Artikkeli tarkastelee laajaan keskustelukorpukseen pohjautuen sitä, millaisiin päälauseisiin rela... more Artikkeli tarkastelee laajaan keskustelukorpukseen pohjautuen sitä, millaisiin päälauseisiin relatiivilauseet liittyvät ja millaisia eri relatiivisanoilla alkavien relatiivilauseiden tehtävät ovat. Vuorovaikutuslingvistinen analyysi paljastaa, että eri relatiivisanoilla on omanlaisensa profiili. Aineistossa eksistentiaali- ja kopulalauseet ovat yliedustettuja relatiivilauseiden päälauseina verrattuna näiden lausetyyppien käyttöön koko korpuksessa. Lähes neljänneksellä relatiivilauseista ei ole lainkaan päälausetta, vaan niiden korrelaattina on vapaa NP. Kopulalauseiden, eksistentiaalilauseiden ja vapaiden NP:iden runsaus aineistossa selittyy niiden käytöllä esittely- tai kehysrakenteina, joihin relatiivilause kiinnittyy. Kehysrakenteet voivat olla syntaktisesti ja semanttisesti keveitä; relatiivilause kertoo keskeisimmän asian. Myös pääsanat voivat olla semanttisesti väljiä, ja sisältö täsmentyy relatiivilauseessa. Eri relatiivisanoilla alkavat relatiivilauseet poikkeavat toisistaan...
Speaker reference and contextual interpretion [myos suomeksi] (englanti) 2/2008 (112) Speaker ref... more Speaker reference and contextual interpretion [myos suomeksi] (englanti) 2/2008 (112) Speaker reference and contextual interpretion The article examines reference in conversation using first person singular forms. These forms are used primarily to refer to the speaker. Participant roles (speaker, recipient) are subject to constant switching, principally on the basis of who is actually talking at any given moment. However, both first and second person singular forms can be used in such a way that they create open reference, in that their reference is not to the speaker or recipient but is instead more open. Whether or not open reference is being used must be inferred from the context. The speech situation, the participants and the immediate surroundings together constitute the indexical ground against which the references are interpreted. The indexical ground takes shape through interaction. Referring expressions can also contribute to altering the indexical ground. The study follows...
Studies in Functional and Structural Linguistics, 2008
Both Finnish and French have several personal forms which can be used for non-specific reference.... more Both Finnish and French have several personal forms which can be used for non-specific reference. This chapter focuses on the passive in both languages and on certain constructions containing 3rd person forms, namely, the French pronoun on + 3rd person verb form and the so-called zero person construction in Finnish which contains a 3rd person verb form without an overt subject and is interpreted as conveying non-specific reference. The forms are studied in their contexts of use in Internet discussion groups. We show how the linguistic context contributes to the construal of reference in the social situation between the participants, the on-going Internet discussion, and in the larger sociocultural situation, i.e., Finland and France.
In this article I analyze subject expression in conversational Finnish, identifying the home envi... more In this article I analyze subject expression in conversational Finnish, identifying the home environments for zero and pronominal subjects in the 1st and 2nd person singular. Based on a syntactically coded database, I show that there is a clear preference, in both 1st and 2nd person, for pronominal subjects over zeros; in other words, double-marking is preferred over single-marking. This clearly contravenes the general preference for minimization or economy in person reference in conversation, as suggested by Sacks and Schegloff (1979) and Levinson (2007; see also Hacohen and Schegloff 2006). The home environments for zero and pronominal subjects are analyzed in terms of the micro-level social actions performed by participants, in order to find motivations for the choice of the form of subject. The analysis of the Finnish data shows that the choice between zero vs. pronominal subject is sensitive to features in the sequential context. It affects turn projection. The article shows th...
1. Abbreviations & transcription symbols 2. Acknowledgements 3. Introduction: Grammar from th... more 1. Abbreviations & transcription symbols 2. Acknowledgements 3. Introduction: Grammar from the human perspective (by Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa) 4. An introduction to Finnish spatial relations: Local cases and adpositions (by Huumo, Tuomas) 5. Part I: Space and location 6. Spatial axes in language and conceptualisation: The case of bidirectional constructions (by Ojutkangas, Krista) 7. "I woke up from the sofa": Subjective directionality in Finnish expressions of a spatio-cognitive transfer (by Huumo, Tuomas) 8. Metonymy in locatives of state (by Onikki-Rantajaasko, Tiina) 9. Part II: The human perspective 10. Body part names and grammaticalization (by Suutari, Toni) 11. On distinguishing between 'recipient' and 'beneficiary' in Finnish (by Kittila, Seppo) 12. Oblique mentions of human referents in Finnish conversation: The effects of prominence in discourse and grammar (by Laury, Ritva) 13. Part III: Person 14. Person in Finnish: Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in interaction (by Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa) 15. Zero person in Finnish: A grammatical resource for construing human reference (by Laitinen, Lea) 16. Passive - personal or impersonal?: A Finnish perspective (by Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa) 17. References 18. Index of terms
Artikkeli tarkastelee laajaan keskustelukorpukseen pohjautuen sitä, millaisiin päälauseisiin rela... more Artikkeli tarkastelee laajaan keskustelukorpukseen pohjautuen sitä, millaisiin päälauseisiin relatiivilauseet liittyvät ja millaisia eri relatiivisanoilla alkavien relatiivilauseiden tehtävät ovat. Vuorovaikutuslingvistinen analyysi paljastaa, että eri relatiivisanoilla on omanlaisensa profiili. Aineistossa eksistentiaali- ja kopulalauseet ovat yliedustettuja relatiivilauseiden päälauseina verrattuna näiden lausetyyppien käyttöön koko korpuksessa. Lähes neljänneksellä relatiivilauseista ei ole lainkaan päälausetta, vaan niiden korrelaattina on vapaa NP. Kopulalauseiden, eksistentiaalilauseiden ja vapaiden NP:iden runsaus aineistossa selittyy niiden käytöllä esittely- tai kehysrakenteina, joihin relatiivilause kiinnittyy. Kehysrakenteet voivat olla syntaktisesti ja semanttisesti keveitä; relatiivilause kertoo keskeisimmän asian. Myös pääsanat voivat olla semanttisesti väljiä, ja sisältö täsmentyy relatiivilauseessa. Eri relatiivisanoilla alkavat relatiivilauseet poikkeavat toisistaan...
Speaker reference and contextual interpretion [myos suomeksi] (englanti) 2/2008 (112) Speaker ref... more Speaker reference and contextual interpretion [myos suomeksi] (englanti) 2/2008 (112) Speaker reference and contextual interpretion The article examines reference in conversation using first person singular forms. These forms are used primarily to refer to the speaker. Participant roles (speaker, recipient) are subject to constant switching, principally on the basis of who is actually talking at any given moment. However, both first and second person singular forms can be used in such a way that they create open reference, in that their reference is not to the speaker or recipient but is instead more open. Whether or not open reference is being used must be inferred from the context. The speech situation, the participants and the immediate surroundings together constitute the indexical ground against which the references are interpreted. The indexical ground takes shape through interaction. Referring expressions can also contribute to altering the indexical ground. The study follows...
Studies in Functional and Structural Linguistics, 2008
Both Finnish and French have several personal forms which can be used for non-specific reference.... more Both Finnish and French have several personal forms which can be used for non-specific reference. This chapter focuses on the passive in both languages and on certain constructions containing 3rd person forms, namely, the French pronoun on + 3rd person verb form and the so-called zero person construction in Finnish which contains a 3rd person verb form without an overt subject and is interpreted as conveying non-specific reference. The forms are studied in their contexts of use in Internet discussion groups. We show how the linguistic context contributes to the construal of reference in the social situation between the participants, the on-going Internet discussion, and in the larger sociocultural situation, i.e., Finland and France.
In this article I analyze subject expression in conversational Finnish, identifying the home envi... more In this article I analyze subject expression in conversational Finnish, identifying the home environments for zero and pronominal subjects in the 1st and 2nd person singular. Based on a syntactically coded database, I show that there is a clear preference, in both 1st and 2nd person, for pronominal subjects over zeros; in other words, double-marking is preferred over single-marking. This clearly contravenes the general preference for minimization or economy in person reference in conversation, as suggested by Sacks and Schegloff (1979) and Levinson (2007; see also Hacohen and Schegloff 2006). The home environments for zero and pronominal subjects are analyzed in terms of the micro-level social actions performed by participants, in order to find motivations for the choice of the form of subject. The analysis of the Finnish data shows that the choice between zero vs. pronominal subject is sensitive to features in the sequential context. It affects turn projection. The article shows th...
1. Abbreviations & transcription symbols 2. Acknowledgements 3. Introduction: Grammar from th... more 1. Abbreviations & transcription symbols 2. Acknowledgements 3. Introduction: Grammar from the human perspective (by Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa) 4. An introduction to Finnish spatial relations: Local cases and adpositions (by Huumo, Tuomas) 5. Part I: Space and location 6. Spatial axes in language and conceptualisation: The case of bidirectional constructions (by Ojutkangas, Krista) 7. "I woke up from the sofa": Subjective directionality in Finnish expressions of a spatio-cognitive transfer (by Huumo, Tuomas) 8. Metonymy in locatives of state (by Onikki-Rantajaasko, Tiina) 9. Part II: The human perspective 10. Body part names and grammaticalization (by Suutari, Toni) 11. On distinguishing between 'recipient' and 'beneficiary' in Finnish (by Kittila, Seppo) 12. Oblique mentions of human referents in Finnish conversation: The effects of prominence in discourse and grammar (by Laury, Ritva) 13. Part III: Person 14. Person in Finnish: Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in interaction (by Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa) 15. Zero person in Finnish: A grammatical resource for construing human reference (by Laitinen, Lea) 16. Passive - personal or impersonal?: A Finnish perspective (by Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa) 17. References 18. Index of terms
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