The use of imatinib has brought a standard shift in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia (C... more The use of imatinib has brought a standard shift in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during the last two decades. In India, imatinib has been available for more than fifteen years and has been made available all over the country due to patient assistance programs and cheaper generic versions. Despite improvements in survival of CML patients, there are unique challenges in the Indian context. Indian patients present with more advanced disease. Most centers have access to imatinib as first-line therapy, but there is limited availability of molecular monitoring and second-line therapy. Most of the outcome data is retrospective and comparable with that reported in Western centers. Drug adherence is impaired in at least one third of patients and contributes to poor survival. The aim of this review is to highlight the fact that prospective studies and cooperative studies are very much needed to improve the quality of data available on Indian CML patients.
Introduction: Wnt signaling pathway is often dysregulated in the pathogenesis of various malignan... more Introduction: Wnt signaling pathway is often dysregulated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies, including breast cancer. This might be related to methylation of the genes encoding antagonists of this signaling pathway. Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the methylation status of the promoter regions of Wnt antagonists-secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP1) and Dickkopf 3 (DKK3) and to determine their correlation with clinicopathological parameters and survival outcome in patients with primary invasive ductal breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The methylation status of sFRP1 and DKK3 was analyzed in 160 breast tumor samples using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. P ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The promoter region of sFRP1 and DKK3 genes was found to be methylated in 76% and 64% of total invasive ductal breast cancer patients, respectively. The promoter methylation in sFRP1 and DKK3 genes was significantly associated with larger tumor size, positive lymph nodes, advanced stage, and perinodal extension of breast tumors. Further, sFRP1 methylation was associated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive tumors while DKK3 methylation was associated with Grade 3 tumors. Survival analysis demonstrated that sFRP1 methylation was correlated with reduced overall survival in breast cancer patients. Conclusion: Promoter methylation of Wnt pathway antagonists is frequent in breast cancer ultimately leading to probable upregulation of the pathway in these tumors. Hence, sFRP1 and DKK3 methylation may be used as a valuable biomarker in clinical breast cancer management.
Robertsonian translocation is one of the major chromosomal rearrangements with an incidence rate ... more Robertsonian translocation is one of the major chromosomal rearrangements with an incidence rate of 0.1% of the general population. The current study presents a novel case of 18 years old male with complaint of high-grade fever was admitted at The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Ahmedabad, India for treatment. Molecular cytogenetic study revealed sole constitutional nonhomologous Robertsonian translocation rob (14; 15) (q10:q10) in a B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. The constitutional translocation might be associated with a degree of genetic instability within the probability of somatic cytogenetic changes leading to hematopoietic disorders and neoplasia. Thus, present case report therefore support the hypothesis of increased susceptibility of rob (14; 15) carriers to leukemia. However prognostic significance of constitutional cytogenetic abnormalities in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia has remained a matter of debate.
Identification of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) has con... more Identification of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) has contributed substantially to our current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis underlying leukemogenesis, and risk-stratification. Based on molecular abnormalities both influences treatment strategies and aids in determining prognosis. While over 300 established mutations have been documented in AML, the enhanced availability of genetic analysis and the increase in awareness of uncommon chromosomal translocations have made it possible for rare, apparently unique translocations to become recognized and to ultimately gain prognostic significance. Hence, we present a case of AML with a novel, t(4;8) involving breakpoints previously undescribed. Although the patient required second induction, first remission was ultimately achieved. While the prognostic significance of this translocation is not fully elucidated, it is our hope that documentation of this patient’s presentation will help to...
This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-C... more This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC) (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. For commercial reuse, contact reprints@pulsus.com C (CMML) is a clonal stem cell disorder and shows overlapping features of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) and MyeloProliferative Neoplasm (MPN). There is an inherent tendancy to transform to Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML ~ 30%) and CMML often results in peripheral blood monocytosis. Molecular and epigenetic abnormalities are seen in 49%. Cytogenic changes with clonal abnormalities are observed in 30% of cases. There are two subtypes of CMML–CMML 1 (05% circulating blasts and 10% bone marrow blasts) and CMML-2 (5-19% circulating blasts, 10– 19%). About 30% of patients showed clonal cytogenetic ...
Journal of the Association of Genetic Technologists, 2019
OBJECTIVES Up to 90% of cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are myeloproliferative disorders ... more OBJECTIVES Up to 90% of cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are myeloproliferative disorders characterized by a Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome with a classical t(9;22)(q34;q11). Of all CML patients, 5-10% show variant Philadelphia translocations (vPh) and are an area of research interest for their significance in predicting response to various therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors. They are also being studied for prognosticating multi-year survival outcomes in varied patient populations, with conflicting results. We included 238 patients for conventional cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization study from January 2018 to October 2018. Patients with vPh in CML-Chronic Phase (CML-CP) were analyzed with respect to their demographic parameters, response to imatinib therapy, and survival. Out of 238 patients diagnosed with CML-CP, 8 patients (3.3%) showed vPh. The most common chromosomes involved in these translocations were 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11 and 12. In almost all t...
Journal of the Association of Genetic Technologists, 2019
OBJECTIVES The use of imatinib has brought a standard shift in the management of chronic myeloid ... more OBJECTIVES The use of imatinib has brought a standard shift in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during the last two decades. In India, imatinib has been available for more than fifteen years and has been made available all over the country due to patient assistance programs and cheaper generic versions. Despite improvements in survival of CML patients, there are unique challenges in the Indian context. Indian patients present with more advanced disease. Most centers have access to imatinib as first-line therapy, but there is limited availability of molecular monitoring and second-line therapy. Most of the outcome data is retrospective and comparable with that reported in Western centers. Drug adherence is impaired in at least one third of patients and contributes to poor survival. The aim of this review is to highlight the fact that prospective studies and cooperative studies are very much needed to improve the quality of data available on Indian CML patients.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) is cytogenetically characterized by t(15;17) (q22;q21), which... more Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) is cytogenetically characterized by t(15;17) (q22;q21), which results in the fusion of PML gene at 15q22 with the retinoic acid α-receptor (RARα) gene at 17q21. The current study presents the case of a 50-yearold female with rare cytogenetic abnormality. The patient carrying the typical PML/RARα fusion in addition inv(11) (p15q13) revealed by whole chromosome painting fluorescent in situ hybridization. We propose that the study of additional cytogenetic abnormality in APML would contribute to the clinical decisions for selection between all-trans retinoic acid and cytotoxic agents. It would be of interest to correlate additional cytogenetic abnormalities other than PML-RARα with disease grade and prognosis of the patients.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the generation of various blood cell lineages... more Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the generation of various blood cell lineages, characterized by self-renewal property. Deregulation and differentiation of blood cells leads to leukemogenesis. In the present review, we mark out the emerging role of Wnt signaling as a critical regulator of distinct aspects of self-renewal and differentiation and importance of targeting the pathway to inhibit leukemia development. Aberrant activation of Wnt signaling and downstream effectors have been demonstrated in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Moreover, the chimeric transcription factors such as promyelocytic leukemiaretinoic acid receptor-α (PML-RARAα), promyelocytic zink finger protein (PLZF-RARα) and AML-ETO that are observed to play role in AML which induce downstream Wnt signaling events. Various studies suggest that AML associated fusion proteins contribute to leukemogenesis by enhancing selfrenewal and inducing plakoglobin expression, activating the Wnt signaling pathway. ...
Introduction: Wnt signaling pathway is often dysregulated in the pathogenesis of various malignan... more Introduction: Wnt signaling pathway is often dysregulated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies, including breast cancer. This might be related to methylation of the genes encoding antagonists of this signaling pathway. Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the methylation status of the promoter regions of Wnt antagonists-secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP1) and Dickkopf 3 (DKK3) and to determine their correlation with clinicopathological parameters and survival outcome in patients with primary invasive ductal breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The methylation status of sFRP1 and DKK3 was analyzed in 160 breast tumor samples using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. P ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The promoter region of sFRP1 and DKK3 genes was found to be methylated in 76% and 64% of total invasive ductal breast cancer patients, respectively. The promoter methylation in sFRP1 and DKK3 genes was significantly associated with larger tumor size, positive lymph nodes, advanced stage, and perinodal extension of breast tumors. Further, sFRP1 methylation was associated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive tumors while DKK3 methylation was associated with Grade 3 tumors. Survival analysis demonstrated that sFRP1 methylation was correlated with reduced overall survival in breast cancer patients. Conclusion: Promoter methylation of Wnt pathway antagonists is frequent in breast cancer ultimately leading to probable upregulation of the pathway in these tumors. Hence, sFRP1 and DKK3 methylation may be used as a valuable biomarker in clinical breast cancer management.
Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the protein expression of interleukin 18 (IL-18) in pati... more Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the protein expression of interleukin 18 (IL-18) in patients with untreated breast cancer and further to evaluate its clinical efficacy in predicting treatment outcome. Methods: In the present study, a total of 50 untreated patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of breast were included in the study. Expression of IL-18 was studied by immunohistochemistry method. Statistical analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences statistical software and P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Seventy-two percent of the breast cancer patients showed the presence of cytoplasmic and/or nuclear IL-18 immunoreactivity. IL-18 expression was significantly and positively correlated with the stromal response (χ2 = 3.97, r = 0.282, P = 0.044). Further, the IL-18 immunoreactivity was significantly higher in patients with HER2 amplification as compared to luminal B (χ2 = 2.82, r = −0.523, P = 0.047) breast cancer patients. Moreover, a trend of increased IL-18 expression was observed in estrogen/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) negative patients as compared to ER/PR positive patients (χ2 = 3.41, r = −0.282, P = 0.066). Conclusion: IL-18 could be used as a potential predictive marker and guide clinicians for recommendations to newer treatment. It might serve as a potential therapeutic target to establish novel treatment approaches along with the current treatment protocol used.
Cancer development and progression as well as tumor recurrence are largely due to the presence of... more Cancer development and progression as well as tumor recurrence are largely due to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are maintained through various pathways. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is the fundamental pathway, which when deregulated leads to tumor development by sustaining CSC population. Along with the upregulation of its various components, Wnt pathway is highly active in cancer cells resulting in increased expression of the target genes. In breast cancer condition, convincing results are available wherein the Wnt pathway activation in breast cancer cells increases the cell motility while its blockade suppresses their aggressive behavior in vitro. Further, numerous reports on breast cancer patients have documented the importance of activation of Wnt pathway and its components to an extent that the regulation can be exploited therapeutically with promising results. In addition, recent research has laid emphasis on the significance of Wnt pathway in the triple-negative breast cancer, a molecular subtype of breast cancer, which lacks targeted therapy till date. Hence, understanding of Wnt signaling and its targeting to treat such patients can be an assuring approach.
The use of imatinib has brought a standard shift in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia (C... more The use of imatinib has brought a standard shift in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during the last two decades. In India, imatinib has been available for more than fifteen years and has been made available all over the country due to patient assistance programs and cheaper generic versions. Despite improvements in survival of CML patients, there are unique challenges in the Indian context. Indian patients present with more advanced disease. Most centers have access to imatinib as first-line therapy, but there is limited availability of molecular monitoring and second-line therapy. Most of the outcome data is retrospective and comparable with that reported in Western centers. Drug adherence is impaired in at least one third of patients and contributes to poor survival. The aim of this review is to highlight the fact that prospective studies and cooperative studies are very much needed to improve the quality of data available on Indian CML patients.
Introduction: Wnt signaling pathway is often dysregulated in the pathogenesis of various malignan... more Introduction: Wnt signaling pathway is often dysregulated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies, including breast cancer. This might be related to methylation of the genes encoding antagonists of this signaling pathway. Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the methylation status of the promoter regions of Wnt antagonists-secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP1) and Dickkopf 3 (DKK3) and to determine their correlation with clinicopathological parameters and survival outcome in patients with primary invasive ductal breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The methylation status of sFRP1 and DKK3 was analyzed in 160 breast tumor samples using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. P ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The promoter region of sFRP1 and DKK3 genes was found to be methylated in 76% and 64% of total invasive ductal breast cancer patients, respectively. The promoter methylation in sFRP1 and DKK3 genes was significantly associated with larger tumor size, positive lymph nodes, advanced stage, and perinodal extension of breast tumors. Further, sFRP1 methylation was associated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive tumors while DKK3 methylation was associated with Grade 3 tumors. Survival analysis demonstrated that sFRP1 methylation was correlated with reduced overall survival in breast cancer patients. Conclusion: Promoter methylation of Wnt pathway antagonists is frequent in breast cancer ultimately leading to probable upregulation of the pathway in these tumors. Hence, sFRP1 and DKK3 methylation may be used as a valuable biomarker in clinical breast cancer management.
Robertsonian translocation is one of the major chromosomal rearrangements with an incidence rate ... more Robertsonian translocation is one of the major chromosomal rearrangements with an incidence rate of 0.1% of the general population. The current study presents a novel case of 18 years old male with complaint of high-grade fever was admitted at The Gujarat Cancer & Research Institute, Ahmedabad, India for treatment. Molecular cytogenetic study revealed sole constitutional nonhomologous Robertsonian translocation rob (14; 15) (q10:q10) in a B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. The constitutional translocation might be associated with a degree of genetic instability within the probability of somatic cytogenetic changes leading to hematopoietic disorders and neoplasia. Thus, present case report therefore support the hypothesis of increased susceptibility of rob (14; 15) carriers to leukemia. However prognostic significance of constitutional cytogenetic abnormalities in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia has remained a matter of debate.
Identification of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) has con... more Identification of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) has contributed substantially to our current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis underlying leukemogenesis, and risk-stratification. Based on molecular abnormalities both influences treatment strategies and aids in determining prognosis. While over 300 established mutations have been documented in AML, the enhanced availability of genetic analysis and the increase in awareness of uncommon chromosomal translocations have made it possible for rare, apparently unique translocations to become recognized and to ultimately gain prognostic significance. Hence, we present a case of AML with a novel, t(4;8) involving breakpoints previously undescribed. Although the patient required second induction, first remission was ultimately achieved. While the prognostic significance of this translocation is not fully elucidated, it is our hope that documentation of this patient’s presentation will help to...
This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-C... more This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC) (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. For commercial reuse, contact reprints@pulsus.com C (CMML) is a clonal stem cell disorder and shows overlapping features of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) and MyeloProliferative Neoplasm (MPN). There is an inherent tendancy to transform to Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML ~ 30%) and CMML often results in peripheral blood monocytosis. Molecular and epigenetic abnormalities are seen in 49%. Cytogenic changes with clonal abnormalities are observed in 30% of cases. There are two subtypes of CMML–CMML 1 (05% circulating blasts and 10% bone marrow blasts) and CMML-2 (5-19% circulating blasts, 10– 19%). About 30% of patients showed clonal cytogenetic ...
Journal of the Association of Genetic Technologists, 2019
OBJECTIVES Up to 90% of cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are myeloproliferative disorders ... more OBJECTIVES Up to 90% of cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are myeloproliferative disorders characterized by a Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome with a classical t(9;22)(q34;q11). Of all CML patients, 5-10% show variant Philadelphia translocations (vPh) and are an area of research interest for their significance in predicting response to various therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors. They are also being studied for prognosticating multi-year survival outcomes in varied patient populations, with conflicting results. We included 238 patients for conventional cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization study from January 2018 to October 2018. Patients with vPh in CML-Chronic Phase (CML-CP) were analyzed with respect to their demographic parameters, response to imatinib therapy, and survival. Out of 238 patients diagnosed with CML-CP, 8 patients (3.3%) showed vPh. The most common chromosomes involved in these translocations were 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11 and 12. In almost all t...
Journal of the Association of Genetic Technologists, 2019
OBJECTIVES The use of imatinib has brought a standard shift in the management of chronic myeloid ... more OBJECTIVES The use of imatinib has brought a standard shift in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during the last two decades. In India, imatinib has been available for more than fifteen years and has been made available all over the country due to patient assistance programs and cheaper generic versions. Despite improvements in survival of CML patients, there are unique challenges in the Indian context. Indian patients present with more advanced disease. Most centers have access to imatinib as first-line therapy, but there is limited availability of molecular monitoring and second-line therapy. Most of the outcome data is retrospective and comparable with that reported in Western centers. Drug adherence is impaired in at least one third of patients and contributes to poor survival. The aim of this review is to highlight the fact that prospective studies and cooperative studies are very much needed to improve the quality of data available on Indian CML patients.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) is cytogenetically characterized by t(15;17) (q22;q21), which... more Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) is cytogenetically characterized by t(15;17) (q22;q21), which results in the fusion of PML gene at 15q22 with the retinoic acid α-receptor (RARα) gene at 17q21. The current study presents the case of a 50-yearold female with rare cytogenetic abnormality. The patient carrying the typical PML/RARα fusion in addition inv(11) (p15q13) revealed by whole chromosome painting fluorescent in situ hybridization. We propose that the study of additional cytogenetic abnormality in APML would contribute to the clinical decisions for selection between all-trans retinoic acid and cytotoxic agents. It would be of interest to correlate additional cytogenetic abnormalities other than PML-RARα with disease grade and prognosis of the patients.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the generation of various blood cell lineages... more Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the generation of various blood cell lineages, characterized by self-renewal property. Deregulation and differentiation of blood cells leads to leukemogenesis. In the present review, we mark out the emerging role of Wnt signaling as a critical regulator of distinct aspects of self-renewal and differentiation and importance of targeting the pathway to inhibit leukemia development. Aberrant activation of Wnt signaling and downstream effectors have been demonstrated in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Moreover, the chimeric transcription factors such as promyelocytic leukemiaretinoic acid receptor-α (PML-RARAα), promyelocytic zink finger protein (PLZF-RARα) and AML-ETO that are observed to play role in AML which induce downstream Wnt signaling events. Various studies suggest that AML associated fusion proteins contribute to leukemogenesis by enhancing selfrenewal and inducing plakoglobin expression, activating the Wnt signaling pathway. ...
Introduction: Wnt signaling pathway is often dysregulated in the pathogenesis of various malignan... more Introduction: Wnt signaling pathway is often dysregulated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies, including breast cancer. This might be related to methylation of the genes encoding antagonists of this signaling pathway. Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the methylation status of the promoter regions of Wnt antagonists-secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP1) and Dickkopf 3 (DKK3) and to determine their correlation with clinicopathological parameters and survival outcome in patients with primary invasive ductal breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The methylation status of sFRP1 and DKK3 was analyzed in 160 breast tumor samples using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. P ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The promoter region of sFRP1 and DKK3 genes was found to be methylated in 76% and 64% of total invasive ductal breast cancer patients, respectively. The promoter methylation in sFRP1 and DKK3 genes was significantly associated with larger tumor size, positive lymph nodes, advanced stage, and perinodal extension of breast tumors. Further, sFRP1 methylation was associated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive tumors while DKK3 methylation was associated with Grade 3 tumors. Survival analysis demonstrated that sFRP1 methylation was correlated with reduced overall survival in breast cancer patients. Conclusion: Promoter methylation of Wnt pathway antagonists is frequent in breast cancer ultimately leading to probable upregulation of the pathway in these tumors. Hence, sFRP1 and DKK3 methylation may be used as a valuable biomarker in clinical breast cancer management.
Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the protein expression of interleukin 18 (IL-18) in pati... more Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the protein expression of interleukin 18 (IL-18) in patients with untreated breast cancer and further to evaluate its clinical efficacy in predicting treatment outcome. Methods: In the present study, a total of 50 untreated patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of breast were included in the study. Expression of IL-18 was studied by immunohistochemistry method. Statistical analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences statistical software and P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Seventy-two percent of the breast cancer patients showed the presence of cytoplasmic and/or nuclear IL-18 immunoreactivity. IL-18 expression was significantly and positively correlated with the stromal response (χ2 = 3.97, r = 0.282, P = 0.044). Further, the IL-18 immunoreactivity was significantly higher in patients with HER2 amplification as compared to luminal B (χ2 = 2.82, r = −0.523, P = 0.047) breast cancer patients. Moreover, a trend of increased IL-18 expression was observed in estrogen/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) negative patients as compared to ER/PR positive patients (χ2 = 3.41, r = −0.282, P = 0.066). Conclusion: IL-18 could be used as a potential predictive marker and guide clinicians for recommendations to newer treatment. It might serve as a potential therapeutic target to establish novel treatment approaches along with the current treatment protocol used.
Cancer development and progression as well as tumor recurrence are largely due to the presence of... more Cancer development and progression as well as tumor recurrence are largely due to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are maintained through various pathways. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is the fundamental pathway, which when deregulated leads to tumor development by sustaining CSC population. Along with the upregulation of its various components, Wnt pathway is highly active in cancer cells resulting in increased expression of the target genes. In breast cancer condition, convincing results are available wherein the Wnt pathway activation in breast cancer cells increases the cell motility while its blockade suppresses their aggressive behavior in vitro. Further, numerous reports on breast cancer patients have documented the importance of activation of Wnt pathway and its components to an extent that the regulation can be exploited therapeutically with promising results. In addition, recent research has laid emphasis on the significance of Wnt pathway in the triple-negative breast cancer, a molecular subtype of breast cancer, which lacks targeted therapy till date. Hence, understanding of Wnt signaling and its targeting to treat such patients can be an assuring approach.
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