effects on phenolase enzymes involved in melanin synthesis, like tyrosinase. In this work, we used four lichen species, Cetraria islandica Ach., Flavoparmelia caperata Hale, Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue, and Parmotrema perlatum (Hudson) M. Choisy, to obtain extracts in solvents of increasing polarity, viz. chloroform, chloroform-methanol, methanol, and water. Cell-free, tyrosinase inhibition experiments show...
Sedum telephium L. is one of those species that have received the attention of scientific researc... more Sedum telephium L. is one of those species that have received the attention of scientific research many years after its clinical use that derived from centuries of tradition and descriptions provided by various ancient medical texts. Although it has been mostly cultivated for ornamental use, it was also widely mentioned in the Italian ethno-botany. The traditional use of the species has been reported throughout Italy (Guarrera, 2006), from Alpine regions (Vitalini et al., 2015) to Central and Southern areas of the peninsula (Guarino et al., 2008; Pieroni et al., 2005). The species has been frequently used for various kinds of indications, including the treatment of insect bites, burns, corns, ulcers, warts, abscesses and wounds. The fresh leaves are applied as poultice or ointment for topical application, whereas the juice from crushed leaves is used to heal scars. The macerated aerial parts of S. telephium sub. maximum are also used as poultice for the same indications. The main chemical constituents of the species are flavonoids and polysaccharides, but phenolic and organic acids are also present, together with coumarins, amino acids and triterpenes. Overall, at least fifteen different flavonoids have been identified, belonging to the group of glycosides of kaempferol and quercetin with one, two or three sugar units. The freeze-dried juice of S. telephium contains about 3% of total flavonoids expressed as kaempferol, and more than 5% of soluble polysaccharides (Biagi et al., 2013). In modern herbal medicine, S. telephium has been used in clinical practice even in serious emergency cases, such as for treating open wounds and deep burns of II and III degree, or for major damage from traumatic events involving bone (Balatri, 2013). More recently, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies have investigated the mechanisms of action, with the aim of proposing stable preparations with a standardized chemical composition. Our data have shown that the whole phytocomplex is responsible for the biological activity, with a prominent role of both polysaccharides and flavonoids. Tissue repair is ascribed to a complex series of cellular and molecular events, including in situ tissue regeneration, reduction of pathogenic bacteria, and reshaping of the new tissue in its final structure. S. telephium shows bacteriostatic activity especially against Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Moreover, thanks to its anti-radical and antioxidants properties, it also inhibits the accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the site of action (in particular species produced by monocytes as antibacterial agents). Preparations obtained from Sedum leaves show radical scavenging and photoprotective ability in vitro, also confirmed by in vivo experiments (Bonina et al., 2000). In addition, these preparations are able to modulate the inflammatory response, that is considered the ideal goal of a therapeutic healing agent (Altavilla et al., 2008). As another key mechanism of action, S. telephium promotes the proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen production. Finally, working with primary human fibroblasts, we highlighted that dry extracts of S. telephium, standardized in flavonoids and polysaccharides, are able to enhance the levels of sirtuin 1, which represents an interesting cell repair signal.
Organic (such as parasites or vegetable remnants) and inorganic substances may be encountered dur... more Organic (such as parasites or vegetable remnants) and inorganic substances may be encountered during routine pathology diagnostic work up of endoscopic gastrointestinal biopsy samples and major resections, causing possible diagnostic conundrums for the young and not so young pathologists. The main aim of this review is the description of the most frequent oddities one can encounter as foreign bodies, in gastrointestinal pathology, on the basis of the current literature and personal experience. The types of encountered substances are divided into four principal categories: parasites (helminths such as Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides, Schistosoma, and Anisakis, and protozoa such as Entamoeba, Giardia and some intestinal coccidia); drugs and pharmaceutical fillers (found as deposits and as bystanders, innocent or not); seeds (possibly confused with worms) and plant remnants; pollutants (secondary to post-resection or post-biopsy contamination of the sample). An ample library of ...
Introduction: Seeds may be found in gastrointestinal tissue samples, and their multifaceted appea... more Introduction: Seeds may be found in gastrointestinal tissue samples, and their multifaceted appearance may be challenging. The aim is to report a rough incidence of pathology samples which show seeds, specify the most frequent sample types and show an iconography of the most commonly identified seeds.Materials and Methods: Between 2017 and 2020, all gastrointestinal pathology cases in which seeds/seed parts were found, were collected and seed type described by referencing a seed image library.Results: Fifty cases with complete seeds/seed parts were collected: 16 colonic resections for colorectal cancer and diverticulosis, 13 appendiceal resections for appendicitis, 1 gastric resection. Fifteen cases were found in polypectomy specimens and 5 cases in colorectal endoscopic biopsies. Most frequent seed types were tomato, kiwi, blueberry, and blackberry seeds.Conclusion: Seeds may be found in up to 4% of specimens; their recognition may be useful to exclude parasitic infections as well ...
The aim of this study was to compare the micro‐morphological features of two different non‐drug C... more The aim of this study was to compare the micro‐morphological features of two different non‐drug Cannabis sativa L. biotypes (Chinese accession G‐309 and one fibrante variety) and to evaluate the phytochemical profile as well as some biological properties of the essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation of dried flowering tops. After a micro‐morphological evaluation by scanning electron microscopy, the phytochemical composition was analysed by GC–FID and GC–MS analyses. Antioxidant and anti‐acetylcholinesterase properties were investigated by several in vitro cell‐free assays, while neuroactive effects were evaluated on mouse cortical neuronal as well as human iPS cell‐derived central nervous system cells grown on MEA chips. Both EOs showed strong antioxidant properties mainly attributable to the high content of hydroxylated compounds as well as significant anti‐acetylcholinesterase activities (IC50 74.64 and 57.31 μg/ml for Chinese accession and fibrante variety, respective...
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Papers by Laura Cornara