In forest management in Poland, there are no standards for the quality and suitability for planti... more In forest management in Poland, there are no standards for the quality and suitability for planting seedlings produced in nursery containers; therefore, research contributing to the development of such guidelines is important. We investigated the growth reaction of European beech and Norway spruce seedlings growing in container technology one year after planting on an experimental forest plantation. The seedlings used in the study were three experimental variants grown in a container nursery differing in fertilization. Two heights of seedlings were measured, i.e., after the first growing season on the experimental plantation and the initial (obtained in the forest nursery), and the annual (AHI, cm) and relative height increments (RHI, %) were calculated. The regression of the RHI of seedlings to their initial height was calculated, and the equations obtained were used to determine the optimal range of seedling height at the stage of nursery growth at which they will achieve the maxi...
The paper presents analysis of efficiency of the logging unit comprising Belarus 820 farm tractor... more The paper presents analysis of efficiency of the logging unit comprising Belarus 820 farm tractor and PD80 logging trailer equipped with Ryś-1 crane. Analysis was made based on the working day timing. The unit logged 1- meter long tree pieces (hornbeam, oak, birch) from the area where material for logging was distributed irregularly on the entire felling site. Unfavourable atmospheric conditions were reported during the working day (a thick layer of snow, low temperature, not frozen soil) which could have influenced the unit operation performance. Despite that the performance of the logging unit was comparable to similar logging units described in the literature. Determined coefficient of use of the operating time of the machine K02 was 0.93, coefficient of use of the shift working time K04 − 0.9, coefficient of use of the shift exploitation time K07 − 0.8. Hourly performance in the shift exploitation time was 4.98 m3·h−1, efficiency in the shift working time W02 − 4.80 m3·h−1 and p...
According to the data of the Central Statistical Office, there has been an increase in forest cov... more According to the data of the Central Statistical Office, there has been an increase in forest cover in Poland from 27.8% to 29.6% over the last 25 years. This increase contributed to an increase in the possibility of wood obtaining and processing for energy purposes. The aim of the study was to analyse the efficiency of a chipping machine manufactured by the American Company Bandit Industries (Bandit 990XP chipper) based on the working day chronometer. The study was carried out in specific conditions related to the place of the chipper application because the machine was used to process the material obtained from standing trees in the framework of park maintenance. As it was shown during the analysed working day, the effective capacity W1 in the work cycle of the Bandit 990XP machine was 9.2 m3∙h–1 chips. Specific working conditions made it impossible to organize the work smoothly. Ongoing obtaining of the material for chipping from standing trees resulted in low productivity during...
This study explores the use of fully automatic monitoring system of peat moss substrate moisture ... more This study explores the use of fully automatic monitoring system of peat moss substrate moisture under pine seedlings at Rudy Raciborskie forest nursery in the Silesian Upland. A brand new multipoint system for this study was created. The multichannel electronic recorder MPI-DN Metronic was the main part of the project. Twelve HD3910.2 probes (three electrodes) for volumetric water content measurement were used in a distributed configuration. Modbus RTU protocols were used for data transmission and the results were archived into an internal memory. One probe delivers 1440 measurements a day. Based on the average substrate moisture data from the field, the recorder controls the watering system according to the precisely defined parameters. Proper placement of sensors in the field allows for accurate analysis of the temporal and spatial variability of peat moss substrate moisture. Results of the statistical analysis have confirmed that the peat moss moisture is significantly different...
The article presents analysis of operation of Fao Far 6840 mini harvester for machine wood harves... more The article presents analysis of operation of Fao Far 6840 mini harvester for machine wood harvesting. Analysis was made based on working day timing. The investigations were carried out on the area of Lubliniec Forest Inspectorate, Bór Forestry on the habitat forest site − fresh mixed forest where pine wood was obtained with the use of a harvester. Timing was carried out based on the registration of the exploitation time of a harvester with the use of a video camera and stopwatch and measurements of the obtained size grade. Based on the obtained results low values of performance in the exploitation change time 9.61 m3·h−1, and effective performance 12.14 m3·h−1were reported. Low machine performance was affected mainly by conditions of harvesting, low log volume (at the average 0.62 m3) and concentration of trees. The head structure (applied feed system), weak work organization (short time of a single 6 hour shift) and weak skills of the machine operator were additional factors that ...
For the period from the 1st of May to the 30th of October 2014, the water balance for Scots pine,... more For the period from the 1st of May to the 30th of October 2014, the water balance for Scots pine, Norway spruce, Pedunculate oak and European beech seedlings in a plantation setting was analysed. The experiment was conducted at the container nursery in the Rudy Raciborskie Forest District, Poland. Water was supplied by natural rainfall as well as a by small-droplet irrigation system and two automatic weather stations combined with 32 rain collectors were used to monitor rainfall throughout this research. Rain gauges were located 25 cm above the metal pallets and 10 cm below the nursery containers. An average of 987 mm∙m−2 of water reached the plantation, of which 53% were provided by the irrigation system. Most water was supplied to the oak field, whereas least was given to the spruce plantations and the irrigation water amounted to 535 liters and 422 liters per square meter, respectively. The amount of water percolating through the substrate was approximately 50–65%, depending on t...
The paper presents the work performance analysis of timber harvesting with the use of Highlander ... more The paper presents the work performance analysis of timber harvesting with the use of Highlander harvester produced by KONRAD Forsttechnik GmbH. The analysis was performed based on the timing of the working day. We also assessed the organization of the machine operation in the research area and its functional capability. The study was conducted in Miçdzylesie Forest Department, Nowu Wieś Forestry in fresh mixed mountain forest, where the machine acquired spruce. Timing was perfonned based on the registration of the machine operation on a video camera and the measurements of collected assortment. Based on the results of measurements it was found that organization of the machine operation was not the best. A one-shift work system and short duration of a shift caused that the effective working time occupied only 67.9% of the shift time (about 4 hours). This resulted in reduction of the operating perfonnance on a working day which was only 12,7 m
ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of laboratory research on the influence of bulk density o... more ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of laboratory research on the influence of bulk density on growth parameters of the pedunculate oak. The soil for the research was taken from the stand growing on the site of fresh mixed coniferous forest. The moisture of soil was qualified in the laboratory with the use of dryer method, and then the soil was poured to specially prepared cylinders of 20 cm in height and the diameter of 16 cm. Pressure was exerted on the soil in the cylinders with the use of the hydraulic press to get various values of the bulk density in the range from 1.0 to 1.8 g·cm -3 , with 0.1 g·cm -3 resolution. Each variant of density was repeated three times. Into a single cylinder 21 seeds of oak were sown. The cylinders were then placed in the controlled conditions of temperature, lighting and moisture. After three months all seedlings were taken out and their parameters were measured: the length of the underground and the above-ground part, the neck radicular diameter and also, after drying, the dry mass of the above-ground and underground parts and leaves.
ABSTRACT Wheel tester was adopted to mate with computer data acquisition card. Some physical prop... more ABSTRACT Wheel tester was adopted to mate with computer data acquisition card. Some physical properties of the forest stand soil, as well as its shear forces caused by the pneumatic wheel were measured. Based on the knowledge of those forces, it was possible to present shear stresses in relation to the soil horizontal deformation and slip against the coefficient of adhesion.
ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of research performed in laboratory conditions on the det... more ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of research performed in laboratory conditions on the determination of the average unit pressures exerted by the micro-tractor pneumatic drive wheel. The 165/70-R13 radial tyre, which worked in its nominal work parameters, was used in the research. Average unit pressures were determined on soil brought from a fresh mixed coniferous forest site in various variants of slip: s = 6%; 25%; 43%; 62%; 81%; 100% and in the variant without slip s ≈ 0%. The research was performed on a especially constructed stand with the movable soil bin. The contact surface areas between the tyre and soil were determined through scanning of the ruts formed, with the use of a non-contact, three-dimensional surface scanner.
Soil-wheel contact surface plays an important role at estimation of the running gears effects on ... more Soil-wheel contact surface plays an important role at estimation of the running gears effects on soil. It depends on many factors, among which tyre constructional features and its dimensions, inflation pressure, type of surface and its physical state as well as loadings can be mentioned. Research carried out so far in this area concerned mainly on arable lands. In paper are presented research made on soil -wheel contact surface in laboratory. The work concerns on simulation of rut made by wheel with pneumatic tyre, which work with different slip. Soil to measurements was taken from forest. Researches were made on new designed stand with moving box with soil. Ruts ware made with use of vertical load simulator, as a wheel was use drive wheel from small tractor. Surface area of rut ware copy to computer with use of scanner with laser distance meter
Wheel tester was adopted to mate with computer data acquisition card. Some physical properties of... more Wheel tester was adopted to mate with computer data acquisition card. Some physical properties of the forest stand soil, as well as its shear forces caused by the pneumatic wheel were measured. Based on the knowledge of those forces, it was possible to present shear stresses in relation to the soil horizontal deformation and slip against the coefficient of adhesion.
Results of measurements of a vertical deformation of soil of four forest site types, i.e. fresh m... more Results of measurements of a vertical deformation of soil of four forest site types, i.e. fresh mixed coniferous forest (fMCF), boggy mixed pine forest (bMPF), moist mixed broadleaved forest (mMBF), and moist broadleaved forest (mBF), using a plate bevameter and taking into account different moisture variants, are presented in this paper. The moduli k c , k φ , and n of Bekker's equation were determined. The soils were grouped according to their resistance to vertical deformation through agglomeration using the Ward's method. The Bekker's equation moduli were determined once again for separated clusters.
In forest management in Poland, there are no standards for the quality and suitability for planti... more In forest management in Poland, there are no standards for the quality and suitability for planting seedlings produced in nursery containers; therefore, research contributing to the development of such guidelines is important. We investigated the growth reaction of European beech and Norway spruce seedlings growing in container technology one year after planting on an experimental forest plantation. The seedlings used in the study were three experimental variants grown in a container nursery differing in fertilization. Two heights of seedlings were measured, i.e., after the first growing season on the experimental plantation and the initial (obtained in the forest nursery), and the annual (AHI, cm) and relative height increments (RHI, %) were calculated. The regression of the RHI of seedlings to their initial height was calculated, and the equations obtained were used to determine the optimal range of seedling height at the stage of nursery growth at which they will achieve the maxi...
The paper presents analysis of efficiency of the logging unit comprising Belarus 820 farm tractor... more The paper presents analysis of efficiency of the logging unit comprising Belarus 820 farm tractor and PD80 logging trailer equipped with Ryś-1 crane. Analysis was made based on the working day timing. The unit logged 1- meter long tree pieces (hornbeam, oak, birch) from the area where material for logging was distributed irregularly on the entire felling site. Unfavourable atmospheric conditions were reported during the working day (a thick layer of snow, low temperature, not frozen soil) which could have influenced the unit operation performance. Despite that the performance of the logging unit was comparable to similar logging units described in the literature. Determined coefficient of use of the operating time of the machine K02 was 0.93, coefficient of use of the shift working time K04 − 0.9, coefficient of use of the shift exploitation time K07 − 0.8. Hourly performance in the shift exploitation time was 4.98 m3·h−1, efficiency in the shift working time W02 − 4.80 m3·h−1 and p...
According to the data of the Central Statistical Office, there has been an increase in forest cov... more According to the data of the Central Statistical Office, there has been an increase in forest cover in Poland from 27.8% to 29.6% over the last 25 years. This increase contributed to an increase in the possibility of wood obtaining and processing for energy purposes. The aim of the study was to analyse the efficiency of a chipping machine manufactured by the American Company Bandit Industries (Bandit 990XP chipper) based on the working day chronometer. The study was carried out in specific conditions related to the place of the chipper application because the machine was used to process the material obtained from standing trees in the framework of park maintenance. As it was shown during the analysed working day, the effective capacity W1 in the work cycle of the Bandit 990XP machine was 9.2 m3∙h–1 chips. Specific working conditions made it impossible to organize the work smoothly. Ongoing obtaining of the material for chipping from standing trees resulted in low productivity during...
This study explores the use of fully automatic monitoring system of peat moss substrate moisture ... more This study explores the use of fully automatic monitoring system of peat moss substrate moisture under pine seedlings at Rudy Raciborskie forest nursery in the Silesian Upland. A brand new multipoint system for this study was created. The multichannel electronic recorder MPI-DN Metronic was the main part of the project. Twelve HD3910.2 probes (three electrodes) for volumetric water content measurement were used in a distributed configuration. Modbus RTU protocols were used for data transmission and the results were archived into an internal memory. One probe delivers 1440 measurements a day. Based on the average substrate moisture data from the field, the recorder controls the watering system according to the precisely defined parameters. Proper placement of sensors in the field allows for accurate analysis of the temporal and spatial variability of peat moss substrate moisture. Results of the statistical analysis have confirmed that the peat moss moisture is significantly different...
The article presents analysis of operation of Fao Far 6840 mini harvester for machine wood harves... more The article presents analysis of operation of Fao Far 6840 mini harvester for machine wood harvesting. Analysis was made based on working day timing. The investigations were carried out on the area of Lubliniec Forest Inspectorate, Bór Forestry on the habitat forest site − fresh mixed forest where pine wood was obtained with the use of a harvester. Timing was carried out based on the registration of the exploitation time of a harvester with the use of a video camera and stopwatch and measurements of the obtained size grade. Based on the obtained results low values of performance in the exploitation change time 9.61 m3·h−1, and effective performance 12.14 m3·h−1were reported. Low machine performance was affected mainly by conditions of harvesting, low log volume (at the average 0.62 m3) and concentration of trees. The head structure (applied feed system), weak work organization (short time of a single 6 hour shift) and weak skills of the machine operator were additional factors that ...
For the period from the 1st of May to the 30th of October 2014, the water balance for Scots pine,... more For the period from the 1st of May to the 30th of October 2014, the water balance for Scots pine, Norway spruce, Pedunculate oak and European beech seedlings in a plantation setting was analysed. The experiment was conducted at the container nursery in the Rudy Raciborskie Forest District, Poland. Water was supplied by natural rainfall as well as a by small-droplet irrigation system and two automatic weather stations combined with 32 rain collectors were used to monitor rainfall throughout this research. Rain gauges were located 25 cm above the metal pallets and 10 cm below the nursery containers. An average of 987 mm∙m−2 of water reached the plantation, of which 53% were provided by the irrigation system. Most water was supplied to the oak field, whereas least was given to the spruce plantations and the irrigation water amounted to 535 liters and 422 liters per square meter, respectively. The amount of water percolating through the substrate was approximately 50–65%, depending on t...
The paper presents the work performance analysis of timber harvesting with the use of Highlander ... more The paper presents the work performance analysis of timber harvesting with the use of Highlander harvester produced by KONRAD Forsttechnik GmbH. The analysis was performed based on the timing of the working day. We also assessed the organization of the machine operation in the research area and its functional capability. The study was conducted in Miçdzylesie Forest Department, Nowu Wieś Forestry in fresh mixed mountain forest, where the machine acquired spruce. Timing was perfonned based on the registration of the machine operation on a video camera and the measurements of collected assortment. Based on the results of measurements it was found that organization of the machine operation was not the best. A one-shift work system and short duration of a shift caused that the effective working time occupied only 67.9% of the shift time (about 4 hours). This resulted in reduction of the operating perfonnance on a working day which was only 12,7 m
ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of laboratory research on the influence of bulk density o... more ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of laboratory research on the influence of bulk density on growth parameters of the pedunculate oak. The soil for the research was taken from the stand growing on the site of fresh mixed coniferous forest. The moisture of soil was qualified in the laboratory with the use of dryer method, and then the soil was poured to specially prepared cylinders of 20 cm in height and the diameter of 16 cm. Pressure was exerted on the soil in the cylinders with the use of the hydraulic press to get various values of the bulk density in the range from 1.0 to 1.8 g·cm -3 , with 0.1 g·cm -3 resolution. Each variant of density was repeated three times. Into a single cylinder 21 seeds of oak were sown. The cylinders were then placed in the controlled conditions of temperature, lighting and moisture. After three months all seedlings were taken out and their parameters were measured: the length of the underground and the above-ground part, the neck radicular diameter and also, after drying, the dry mass of the above-ground and underground parts and leaves.
ABSTRACT Wheel tester was adopted to mate with computer data acquisition card. Some physical prop... more ABSTRACT Wheel tester was adopted to mate with computer data acquisition card. Some physical properties of the forest stand soil, as well as its shear forces caused by the pneumatic wheel were measured. Based on the knowledge of those forces, it was possible to present shear stresses in relation to the soil horizontal deformation and slip against the coefficient of adhesion.
ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of research performed in laboratory conditions on the det... more ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of research performed in laboratory conditions on the determination of the average unit pressures exerted by the micro-tractor pneumatic drive wheel. The 165/70-R13 radial tyre, which worked in its nominal work parameters, was used in the research. Average unit pressures were determined on soil brought from a fresh mixed coniferous forest site in various variants of slip: s = 6%; 25%; 43%; 62%; 81%; 100% and in the variant without slip s ≈ 0%. The research was performed on a especially constructed stand with the movable soil bin. The contact surface areas between the tyre and soil were determined through scanning of the ruts formed, with the use of a non-contact, three-dimensional surface scanner.
Soil-wheel contact surface plays an important role at estimation of the running gears effects on ... more Soil-wheel contact surface plays an important role at estimation of the running gears effects on soil. It depends on many factors, among which tyre constructional features and its dimensions, inflation pressure, type of surface and its physical state as well as loadings can be mentioned. Research carried out so far in this area concerned mainly on arable lands. In paper are presented research made on soil -wheel contact surface in laboratory. The work concerns on simulation of rut made by wheel with pneumatic tyre, which work with different slip. Soil to measurements was taken from forest. Researches were made on new designed stand with moving box with soil. Ruts ware made with use of vertical load simulator, as a wheel was use drive wheel from small tractor. Surface area of rut ware copy to computer with use of scanner with laser distance meter
Wheel tester was adopted to mate with computer data acquisition card. Some physical properties of... more Wheel tester was adopted to mate with computer data acquisition card. Some physical properties of the forest stand soil, as well as its shear forces caused by the pneumatic wheel were measured. Based on the knowledge of those forces, it was possible to present shear stresses in relation to the soil horizontal deformation and slip against the coefficient of adhesion.
Results of measurements of a vertical deformation of soil of four forest site types, i.e. fresh m... more Results of measurements of a vertical deformation of soil of four forest site types, i.e. fresh mixed coniferous forest (fMCF), boggy mixed pine forest (bMPF), moist mixed broadleaved forest (mMBF), and moist broadleaved forest (mBF), using a plate bevameter and taking into account different moisture variants, are presented in this paper. The moduli k c , k φ , and n of Bekker's equation were determined. The soils were grouped according to their resistance to vertical deformation through agglomeration using the Ward's method. The Bekker's equation moduli were determined once again for separated clusters.
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Papers by Mariusz Kormanek