By-products from fruits and are of great interest for their potential use in the food industry du... more By-products from fruits and are of great interest for their potential use in the food industry due to their high content of bioactive compounds. Herein, we examined the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of carotenoid and carotenoid esters from papaya pulp and peel using soybean oil and sunflower oil as alternative green solvents. Response surface methodology (RSM) was established to optimize the UAE process. Three independent variables, ultrasonic amplitude (20–60%), time (10–60 min), and co-solvent percentage (ethanol) (5–20%, v/v), were applied. The highest total carotenoid content in the UAE extracts was obtained from papaya pulp extracts (58.7 ± 1.6 and 56.0 ± 1.5 μg carotenoids/g oil) using soybean oil and sunflower oil, respectively (60% amplitude/ 10 min/ 20% ethanol). On the other hand, the highest carotenoid content (52.0 ± 0.9 μg carotenoids/g oil) was obtained from papaya peel using soybean oil applying the UAE process (20% amplitude/ 77 min/ 20% ethanol); a minor cont...
The consumption of plant-based beverages is a growing trend and, consequently, the search for alt... more The consumption of plant-based beverages is a growing trend and, consequently, the search for alternative plant sources, the improvement of beverage quality and the use of their by-products, acquire great interest. Thus, the purpose of this work was to characterize the composition (nutrients, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity) of the Brazil nut (BN), its whole beverage (WBM), water-soluble beverage (BM-S), and its by-products of the beverage production: cake, sediment fraction (BM-D), and fat fraction (BM-F). In this study, advanced methodologies for the analysis of the components were employed to assess HPLC-ESI-QTOF (phenolic compounds), GC (fatty acids), and MALDI-TOF/TOF (proteins and peptides). The production of WBM was based on a hot water extraction process, and the production of BM-S includes an additional centrifugation step. The BN showed an interesting nutritional quality and outstanding content of unsaturated fatty acids. The investigation found the following in th...
Opuntia stricta var. Dillenii’s prickly pears are an underutilized fruit with a high content of b... more Opuntia stricta var. Dillenii’s prickly pears are an underutilized fruit with a high content of betalains and phenolic compounds that could bring potential health benefits for humans. The aim of this study is the optimization of the “green” extraction of betalains and phenolic compounds from Opuntia stricta var. Dillenii’s whole fruits by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), using a response surface methodology (RSM) by a central composite design (CCD) in order to obtain extracts rich in betalains and phenolic compounds with proven biological activities. For UAE optimization, the extraction temperature (20–50 °C), the amplitude (20–50%) and the ethanol volume in extraction solvent (15–80%, v/v) were selected as independent variables. All combinations were conducted at 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 min to determinate the time effect. The betalain and phenolic compound content in Opuntia stricta var. Dillenii’s whole fruits and UAE extracts were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS and HPLC-DAD-MS/QT...
HPP can be recommended as a suitable technology to retain or indeed increase antioxidant bioactiv... more HPP can be recommended as a suitable technology to retain or indeed increase antioxidant bioactives and their cytoprotective activity in Clementine mandarin juices after gastrointestinal digestion.
Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 2021
Carotenoids are versatile isoprenoids that are important in food quality and health promotion. Th... more Carotenoids are versatile isoprenoids that are important in food quality and health promotion. There is a need to establish recommended dietary intakes/nutritional reference values for carotenoids. Research on carotenoids in agro-food and health is being propelled by the two multidisciplinary international networks, the Ibero-American Network for the Study of Carotenoids as Functional Foods Ingredients (IBERCAROT; http://www.cyted.org ) and the European Network to Advance Carotenoid Research and Applications in Agro-Food and Health (EUROCAROTEN; http://www.eurocaroten.eu ). In this review, considerations for their safe and sustainable use in products mostly intended for health promotion are provided. Specifically, information about sources, intakes, and factors affecting bioavailability is summarized. Furthermore, their health-promoting actions and importance in public health in relation to the contribution of reducing the risk of diverse ailments are synthesized. Definitions and re...
Although prickly pear fruits have become an important part of the Canary diet, their native varie... more Although prickly pear fruits have become an important part of the Canary diet, their native varieties are yet to be characterized in terms of betalains and phenolic compounds. To exert potential health benefits, these antioxidants must be released from the food matrix and be stable in the gastrointestinal tract. Our aim was to characterize the betalain and phenolic profile of four prickly pear varieties from the Canary Islands (Spain) and determine their digestive stability and bioaccessibility via in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Digestive studies were performed considering the (i) importance of the edible fraction (pulps) and (ii) potential of fruit peels as by-products to obtain healthy ingredients. Betalains and phenolic profiles were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS and HPLC-DAD-MS/QTOF. Pulps in Colorada and Fresa varieties presented high indicaxanthin and betanin content, respectively. Despite low pH in the gastric phase, betalains were stable to reach the intestinal phase, al...
We examined the bioavailability of vitamin C in orange juice processed using high pressure (HP) a... more We examined the bioavailability of vitamin C in orange juice processed using high pressure (HP) and its effects on plasma levels of vitamin C, uric acid (UA), F2-isoprostanes (8-epiPGF(2alpha)), C-reactive protein (CRP) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in a healthy human population. Subjects (6 men, 6 women) enrolled in the study consumed 500 mL/d of HP orange juice for 14 d, corresponding to an intake of 250 mg of vitamin C. On d 1 of the study, subjects drank the juice in one dose; on d 2 until the end of the study, d 14, they drank 250 mL in the morning and 250 mL in the afternoon. Blood was collected every h for 6 h, on d 1, and then on d 7 and 14 of the study. Baseline plasma vitamin C concentration was higher (P = 0.014) in women (55.8 +/- 3.8 micro mol/L) than in men (42.8 +/- 2.1 micro mol/L). The maximum plasma vitamin C increase occurred 3 h after drinking the juice, and it remained elevated on d 7 and 14. Plasma 8-epiPGF(2alpha) concentration did not differ between men and...
Current evidence supports a significant association between fruit and vegetable intake and health... more Current evidence supports a significant association between fruit and vegetable intake and health. In this study, we assessed the effect of consuming a vegetable-soup "gazpacho" on vitamin C and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in a healthy human population. We also examined the association between vitamin C and F(2)-isoprostanes (8-epiPGF(2alpha)), uric acid (UA), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and the cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6. Gazpacho is a Mediterranean dish defined as a ready-to-use vegetable soup, containing approximately 80% crude vegetables rich in vitamin C. Subjects (6 men, 6 women) enrolled in this study consumed 500 mL/d of gazpacho corresponding to an intake of 72 mg of vitamin C. On d 1, subjects consumed the gazpacho in one dose; from d 2 until the end of the study, d 14, 250 mL was consumed in the morning and 250 mL in the afternoon. Blood w...
Flavanones are a group of flavonoids characteristic of citrus fruits that have been associated wi... more Flavanones are a group of flavonoids characteristic of citrus fruits that have been associated with hypocholesterolemic and antioxidative effects. Flavanones from oranges, mainly hesperetin and naringenin, have also been proved to be effective in the inhibition of chemically ...
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is a commercial processing technology which can enhance the healt... more High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is a commercial processing technology which can enhance the health potential of foods by improving the bioaccessibility of their bioactive compounds. Our aim was to study the bioaccessibility and digestive stability of phenolic compounds and betalains in prickly pear fruits (Opuntia ficus-indica L. Mill. var. Pelota and Sanguinos) treated with HHP (100, 350, and 600 MPa; come-up time and 5 min). The effects of HHP on pulps (edible fraction) and peels (sources of potential healthy ingredients) were assessed. In pulps, betanin bioaccessibility increased (+47% to +64%) when treated at 350 MPa/5 min. In HHP-treated pulps, increases in the bioaccessibility of piscidic acid (+67% to +176%) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid glycoside (+126% to 136%) were also observed. Isorhamnetin glycosides in peels treated at 600 MPa/CUT had higher bioaccessibility (+17% to +126%) than their controls. The effects of HHP on the bioaccessibility of health-promoting compounds are no...
The carotenoid profile of non-saponified and saponified extracts of different tissues (pulp and p... more The carotenoid profile of non-saponified and saponified extracts of different tissues (pulp and peel) of fruits of three new papaya varieties, Sweet Mary, Alicia, and Eksotika, was characterized for the first time, and almost all carotenoid compounds were quantified. Carotenoids and carotenoid esters were analyzed and characterized using HPLC-photo diode array (PDA-MS with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization with positive ion mode (APCI+) with a C30 reversed-phase column. The carotenoid deposition in collenchyma and chlorenchyma cells of papaya pulp and peel tissues was assessed by optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The most abundant carotenoids in the fruit of the three papaya varieties (pulp and peel) were (all-E)-lycopene (230.0–421.2 µg/100 g fresh weight), (all-E)-β-carotene (120.3–233.2 µg/100 g fresh weight), and (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin laurate (74.4–223.2 µg/100 g fresh weight. Moreover, high concentrations of (...
Carotenoids are health promoting compounds which bioavailability depends on their release from th... more Carotenoids are health promoting compounds which bioavailability depends on their release from the intracellular compartments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of different levels of pressure, time and temperature in High Hydrostatic Pressure-Assisted Extraction (HHPAE) processes, and the use of soybean and sunflower oils on the extraction yield of carotenoids present in papaya pulp and peel. . Papaya (pulp and peel) as source of carotenoids and soybean and sunflower oils as eco-friendly solvents were used. The effects of temperature, pressure and time (20–40 °C, 300–500 MPa and 2–8 min) on the carotenoid extraction yield were studied applying a central composite experimental design. Carotenoids and esters in papaya were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) and by spectrophotometric methods. The main carotenoids found in carotenoid-rich oils were (all- E )-lycopene, (13Z)-lycopene isomer, β-carotene, (all- E )-β-cryptoxanthin and xanthophyll esters as (all- E )-β-cryptoxanthin caprate, (all- E )-β-cryptoxanthin laurate and (all- E )-β-cryptoxanthin myristate. The optimal extraction condition was obtained at 400 MPa, 40.5 °C for 5 min, with the highest (all- E )-lycopene extraction yield (99.1%) from papaya pulp using soybean oil. The highest (all- E )-β-carotene (14.0%) and (all- E )-β-cryptoxanthin (19.3%) extraction yields were obtained from peel extracts at 500 MPa, 35 °C for 2 min using soybean oil and 400 MPa, 27.5 °C for 5 min using sunflower oil, respectively. The results showed that carotenoid extraction yields in papaya pulp and peel extracts were higher applying mild pressures (300–400 MPa). Low xanthophyll and xanthophyll esters extraction efficiency (0.8–3.1%) was observed due to the low polarity of the vegetable oils.
Fruit by-products are being investigated as non-conventional alternative sources of dietary fiber... more Fruit by-products are being investigated as non-conventional alternative sources of dietary fiber (DF). High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments have been used to modify DF content as well as its technological and physiological functionality. Orange, mango and prickly pear peels untreated (OU, MU and PPU) and HHP-treated at 600 MPa (OP/55 °C and 20 min, MP/22 °C and 10 min, PPP/55 °C and 10 min) were evaluated. Untreated and treated fruit peels were subjected to fecal in vitro fermentations. The neutral sugar composition and linkage glycosidic positions were related to the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) resulting from the fermentation of the materials. After HHP-treatments, changes from multibranched sugars to linear sugars were observed. After 24 h of fermentation, OP yielded the highest amount of SCFA followed by PPU and MP (389.4, 282.0 and 204.6 μmol/10 mg DF, respectively). HHP treatment increased the SCFA concentration of orange and mango peel by 7 and 10.3% re...
By-products from fruits and are of great interest for their potential use in the food industry du... more By-products from fruits and are of great interest for their potential use in the food industry due to their high content of bioactive compounds. Herein, we examined the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of carotenoid and carotenoid esters from papaya pulp and peel using soybean oil and sunflower oil as alternative green solvents. Response surface methodology (RSM) was established to optimize the UAE process. Three independent variables, ultrasonic amplitude (20–60%), time (10–60 min), and co-solvent percentage (ethanol) (5–20%, v/v), were applied. The highest total carotenoid content in the UAE extracts was obtained from papaya pulp extracts (58.7 ± 1.6 and 56.0 ± 1.5 μg carotenoids/g oil) using soybean oil and sunflower oil, respectively (60% amplitude/ 10 min/ 20% ethanol). On the other hand, the highest carotenoid content (52.0 ± 0.9 μg carotenoids/g oil) was obtained from papaya peel using soybean oil applying the UAE process (20% amplitude/ 77 min/ 20% ethanol); a minor cont...
The consumption of plant-based beverages is a growing trend and, consequently, the search for alt... more The consumption of plant-based beverages is a growing trend and, consequently, the search for alternative plant sources, the improvement of beverage quality and the use of their by-products, acquire great interest. Thus, the purpose of this work was to characterize the composition (nutrients, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity) of the Brazil nut (BN), its whole beverage (WBM), water-soluble beverage (BM-S), and its by-products of the beverage production: cake, sediment fraction (BM-D), and fat fraction (BM-F). In this study, advanced methodologies for the analysis of the components were employed to assess HPLC-ESI-QTOF (phenolic compounds), GC (fatty acids), and MALDI-TOF/TOF (proteins and peptides). The production of WBM was based on a hot water extraction process, and the production of BM-S includes an additional centrifugation step. The BN showed an interesting nutritional quality and outstanding content of unsaturated fatty acids. The investigation found the following in th...
Opuntia stricta var. Dillenii’s prickly pears are an underutilized fruit with a high content of b... more Opuntia stricta var. Dillenii’s prickly pears are an underutilized fruit with a high content of betalains and phenolic compounds that could bring potential health benefits for humans. The aim of this study is the optimization of the “green” extraction of betalains and phenolic compounds from Opuntia stricta var. Dillenii’s whole fruits by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), using a response surface methodology (RSM) by a central composite design (CCD) in order to obtain extracts rich in betalains and phenolic compounds with proven biological activities. For UAE optimization, the extraction temperature (20–50 °C), the amplitude (20–50%) and the ethanol volume in extraction solvent (15–80%, v/v) were selected as independent variables. All combinations were conducted at 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 min to determinate the time effect. The betalain and phenolic compound content in Opuntia stricta var. Dillenii’s whole fruits and UAE extracts were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS and HPLC-DAD-MS/QT...
HPP can be recommended as a suitable technology to retain or indeed increase antioxidant bioactiv... more HPP can be recommended as a suitable technology to retain or indeed increase antioxidant bioactives and their cytoprotective activity in Clementine mandarin juices after gastrointestinal digestion.
Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 2021
Carotenoids are versatile isoprenoids that are important in food quality and health promotion. Th... more Carotenoids are versatile isoprenoids that are important in food quality and health promotion. There is a need to establish recommended dietary intakes/nutritional reference values for carotenoids. Research on carotenoids in agro-food and health is being propelled by the two multidisciplinary international networks, the Ibero-American Network for the Study of Carotenoids as Functional Foods Ingredients (IBERCAROT; http://www.cyted.org ) and the European Network to Advance Carotenoid Research and Applications in Agro-Food and Health (EUROCAROTEN; http://www.eurocaroten.eu ). In this review, considerations for their safe and sustainable use in products mostly intended for health promotion are provided. Specifically, information about sources, intakes, and factors affecting bioavailability is summarized. Furthermore, their health-promoting actions and importance in public health in relation to the contribution of reducing the risk of diverse ailments are synthesized. Definitions and re...
Although prickly pear fruits have become an important part of the Canary diet, their native varie... more Although prickly pear fruits have become an important part of the Canary diet, their native varieties are yet to be characterized in terms of betalains and phenolic compounds. To exert potential health benefits, these antioxidants must be released from the food matrix and be stable in the gastrointestinal tract. Our aim was to characterize the betalain and phenolic profile of four prickly pear varieties from the Canary Islands (Spain) and determine their digestive stability and bioaccessibility via in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Digestive studies were performed considering the (i) importance of the edible fraction (pulps) and (ii) potential of fruit peels as by-products to obtain healthy ingredients. Betalains and phenolic profiles were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS and HPLC-DAD-MS/QTOF. Pulps in Colorada and Fresa varieties presented high indicaxanthin and betanin content, respectively. Despite low pH in the gastric phase, betalains were stable to reach the intestinal phase, al...
We examined the bioavailability of vitamin C in orange juice processed using high pressure (HP) a... more We examined the bioavailability of vitamin C in orange juice processed using high pressure (HP) and its effects on plasma levels of vitamin C, uric acid (UA), F2-isoprostanes (8-epiPGF(2alpha)), C-reactive protein (CRP) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in a healthy human population. Subjects (6 men, 6 women) enrolled in the study consumed 500 mL/d of HP orange juice for 14 d, corresponding to an intake of 250 mg of vitamin C. On d 1 of the study, subjects drank the juice in one dose; on d 2 until the end of the study, d 14, they drank 250 mL in the morning and 250 mL in the afternoon. Blood was collected every h for 6 h, on d 1, and then on d 7 and 14 of the study. Baseline plasma vitamin C concentration was higher (P = 0.014) in women (55.8 +/- 3.8 micro mol/L) than in men (42.8 +/- 2.1 micro mol/L). The maximum plasma vitamin C increase occurred 3 h after drinking the juice, and it remained elevated on d 7 and 14. Plasma 8-epiPGF(2alpha) concentration did not differ between men and...
Current evidence supports a significant association between fruit and vegetable intake and health... more Current evidence supports a significant association between fruit and vegetable intake and health. In this study, we assessed the effect of consuming a vegetable-soup "gazpacho" on vitamin C and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in a healthy human population. We also examined the association between vitamin C and F(2)-isoprostanes (8-epiPGF(2alpha)), uric acid (UA), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and the cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6. Gazpacho is a Mediterranean dish defined as a ready-to-use vegetable soup, containing approximately 80% crude vegetables rich in vitamin C. Subjects (6 men, 6 women) enrolled in this study consumed 500 mL/d of gazpacho corresponding to an intake of 72 mg of vitamin C. On d 1, subjects consumed the gazpacho in one dose; from d 2 until the end of the study, d 14, 250 mL was consumed in the morning and 250 mL in the afternoon. Blood w...
Flavanones are a group of flavonoids characteristic of citrus fruits that have been associated wi... more Flavanones are a group of flavonoids characteristic of citrus fruits that have been associated with hypocholesterolemic and antioxidative effects. Flavanones from oranges, mainly hesperetin and naringenin, have also been proved to be effective in the inhibition of chemically ...
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is a commercial processing technology which can enhance the healt... more High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is a commercial processing technology which can enhance the health potential of foods by improving the bioaccessibility of their bioactive compounds. Our aim was to study the bioaccessibility and digestive stability of phenolic compounds and betalains in prickly pear fruits (Opuntia ficus-indica L. Mill. var. Pelota and Sanguinos) treated with HHP (100, 350, and 600 MPa; come-up time and 5 min). The effects of HHP on pulps (edible fraction) and peels (sources of potential healthy ingredients) were assessed. In pulps, betanin bioaccessibility increased (+47% to +64%) when treated at 350 MPa/5 min. In HHP-treated pulps, increases in the bioaccessibility of piscidic acid (+67% to +176%) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid glycoside (+126% to 136%) were also observed. Isorhamnetin glycosides in peels treated at 600 MPa/CUT had higher bioaccessibility (+17% to +126%) than their controls. The effects of HHP on the bioaccessibility of health-promoting compounds are no...
The carotenoid profile of non-saponified and saponified extracts of different tissues (pulp and p... more The carotenoid profile of non-saponified and saponified extracts of different tissues (pulp and peel) of fruits of three new papaya varieties, Sweet Mary, Alicia, and Eksotika, was characterized for the first time, and almost all carotenoid compounds were quantified. Carotenoids and carotenoid esters were analyzed and characterized using HPLC-photo diode array (PDA-MS with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization with positive ion mode (APCI+) with a C30 reversed-phase column. The carotenoid deposition in collenchyma and chlorenchyma cells of papaya pulp and peel tissues was assessed by optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The most abundant carotenoids in the fruit of the three papaya varieties (pulp and peel) were (all-E)-lycopene (230.0–421.2 µg/100 g fresh weight), (all-E)-β-carotene (120.3–233.2 µg/100 g fresh weight), and (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin laurate (74.4–223.2 µg/100 g fresh weight. Moreover, high concentrations of (...
Carotenoids are health promoting compounds which bioavailability depends on their release from th... more Carotenoids are health promoting compounds which bioavailability depends on their release from the intracellular compartments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of different levels of pressure, time and temperature in High Hydrostatic Pressure-Assisted Extraction (HHPAE) processes, and the use of soybean and sunflower oils on the extraction yield of carotenoids present in papaya pulp and peel. . Papaya (pulp and peel) as source of carotenoids and soybean and sunflower oils as eco-friendly solvents were used. The effects of temperature, pressure and time (20–40 °C, 300–500 MPa and 2–8 min) on the carotenoid extraction yield were studied applying a central composite experimental design. Carotenoids and esters in papaya were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) and by spectrophotometric methods. The main carotenoids found in carotenoid-rich oils were (all- E )-lycopene, (13Z)-lycopene isomer, β-carotene, (all- E )-β-cryptoxanthin and xanthophyll esters as (all- E )-β-cryptoxanthin caprate, (all- E )-β-cryptoxanthin laurate and (all- E )-β-cryptoxanthin myristate. The optimal extraction condition was obtained at 400 MPa, 40.5 °C for 5 min, with the highest (all- E )-lycopene extraction yield (99.1%) from papaya pulp using soybean oil. The highest (all- E )-β-carotene (14.0%) and (all- E )-β-cryptoxanthin (19.3%) extraction yields were obtained from peel extracts at 500 MPa, 35 °C for 2 min using soybean oil and 400 MPa, 27.5 °C for 5 min using sunflower oil, respectively. The results showed that carotenoid extraction yields in papaya pulp and peel extracts were higher applying mild pressures (300–400 MPa). Low xanthophyll and xanthophyll esters extraction efficiency (0.8–3.1%) was observed due to the low polarity of the vegetable oils.
Fruit by-products are being investigated as non-conventional alternative sources of dietary fiber... more Fruit by-products are being investigated as non-conventional alternative sources of dietary fiber (DF). High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments have been used to modify DF content as well as its technological and physiological functionality. Orange, mango and prickly pear peels untreated (OU, MU and PPU) and HHP-treated at 600 MPa (OP/55 °C and 20 min, MP/22 °C and 10 min, PPP/55 °C and 10 min) were evaluated. Untreated and treated fruit peels were subjected to fecal in vitro fermentations. The neutral sugar composition and linkage glycosidic positions were related to the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) resulting from the fermentation of the materials. After HHP-treatments, changes from multibranched sugars to linear sugars were observed. After 24 h of fermentation, OP yielded the highest amount of SCFA followed by PPU and MP (389.4, 282.0 and 204.6 μmol/10 mg DF, respectively). HHP treatment increased the SCFA concentration of orange and mango peel by 7 and 10.3% re...
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