International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) , 2019
Customer satisfaction is an underlying segment of the Marketing capacity and it very well may be ... more Customer satisfaction is an underlying segment of the Marketing capacity and it very well may be basically characterized the quantity of customers, or level of aggregate customers, whose detailed involvement with a firm, its items, or its administrations surpasses determined fulfillment objectives. The aim of the present study is to gain knowledge about the different factors which contributes to the satisfaction of the customers.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2017
A field experiment was conducted at experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai Universi... more A field experiment was conducted at experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University to study the dynamics of nitrogen by the combined use of organic compost and inorganic fertilizer nitrogen on nutrient uptake and post harvest soil fertility status in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The soil of the experiment farm is deep clay, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design and replicated thrice. The experiment comprised of eight treatments, which includes absolute control (No fertilizer and no organic manure), recommended dose of nitrogen alone and graded dose of fertilizer nitrogen along with different organic manures viz., farmyard manure, pressmud compost, vermicompost, poultry manure, water hyacinth compost and sugar cane trash compost. Use of different sources and combination sources of nitrogen had significant influence on seed cotton and stalk yields of cotton, NPK uptake and post harvest soil nutrient status. The results of the experiment showed that 75% N through fertilizer along with 25 % N through vermicompost significantly recorded maximum seed cotton and stalk yields of cotton over other organic manures in combination with inorganic fertilizer, which was followed by 75% N through fertilizer along with 25 % N through pressmud compost. As per nitrogen use efficiency, plots received with 75% N through fertilizer along with 25 % N through vermicompost registered superior values of agronomic efficiency and apparent nitrogen recovery (%). Significantly lowest values for seed cotton, stalk yields, NPK uptake and post harvest soil available NPK was recorded in control (No fertilizer and no organic manure). Based on the above results, it could be concluded that 75% N through fertilizer along with 25%N through vermicompost will be more promising combination which resulted in higher yield of seed cotton and maintain good soil fertility.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2018
Emotional intelligence (EI) is receiving increasing attention of education for dealing with stude... more Emotional intelligence (EI) is receiving increasing attention of education for dealing with students who are affected by stresses and challenges of the outside world. Programmes aimed at improving students EI have beneficial effects on their academic achievement. they encourage cooperative behaviour and reduce their antisocial activities. These programmes are very useful in preparing students to face the challenges of life outside the classroom. The special educators are dealing children with special needs and the general teachers engaged in teaching at general schools. Hence their EI have great role. The objectives of the study are to assess the emotional intelligence quotient(EIQ) of special educators and general school teachers and to analyse the differences in EIQ between special educators and general school teachers. Descriptive method used for the study. The findings of the study are, 1) there is significant difference between special educators and general school teachers in EIQ. 2) there is significant difference in EIQ between male and female special educators and 3) there is no significant differences between male and female general school teachers with respect to EIQ.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
The term school is very wide, its meaning is not confined only to the physical boundaries, and ra... more The term school is very wide, its meaning is not confined only to the physical boundaries, and rather it represents a whole of the organization. This whole represents the organizational culture which is the basis of its evaluation. On the basis of the overall scenario of an organization, people evaluate the same, make comments on them. Keeping this in mind this study is intended to find the status of organisational climate of schools and its influence on the various factors of school teachers. The investigator has adopted survey method for the study using simple random sampling technique to collect the data. Descriptive analysis, 't', 'F', Chi square test and correlation techniques are used to analyse the data statistically. It was found that the organisational climate of schools is moderate.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) , 2019
Mathematics is a branch of science, which deals with numbers and their operations. It involves ca... more Mathematics is a branch of science, which deals with numbers and their operations. It involves calculation, computation, solving of problems etc. Its dictionary meaning states that, 'Mathematics is the science of numbers and space' or 'Mathematics is the science of measurement, quantity and magnitude'. It is exact, precise, systematic and a logical subject. It may also be defined as, 'Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space and change; it has historically developed, through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, from counting, calculation, measurement, and the study of the shapes and motions of physical objects.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
Developing means of farming and agriculture is the reason humans live in the world they do today.... more Developing means of farming and agriculture is the reason humans live in the world they do today. It is a necessary means of survival, without which there would be famines all over the world. For thousands of years, agricultural was a natural process that did not harm the land it was done on. In fact, farmers were able to pass down their land for many generations and it would still be fertile as ever. However, modern agricultural practices have started the process of agricultural pollution. This process causes the degradation of the ecosystem, land, and environment due to the modern-day by-products of agriculture. No single cause can be attributed to the widespread agricultural pollution we face today. Agriculture is a complex activity in which the growth of crops and livestock have to be balanced perfectly. The process of agricultural pollution stems from the many stages their growth goes through. Recent research on the agricultural impacts of climate change has primarily focused on the roles of temperature and precipitation. These studies show that India has already been negatively affected by recent climate trends. However, anthropogenic climate changes are a result of both global emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) and other short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). Two potent SLCPs, tropospheric ozone and black carbon, have direct effects on crop yields beyond their indirect effects through climate; emissions of black carbon and ozone precursors have risen dramatically in India over the past three decades. For most of our history, humans were hunters and gatherers. We fished in the ocean, hunted on land, and collected wild-growing fruits, seeds, and plants. Modern agriculture was born just 12,000 years ago, when we began to grow wild wheat and barley in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East and Mediterranean basin, and to tend to the first rice paddies in swamps in China. Agriculture transformed our way of life, giving us more consistent food supplies, allowing the growth of civilizations, and supporting an exponential boom in human population. Here, to our knowledge for the first time, we present results of the combined effects of climate change and the direct effects of SLCPs on wheat and rice yields in India from 1980 to 2010. Our statistical model suggests that, averaged over India, yields in 2010 were up to 36% lower for wheat than they otherwise would have been, absent climate and pollutant emissions trends, with some densely populated states experiencing 50% relative yield losses. [Our point estimates for rice (−20%) are similarly large, but not statistically significant.] Upper-bound estimates suggest that an overwhelming fraction (90%) of these losses is due to the direct effects of SLCPs. Gains from addressing regional air pollution could thus counter expected future yield losses resulting from direct climate change effects of LLGHGs.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
The study highlighted the applications of distillation and explained the effect of the minimum nu... more The study highlighted the applications of distillation and explained the effect of the minimum number of stages in separation process in a distillation column. The study also looked at the design steps of a binary distillation column. The Excel software which is cheap, common and can be easily gotten was used to determine the minimum number of stages. The study showed that the minimum number of stages obtained were approximately seven. Thus a column with fewer than the minimum number of trays cannot achieve the desired separation, even at very high reflux.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
The study highlighted the applications of distillation and explained the effect of the minimum nu... more The study highlighted the applications of distillation and explained the effect of the minimum number of stages in separation process in a distillation column. The study also looked at the design steps of a binary distillation column. The Excel software which is cheap, common and can be easily gotten was used to determine the minimum number of stages. The study showed that the minimum number of stages obtained were approximately seven. Thus a column with fewer than the minimum number of trays cannot achieve the desired separation, even at very high reflux.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
The heightened demand for accountability in utility of instructional time in schools necessitates... more The heightened demand for accountability in utility of instructional time in schools necessitates that educators understand and plug the variables through which instructional time is eroded. This study focused on school activities whose changeover demands and therefore takes up time that teachers and students should otherwise be actively engaged in classroom instruction. The actual instructional time lost therein was computed so as to derive its variance from state prescribed instructional time. The key variables or transition activities namely Session Transition, Activity transition, Class transition and Teachers transfers from one school to another were identified through review of literature relating to loss of instructional time in schools, Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire to 6 principals 16 teachers and 48 students selected through simple random sampling from 6 public secondary schools selected through convenient sampling in Limuru Sub county of Kiambu county. The study found that transitions between events within the school daily program is a major contributor to loss of up to 32.4% of valuable instructional time, and recommended that research studies on possible strategies that may be used to keep the loss of instructional time at the possible minimum be carried out.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
Cell phones are the perfect way to stay connected with others and provide a sense of security. La... more Cell phones are the perfect way to stay connected with others and provide a sense of security. Lacks of constant power supply from the mains at times prevent effective uses of our cell phones. To minimize this effect a buck converter charger is designed and constructed to charge cell phone from direct current (DC) source. The DC source can be a lead acid, dry cells, lithium battery or directly from solar panel. The circuit and simulation prepared with Proteus Intelligent Schematic Input system (ISIS). For the safety of storage battery, deep discharge protection circuit was added to the design. While reverse voltage protection safeguard the charger circuit from being destroyed. Materials were chosen based on their simplicity and availability in most of our electronics shops. Light emitting diodes (LED) serves as indicators for low and normal condition of battery source. Most of chargers available in our electronics shops lack this ability. The circuit was tested on different cell phones and found working satisfactory.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
As of now, the relationship between a stock market and a real economy is not clearly understood. ... more As of now, the relationship between a stock market and a real economy is not clearly understood. It is starkly different from debt or money market investment, as the effect of interest rates is dominant in that case. This study used the Gross Domestic Product and Stock Market Index of Indonesia from 1990 until 2018 as the variables. The Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) method is used to discover the relationship. Granger causality test showed that the economic output and the stock market return is independent of each other. The Impulse Response Function test indicated that if a shock is applied, the impact is relatively small for both variables. Variance Decomposition test pointed out that the variability in the dependent variables is due to their innovation. There is some implication from the findings. First, there is no influence from stock prices to consumption through the wealth effect. Second, there is no influence from stock prices to investment spending via the cost of capital and the bank lending channel. Lastly, there is no influence from economic output to stock prices through the Gordon Growth Model.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
Sisal (Agave sisalana) is extensively grown in Kenya. It is a high waste generating crop. Waste d... more Sisal (Agave sisalana) is extensively grown in Kenya. It is a high waste generating crop. Waste disposal has remained a challenge to the sisal processing set ups. The wastes are used as landfills and or are burned to ashes despite being rich in plant macronutrients. Direct use scorches crops due to high acidity. Though composting takes too long before the biomass can be in use, it remains the recognizable approach, The study sought to establish pH trends of decomposing pretreated SLW with a view of seeking approaches to shorten the otherwise long period. Sisal leaf wastes (SLW) from young, mid old and old leaves were soaked in distilled water fresh, sun or shade dried and corresponding pH monitored. Effects of boiling SLW in lye and sodium hydroxide on deterioration were compared. It was established that natural decomposition of SLW is accompanied with a pH change from ≤ 4.8 (acidic) to > 7.5 (basic). SLW from young sisal leaves as well as shade dried ones deteriorated faster compared to those soaked fresh or after sun drying. Those (SLW) boiled in lye had evolution of the biogas earlier than either the fresh or 2M NaOH treated (boiled) samples. The SLW soaked without pretreatment on average took the longest period before biogas was detected. It is apparent from this study that boiling the SLW in an alkali shortens the decomposition period hence enables an easy access to macronutrient. Utilization of SLW in enhancing crop production would be an economical pathway of their disposal.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) , 2018
Make in India, a kind of Swadeshi development covering 25 divisions of the economy, was propelled... more Make in India, a kind of Swadeshi development covering 25 divisions of the economy, was propelled by the Government of India on 25 September 2014 to urge organizations to fabricate their items in India and enthuse with committed ventures into assembling. As a system it is the guide to react to glocal (worldwide + neighborhood) challenges through arrangements for a World class fabricating status and learning foundation that ought to make further information for venturing on to worldwide aggressiveness. After the dispatch, India got venture responsibilities worth ₹16.40 lakh crore (US$240 billion) and speculation request worth ₹1.5 lakh crore (US$22 billion) between September 2014 to February 2016. Subsequently, India rose as the top goal universally in 2015 for outside direct speculation (FDI), outperforming the United States and China, with US$60.1 billion FDI.. According to the present strategy, 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is allowed in each of the 25 segments, aside from Space industry (74%), resistance industry (49%) and Media of India (26%). Japan and India had likewise declared a US$12 billion "Japan-India Make-in-India Special Finance Facility" fund to push venture.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2018
The field of Wireless sensor networks is the main attraction of various researchers due to its pr... more The field of Wireless sensor networks is the main attraction of various researchers due to its practical applications in daily life. It comprises of sensor nodes geographically distributed over an area, which sense the environmental conditions like temperature, humidity etc and pass this information to the sink .As these nodes are non-rechargeable means energy constrained, so main focus of the researches in this field is to make it energy efficient as par as possible and prolong its network lifetime .Clustering is one of the hierarchical routing technique which is used to make the network energy efficient. It can be further improved by adopting non-uniform cluster size techniques and sub-clustering in farther as well as larger clusters. Cluster heads of distant clusters will need to communicate with only sub-cluster heads which further covers the entire cluster members. This proposed model effectively improves lifetime over LEACH. Keywords-Wireless Sensor Networks, effective lifetime, sub-clustering, cluster head and residual energy. I. INTRODUCTION As sensor nodes have limited and non-rechargeable energy resources, energy is a very scarce resource and has to be managed carefully in order to extend the lifetime of the sensor networks [1]. In recent years, researchers have done a lot of studies and proved that clustering is an effective scheme in increasing the scalability and lifetime of wireless sensor networks [2-5]. In clustering schemes, there are two kinds of nodes in one cluster, one cluster head (CH) and several cluster members (CMs). Cluster members gather data from the environment periodically and send the data to cluster heads. Cluster heads aggregate the data from their cluster members, and send the aggregated data to the base station (BS). There are two kinds of communications between cluster heads and the BS, single-hop communication and multi-hop communication. In multi-hop communication clustering algorithms, the energy consumption of cluster heads consists of the energy for receiving, aggregating and sending the data from their cluster members (intra-cluster energy consumption) and the energy for forwarding data for their neighbor cluster heads (inter-cluster energy consumption) [1]. Cluster-based communication protocols have significant savings in total energy consumption of a sensor network. In these protocols, creation of clusters and assigning special tasks to cluster heads can greatly contribute to overall system scalability, lifetime, and bandwidth efficiency [6].Clustering reduces the energy dissipation in the network by aggregating the messages of cluster members ,thus reducing the number of messages being transferred to the sink. Moreover, the size of the clusters must be optimum as exploiting both small and large clusters would make the sensor networks energy inefficient. When the cluster size is very large (e.g. one cluster of whole network), the nodes have to transmit data very far to the cluster head, consuming more energy. And when the cluster size is very small (e.g. one node in each cluster) the number of messages to be transferred to the sink increases, so the energy saving by aggregation would be reduced, thus resulting in more dissipation of network energy. [6] Clustering is grouping of sensor nodes. Here, each cluster is managed by a special node or leader, called cluster head (CH), which is responsible for coordinating the data transmission activities of all sensors in its group.CH is decided with a different probability [7,8].The selection of cluster head in the clusters contribute a lot to the overall efficiency. In clustering networks, the imbalanced energy consumption among nodes is the key factor affecting the network lifetime. In order to balance the energy consumption among nodes, clustering algorithms for networks with uniform node distribution tend to construct uniformly distributed cluster heads, so that the clusters have the approximate number of members and coverage areas. Thus, the intra-cluster energy consumption of cluster heads is approximate and the energy consumption of cluster heads can be balanced. For cluster members, the maximum communicate distances of cluster members are approximate, because of the uniform cluster sizes. Thus, the energy consumption of cluster members can be balanced too. Therefore, the uniformly distributed cluster head set can balance the energy consumption among nodes and finally prolong the network lifetime [1]. Leach is the very basic protocol used for uniformly distributed nodes. It is simple and does not require a large communication overhead. But its performance in heterogeneous networks is not very well; because it elects cluster heads without considering the residual energy of the nodes .To solve this problem. Researchers improved LEACH and proposed new algorithms [1, 9-11]. Also, LEACH has a disadvantage of non-uniform energy consumption by the cluster heads, so they dissipate their energy quickly. Its proposed solution is non uniform clustering.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2018
Entrepreneurship is the way toward structuring, propelling and maintaining another business, whic... more Entrepreneurship is the way toward structuring, propelling and maintaining another business, which is frequently at first an independent company. The general population who make these organizations are called business visionaries. Entrepreneurship has been depicted as the "limit and eagerness to create, compose and deal with a business adventure alongside any of its dangers so as to make a benefit." While meanings of entrepreneurship commonly center around the starting and running of organizations, because of the high dangers engaged with propelling a start-up, a noteworthy extent of new companies need to close because of "absence of funding, terrible business choices, a monetary emergency, absence of market request, or a blend of these."
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
In online learning, learners don't have a teacher to watch the facial expression of the learner w... more In online learning, learners don't have a teacher to watch the facial expression of the learner while learning. We recognize the facial expression of online learners through the Webcam and we identify the emotion and behavior of the learner while learning. We can analyze the learner with respect to their learning style and performance of learning. With the help of object detection techniques, we can detect the facial expression of the learner and classify the learner according to the facial expression while learning. After identifying the facial expression of the learner if learner expression is negative then we can adapt content accordingly to generate interest with the help of content adaptation.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
The aim of this survey paper is to understand the factors affecting business. The accomplishment ... more The aim of this survey paper is to understand the factors affecting business. The accomplishment of the aim is satisfied by analyzing the significant internal and external factors in the Business environment. Emphasize that the business factors are interconnected in a very complex way and it's not easy to understand the direct impact of these features in a precise way. Economist and Financial accountants have traditionally relied on internal and external factors derived from financial status of the Business. This factors affect the decision making process. Financial and corporate reporting involves a high degree of Natural Language Content. Such a kind of unstructured content can be systematically evaluated by sophisticated technique like Natural Language Processing.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58 per cent of India's population. Farm... more Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58 per cent of India's population. Farmers face many problems after they have yielded the agricultural commodities: farmers sell at a very low rate, and consumers buy at non-reasonable rates due to middlemen. As most of the farmers sell their produce to mandis (market places), they find it difficult to estimate which of the nearby places will be more profitable to them. The aim of this research is to help the farmers find the most profitable marketplace on the basis of location, transportation cost and price of the commodity and many other parameters that affect the price. Pattern finding and analysis can be done to find out hidden insights from the data that can help to study the economic growth in agricultural sector. The data is downloaded from the agmarknet.gov.in website operated by the Indian govt, which has regular updates for about 30 commodities from each state and marketplace associated with it in India for several years.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) , 2019
In the present world there are many tools that are used in different scenarios in collecting the ... more In the present world there are many tools that are used in different scenarios in collecting the logs and analyzing those logs to detect the malicious activity. There are many commercial tools to give the higher accuracy. Here, our main aim is to cover the survey on abnormality detection in log analysis. This paper provides information which give the knowledge about tools for log analysis like ELK Stack tool as well as different scenarios where to use log analysis. ELK stack is combination of Elasticsearch which accepts the raw data to form different indexes, Logstash which use to collect the logs and Kibana is used for visualization purpose.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) , 2019
Customer satisfaction is an underlying segment of the Marketing capacity and it very well may be ... more Customer satisfaction is an underlying segment of the Marketing capacity and it very well may be basically characterized the quantity of customers, or level of aggregate customers, whose detailed involvement with a firm, its items, or its administrations surpasses determined fulfillment objectives. The aim of the present study is to gain knowledge about the different factors which contributes to the satisfaction of the customers.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2017
A field experiment was conducted at experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai Universi... more A field experiment was conducted at experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University to study the dynamics of nitrogen by the combined use of organic compost and inorganic fertilizer nitrogen on nutrient uptake and post harvest soil fertility status in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The soil of the experiment farm is deep clay, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design and replicated thrice. The experiment comprised of eight treatments, which includes absolute control (No fertilizer and no organic manure), recommended dose of nitrogen alone and graded dose of fertilizer nitrogen along with different organic manures viz., farmyard manure, pressmud compost, vermicompost, poultry manure, water hyacinth compost and sugar cane trash compost. Use of different sources and combination sources of nitrogen had significant influence on seed cotton and stalk yields of cotton, NPK uptake and post harvest soil nutrient status. The results of the experiment showed that 75% N through fertilizer along with 25 % N through vermicompost significantly recorded maximum seed cotton and stalk yields of cotton over other organic manures in combination with inorganic fertilizer, which was followed by 75% N through fertilizer along with 25 % N through pressmud compost. As per nitrogen use efficiency, plots received with 75% N through fertilizer along with 25 % N through vermicompost registered superior values of agronomic efficiency and apparent nitrogen recovery (%). Significantly lowest values for seed cotton, stalk yields, NPK uptake and post harvest soil available NPK was recorded in control (No fertilizer and no organic manure). Based on the above results, it could be concluded that 75% N through fertilizer along with 25%N through vermicompost will be more promising combination which resulted in higher yield of seed cotton and maintain good soil fertility.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2018
Emotional intelligence (EI) is receiving increasing attention of education for dealing with stude... more Emotional intelligence (EI) is receiving increasing attention of education for dealing with students who are affected by stresses and challenges of the outside world. Programmes aimed at improving students EI have beneficial effects on their academic achievement. they encourage cooperative behaviour and reduce their antisocial activities. These programmes are very useful in preparing students to face the challenges of life outside the classroom. The special educators are dealing children with special needs and the general teachers engaged in teaching at general schools. Hence their EI have great role. The objectives of the study are to assess the emotional intelligence quotient(EIQ) of special educators and general school teachers and to analyse the differences in EIQ between special educators and general school teachers. Descriptive method used for the study. The findings of the study are, 1) there is significant difference between special educators and general school teachers in EIQ. 2) there is significant difference in EIQ between male and female special educators and 3) there is no significant differences between male and female general school teachers with respect to EIQ.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
The term school is very wide, its meaning is not confined only to the physical boundaries, and ra... more The term school is very wide, its meaning is not confined only to the physical boundaries, and rather it represents a whole of the organization. This whole represents the organizational culture which is the basis of its evaluation. On the basis of the overall scenario of an organization, people evaluate the same, make comments on them. Keeping this in mind this study is intended to find the status of organisational climate of schools and its influence on the various factors of school teachers. The investigator has adopted survey method for the study using simple random sampling technique to collect the data. Descriptive analysis, 't', 'F', Chi square test and correlation techniques are used to analyse the data statistically. It was found that the organisational climate of schools is moderate.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) , 2019
Mathematics is a branch of science, which deals with numbers and their operations. It involves ca... more Mathematics is a branch of science, which deals with numbers and their operations. It involves calculation, computation, solving of problems etc. Its dictionary meaning states that, 'Mathematics is the science of numbers and space' or 'Mathematics is the science of measurement, quantity and magnitude'. It is exact, precise, systematic and a logical subject. It may also be defined as, 'Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space and change; it has historically developed, through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, from counting, calculation, measurement, and the study of the shapes and motions of physical objects.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
Developing means of farming and agriculture is the reason humans live in the world they do today.... more Developing means of farming and agriculture is the reason humans live in the world they do today. It is a necessary means of survival, without which there would be famines all over the world. For thousands of years, agricultural was a natural process that did not harm the land it was done on. In fact, farmers were able to pass down their land for many generations and it would still be fertile as ever. However, modern agricultural practices have started the process of agricultural pollution. This process causes the degradation of the ecosystem, land, and environment due to the modern-day by-products of agriculture. No single cause can be attributed to the widespread agricultural pollution we face today. Agriculture is a complex activity in which the growth of crops and livestock have to be balanced perfectly. The process of agricultural pollution stems from the many stages their growth goes through. Recent research on the agricultural impacts of climate change has primarily focused on the roles of temperature and precipitation. These studies show that India has already been negatively affected by recent climate trends. However, anthropogenic climate changes are a result of both global emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) and other short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). Two potent SLCPs, tropospheric ozone and black carbon, have direct effects on crop yields beyond their indirect effects through climate; emissions of black carbon and ozone precursors have risen dramatically in India over the past three decades. For most of our history, humans were hunters and gatherers. We fished in the ocean, hunted on land, and collected wild-growing fruits, seeds, and plants. Modern agriculture was born just 12,000 years ago, when we began to grow wild wheat and barley in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East and Mediterranean basin, and to tend to the first rice paddies in swamps in China. Agriculture transformed our way of life, giving us more consistent food supplies, allowing the growth of civilizations, and supporting an exponential boom in human population. Here, to our knowledge for the first time, we present results of the combined effects of climate change and the direct effects of SLCPs on wheat and rice yields in India from 1980 to 2010. Our statistical model suggests that, averaged over India, yields in 2010 were up to 36% lower for wheat than they otherwise would have been, absent climate and pollutant emissions trends, with some densely populated states experiencing 50% relative yield losses. [Our point estimates for rice (−20%) are similarly large, but not statistically significant.] Upper-bound estimates suggest that an overwhelming fraction (90%) of these losses is due to the direct effects of SLCPs. Gains from addressing regional air pollution could thus counter expected future yield losses resulting from direct climate change effects of LLGHGs.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
The study highlighted the applications of distillation and explained the effect of the minimum nu... more The study highlighted the applications of distillation and explained the effect of the minimum number of stages in separation process in a distillation column. The study also looked at the design steps of a binary distillation column. The Excel software which is cheap, common and can be easily gotten was used to determine the minimum number of stages. The study showed that the minimum number of stages obtained were approximately seven. Thus a column with fewer than the minimum number of trays cannot achieve the desired separation, even at very high reflux.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
The study highlighted the applications of distillation and explained the effect of the minimum nu... more The study highlighted the applications of distillation and explained the effect of the minimum number of stages in separation process in a distillation column. The study also looked at the design steps of a binary distillation column. The Excel software which is cheap, common and can be easily gotten was used to determine the minimum number of stages. The study showed that the minimum number of stages obtained were approximately seven. Thus a column with fewer than the minimum number of trays cannot achieve the desired separation, even at very high reflux.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
The heightened demand for accountability in utility of instructional time in schools necessitates... more The heightened demand for accountability in utility of instructional time in schools necessitates that educators understand and plug the variables through which instructional time is eroded. This study focused on school activities whose changeover demands and therefore takes up time that teachers and students should otherwise be actively engaged in classroom instruction. The actual instructional time lost therein was computed so as to derive its variance from state prescribed instructional time. The key variables or transition activities namely Session Transition, Activity transition, Class transition and Teachers transfers from one school to another were identified through review of literature relating to loss of instructional time in schools, Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire to 6 principals 16 teachers and 48 students selected through simple random sampling from 6 public secondary schools selected through convenient sampling in Limuru Sub county of Kiambu county. The study found that transitions between events within the school daily program is a major contributor to loss of up to 32.4% of valuable instructional time, and recommended that research studies on possible strategies that may be used to keep the loss of instructional time at the possible minimum be carried out.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
Cell phones are the perfect way to stay connected with others and provide a sense of security. La... more Cell phones are the perfect way to stay connected with others and provide a sense of security. Lacks of constant power supply from the mains at times prevent effective uses of our cell phones. To minimize this effect a buck converter charger is designed and constructed to charge cell phone from direct current (DC) source. The DC source can be a lead acid, dry cells, lithium battery or directly from solar panel. The circuit and simulation prepared with Proteus Intelligent Schematic Input system (ISIS). For the safety of storage battery, deep discharge protection circuit was added to the design. While reverse voltage protection safeguard the charger circuit from being destroyed. Materials were chosen based on their simplicity and availability in most of our electronics shops. Light emitting diodes (LED) serves as indicators for low and normal condition of battery source. Most of chargers available in our electronics shops lack this ability. The circuit was tested on different cell phones and found working satisfactory.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
As of now, the relationship between a stock market and a real economy is not clearly understood. ... more As of now, the relationship between a stock market and a real economy is not clearly understood. It is starkly different from debt or money market investment, as the effect of interest rates is dominant in that case. This study used the Gross Domestic Product and Stock Market Index of Indonesia from 1990 until 2018 as the variables. The Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) method is used to discover the relationship. Granger causality test showed that the economic output and the stock market return is independent of each other. The Impulse Response Function test indicated that if a shock is applied, the impact is relatively small for both variables. Variance Decomposition test pointed out that the variability in the dependent variables is due to their innovation. There is some implication from the findings. First, there is no influence from stock prices to consumption through the wealth effect. Second, there is no influence from stock prices to investment spending via the cost of capital and the bank lending channel. Lastly, there is no influence from economic output to stock prices through the Gordon Growth Model.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
Sisal (Agave sisalana) is extensively grown in Kenya. It is a high waste generating crop. Waste d... more Sisal (Agave sisalana) is extensively grown in Kenya. It is a high waste generating crop. Waste disposal has remained a challenge to the sisal processing set ups. The wastes are used as landfills and or are burned to ashes despite being rich in plant macronutrients. Direct use scorches crops due to high acidity. Though composting takes too long before the biomass can be in use, it remains the recognizable approach, The study sought to establish pH trends of decomposing pretreated SLW with a view of seeking approaches to shorten the otherwise long period. Sisal leaf wastes (SLW) from young, mid old and old leaves were soaked in distilled water fresh, sun or shade dried and corresponding pH monitored. Effects of boiling SLW in lye and sodium hydroxide on deterioration were compared. It was established that natural decomposition of SLW is accompanied with a pH change from ≤ 4.8 (acidic) to > 7.5 (basic). SLW from young sisal leaves as well as shade dried ones deteriorated faster compared to those soaked fresh or after sun drying. Those (SLW) boiled in lye had evolution of the biogas earlier than either the fresh or 2M NaOH treated (boiled) samples. The SLW soaked without pretreatment on average took the longest period before biogas was detected. It is apparent from this study that boiling the SLW in an alkali shortens the decomposition period hence enables an easy access to macronutrient. Utilization of SLW in enhancing crop production would be an economical pathway of their disposal.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) , 2018
Make in India, a kind of Swadeshi development covering 25 divisions of the economy, was propelled... more Make in India, a kind of Swadeshi development covering 25 divisions of the economy, was propelled by the Government of India on 25 September 2014 to urge organizations to fabricate their items in India and enthuse with committed ventures into assembling. As a system it is the guide to react to glocal (worldwide + neighborhood) challenges through arrangements for a World class fabricating status and learning foundation that ought to make further information for venturing on to worldwide aggressiveness. After the dispatch, India got venture responsibilities worth ₹16.40 lakh crore (US$240 billion) and speculation request worth ₹1.5 lakh crore (US$22 billion) between September 2014 to February 2016. Subsequently, India rose as the top goal universally in 2015 for outside direct speculation (FDI), outperforming the United States and China, with US$60.1 billion FDI.. According to the present strategy, 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is allowed in each of the 25 segments, aside from Space industry (74%), resistance industry (49%) and Media of India (26%). Japan and India had likewise declared a US$12 billion "Japan-India Make-in-India Special Finance Facility" fund to push venture.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2018
The field of Wireless sensor networks is the main attraction of various researchers due to its pr... more The field of Wireless sensor networks is the main attraction of various researchers due to its practical applications in daily life. It comprises of sensor nodes geographically distributed over an area, which sense the environmental conditions like temperature, humidity etc and pass this information to the sink .As these nodes are non-rechargeable means energy constrained, so main focus of the researches in this field is to make it energy efficient as par as possible and prolong its network lifetime .Clustering is one of the hierarchical routing technique which is used to make the network energy efficient. It can be further improved by adopting non-uniform cluster size techniques and sub-clustering in farther as well as larger clusters. Cluster heads of distant clusters will need to communicate with only sub-cluster heads which further covers the entire cluster members. This proposed model effectively improves lifetime over LEACH. Keywords-Wireless Sensor Networks, effective lifetime, sub-clustering, cluster head and residual energy. I. INTRODUCTION As sensor nodes have limited and non-rechargeable energy resources, energy is a very scarce resource and has to be managed carefully in order to extend the lifetime of the sensor networks [1]. In recent years, researchers have done a lot of studies and proved that clustering is an effective scheme in increasing the scalability and lifetime of wireless sensor networks [2-5]. In clustering schemes, there are two kinds of nodes in one cluster, one cluster head (CH) and several cluster members (CMs). Cluster members gather data from the environment periodically and send the data to cluster heads. Cluster heads aggregate the data from their cluster members, and send the aggregated data to the base station (BS). There are two kinds of communications between cluster heads and the BS, single-hop communication and multi-hop communication. In multi-hop communication clustering algorithms, the energy consumption of cluster heads consists of the energy for receiving, aggregating and sending the data from their cluster members (intra-cluster energy consumption) and the energy for forwarding data for their neighbor cluster heads (inter-cluster energy consumption) [1]. Cluster-based communication protocols have significant savings in total energy consumption of a sensor network. In these protocols, creation of clusters and assigning special tasks to cluster heads can greatly contribute to overall system scalability, lifetime, and bandwidth efficiency [6].Clustering reduces the energy dissipation in the network by aggregating the messages of cluster members ,thus reducing the number of messages being transferred to the sink. Moreover, the size of the clusters must be optimum as exploiting both small and large clusters would make the sensor networks energy inefficient. When the cluster size is very large (e.g. one cluster of whole network), the nodes have to transmit data very far to the cluster head, consuming more energy. And when the cluster size is very small (e.g. one node in each cluster) the number of messages to be transferred to the sink increases, so the energy saving by aggregation would be reduced, thus resulting in more dissipation of network energy. [6] Clustering is grouping of sensor nodes. Here, each cluster is managed by a special node or leader, called cluster head (CH), which is responsible for coordinating the data transmission activities of all sensors in its group.CH is decided with a different probability [7,8].The selection of cluster head in the clusters contribute a lot to the overall efficiency. In clustering networks, the imbalanced energy consumption among nodes is the key factor affecting the network lifetime. In order to balance the energy consumption among nodes, clustering algorithms for networks with uniform node distribution tend to construct uniformly distributed cluster heads, so that the clusters have the approximate number of members and coverage areas. Thus, the intra-cluster energy consumption of cluster heads is approximate and the energy consumption of cluster heads can be balanced. For cluster members, the maximum communicate distances of cluster members are approximate, because of the uniform cluster sizes. Thus, the energy consumption of cluster members can be balanced too. Therefore, the uniformly distributed cluster head set can balance the energy consumption among nodes and finally prolong the network lifetime [1]. Leach is the very basic protocol used for uniformly distributed nodes. It is simple and does not require a large communication overhead. But its performance in heterogeneous networks is not very well; because it elects cluster heads without considering the residual energy of the nodes .To solve this problem. Researchers improved LEACH and proposed new algorithms [1, 9-11]. Also, LEACH has a disadvantage of non-uniform energy consumption by the cluster heads, so they dissipate their energy quickly. Its proposed solution is non uniform clustering.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2018
Entrepreneurship is the way toward structuring, propelling and maintaining another business, whic... more Entrepreneurship is the way toward structuring, propelling and maintaining another business, which is frequently at first an independent company. The general population who make these organizations are called business visionaries. Entrepreneurship has been depicted as the "limit and eagerness to create, compose and deal with a business adventure alongside any of its dangers so as to make a benefit." While meanings of entrepreneurship commonly center around the starting and running of organizations, because of the high dangers engaged with propelling a start-up, a noteworthy extent of new companies need to close because of "absence of funding, terrible business choices, a monetary emergency, absence of market request, or a blend of these."
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
In online learning, learners don't have a teacher to watch the facial expression of the learner w... more In online learning, learners don't have a teacher to watch the facial expression of the learner while learning. We recognize the facial expression of online learners through the Webcam and we identify the emotion and behavior of the learner while learning. We can analyze the learner with respect to their learning style and performance of learning. With the help of object detection techniques, we can detect the facial expression of the learner and classify the learner according to the facial expression while learning. After identifying the facial expression of the learner if learner expression is negative then we can adapt content accordingly to generate interest with the help of content adaptation.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
The aim of this survey paper is to understand the factors affecting business. The accomplishment ... more The aim of this survey paper is to understand the factors affecting business. The accomplishment of the aim is satisfied by analyzing the significant internal and external factors in the Business environment. Emphasize that the business factors are interconnected in a very complex way and it's not easy to understand the direct impact of these features in a precise way. Economist and Financial accountants have traditionally relied on internal and external factors derived from financial status of the Business. This factors affect the decision making process. Financial and corporate reporting involves a high degree of Natural Language Content. Such a kind of unstructured content can be systematically evaluated by sophisticated technique like Natural Language Processing.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019
Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58 per cent of India's population. Farm... more Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58 per cent of India's population. Farmers face many problems after they have yielded the agricultural commodities: farmers sell at a very low rate, and consumers buy at non-reasonable rates due to middlemen. As most of the farmers sell their produce to mandis (market places), they find it difficult to estimate which of the nearby places will be more profitable to them. The aim of this research is to help the farmers find the most profitable marketplace on the basis of location, transportation cost and price of the commodity and many other parameters that affect the price. Pattern finding and analysis can be done to find out hidden insights from the data that can help to study the economic growth in agricultural sector. The data is downloaded from the agmarknet.gov.in website operated by the Indian govt, which has regular updates for about 30 commodities from each state and marketplace associated with it in India for several years.
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) , 2019
In the present world there are many tools that are used in different scenarios in collecting the ... more In the present world there are many tools that are used in different scenarios in collecting the logs and analyzing those logs to detect the malicious activity. There are many commercial tools to give the higher accuracy. Here, our main aim is to cover the survey on abnormality detection in log analysis. This paper provides information which give the knowledge about tools for log analysis like ELK Stack tool as well as different scenarios where to use log analysis. ELK stack is combination of Elasticsearch which accepts the raw data to form different indexes, Logstash which use to collect the logs and Kibana is used for visualization purpose.
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Papers by MOHAMMAD SAMEER