IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Dec 31, 2023
In the 2000s, the liberalization of the rail markets for freight and passenger travel opened up t... more In the 2000s, the liberalization of the rail markets for freight and passenger travel opened up the competition. Nowadays, local, regional, and long-distance passenger rail are gradually following suit. As a consequence of the paradigm of realizing smart and sustainable cities, the operators of local railway infrastructures (i.e., metro, light railway, and commuter) are studying strategies to improve the energy efficiency of the overall system. The operators are thus involved in renewing technological infrastructures and examining new operation models for coordinating the motion of the trains fleet. With this regard, the present work proposes a timetable adjustment approach to reduce energy consumption in metro rail transit systems. In addition, a centralized control strategy to manage the output voltage of Traction Power Substations (TPSs), train regenerative power, and charge/discharge power profiles of off-board Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) is proposed. The approach is based on a two-step procedure aimed at optimally allocating the layover time among the train stops. This approach is formulated as an optimization problem, which consider the adopted control strategy, because of the correlation between control actions and timetable. Numerical examples have been carried out based on the real data from metro line 1 of Naples, (Italy). The results highlight the capability of the strategy to achieve relevant results in terms of energy saving. In addition, the advantages introduced by the proposed centralized control strategy are emphasized through a comparison with the conventional local control strategy.
This paper proposes a procedure for detecting the optimal speed profile of a metro vehicle. The p... more This paper proposes a procedure for detecting the optimal speed profile of a metro vehicle. The proposed approach provides an energy-efficient driving in terms of optimal speed profile. The speed profile is obtained through the solution of a single objective optimization problem based on the minimization of the train energy consumption while satisfying specified technical and operating constraints. Advantages obtainable through recovery of energy are also taken into account. The proposed procedure was applied to an actual urban railway system and the results compared to those obtained through an operation strategy based on the maximization of the vehicle performances.
This paper examines the management of ship power systems equipped by energy storage systems. Ener... more This paper examines the management of ship power systems equipped by energy storage systems. Energy storage in the on-board power system can increase the efficiency of prime movers in order to reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. In this paper, a management strategy for the on-board electrical network is proposed. The strategy optimally balances the charge/discharge of the storage device, the power of the generation system, the loads’ demand of hotels, auxiliaries, and electrical machineries used for propulsion and maneuvering purposes. The optimal approach aims at minimizing the fuel consumption, while technical constraints of the on-board system are considered in terms of both generation system and energy storage system. A case study of a real off-shore supply vessel is proposed. The results of the numerical application are discussed showing the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
2021 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)
Due to the liberalization of the railway sector, Railway System Operators (RSOs) are involved in ... more Due to the liberalization of the railway sector, Railway System Operators (RSOs) are involved in the renewal of railway systems in terms of both technological and managing improvements. They are evaluating how new strategies can improve energy efficiency and operating sustainability. This paper proposes the optimal management of a fleet of metro trains in terms of power key performance indicator (KPI). To control the regularity of the railway service assuming a constant Headway value, there were examined how the optimal assignment of the Layover time between the two terminal stops can be managed concerning the maximum power requirements at the Traction Power Substations (TPSs). The numerical application focused on the traction power system of Metro Line 1 of Naples (Italy). The results highlighted the evaluation of the power peaks required to the distribution grid as a function of the Layover time assignment.
2018 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC), 2018
This paper focuses on three alternative railway systems (i.e., railway, urban metro and city tram... more This paper focuses on three alternative railway systems (i.e., railway, urban metro and city tram). An approach to assess the size of an on-board energy storage unit is proposed. The unit is designed to supply the three trains along a catenary-free track. The equations of motion are formulated in a common case. The approach solves the system of equations by means of an optimization procedure where a set of constraints on the representative variables is assigned. Service duty cycle and energy requirements are characteristics of the three alternative systems. The results of the numerical simulations focus on the design of a battery-based storage unit to be equipped in the rolling stock vehicles. Specifically, the performance required to the storage units in the three alternative configurations are investigated and compared. Some final notes pointed out the impact of the design constraints on the unit sizing.
2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 2018
HV cables have a significant role in linking power sources and loads in electrical grids. The foc... more HV cables have a significant role in linking power sources and loads in electrical grids. The focus of this paper is on studying the thermal processes acting in a HV XLPE power cable, by using a matrix approach and taking into account the whole cable system, with all its layers. The work defines an approach, which, in presence of uncertainty, can be used to characterize the heat transfers between the cable layers. The approach is used in this paper to examine the loading transient phase over an interval of 60 minutes. A sensitivity analysis involving the parameters of each cable layer is carried out. The model is validated by using the results of a laboratory test. The optimal parameter fitting is also carried out.
2018 IEEE International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS), 2018
HV cables have a significant role in linking power sources and loads in electrical grids. The aim... more HV cables have a significant role in linking power sources and loads in electrical grids. The aim of the present paper is the study of the thermal processes acting in a HV XLPE power cable by means of a probabilistic characterization. A matrix approach is used, which takes into account both the whole layers of the cable system and the uncertainty of the layers's parameters. Both, short (60 minutes) and long (120 minutes) cable loading transients are analyzed. Uncertainty is characterized by means of Monte Carlo method, using uniform pdfs. A sensitivity analysis involving the parameters of the cable layers is carried out. The studies are validated by using the results of laboratory tests. A discussion on the optimal parameter fitting is also carried out.
2019 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT), 2019
The growing commercialization of electric vehicles, supported by both interest of international ‘... more The growing commercialization of electric vehicles, supported by both interest of international ‘car-makers’ and incentive policies for electric mobility, is forcing a change in the perception of using electric vehicles by end-users. This scenario together with the research in reducing the charging time implies the growth of the electricity demand curve in the locations where top-up supply services are designed to be realized. This paper proposes an approach to determine the hourly power demand of an ultra-fast charging station based on statistical data on plug in electric vehicles' requirements and traffic information. The approach is based on an analytical probabilistic procedure whose independent variables are considered random variables. By assigning means and variances of the input random variables, the procedure proposes to calculate the output power requirement by means of an analytical probabilistic approach. This approach assesses mean and variance values of the aggregate demand of the charging station.
This paper proposes a frequency analysis of the High-Speed Railway System. The analysis focuses o... more This paper proposes a frequency analysis of the High-Speed Railway System. The analysis focuses on the currents flowing into the system's conductors when a harmonic source is applied. Different power line configurations are observed with the aim of verifying the potential presence of resonance frequencies in the range Hz. These last indeed could be interference signals for system internal equipment and other external proximity victim circuits.
This paper focuses on the performance analysis of the corrosion protection system of HV power cab... more This paper focuses on the performance analysis of the corrosion protection system of HV power cables for undersea applications. The aim of the work is to describe the relations between the main electrical parameters affecting the electric potential distribution in the cable layers and in the surrounding medium, when an active cathodic protection (CP) arrangement is used. In particular, the analysis focuses on the design of an active CP for reducing corrosion phenomena of the cable metallic shield. This study is based on a 2D analytical approach supported by a detailed 3D finite element analysis (FEM). It gives evidence to the relation between the electrical variables and the design criteria of the active cathodic protection system.
SPEEDAM 2008 - International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, 2008
AbstractThe indirect lightning performances of distribution lines are related to two main aspect... more AbstractThe indirect lightning performances of distribution lines are related to two main aspects: the induced overvoltages calculation and the statistical treatment of the obtained results. In the paper, both the aspects are treated. In particular, an exact closed form ...
In the field of innovative power sources, photovoltaic are playing an important role as new clean... more In the field of innovative power sources, photovoltaic are playing an important role as new clean energy generators. The performances being dependent on instantaneous weather condition, photovoltaic sources are usually equipped with an auxiliary energy storage ...
IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification
The operators of the railway industry (i.e., Traction System and Railway System Operators) are cu... more The operators of the railway industry (i.e., Traction System and Railway System Operators) are currently involved in a major process of energy transition. Aimed at improving both environmental sustainability and energy efficiency, technological infrastructures are being updated and new operating solutions studied. Moreover, the business opportunities offered by the new rail market are forcing operators to search for power quality solutions. In this paper, an efficiency strategy is proposed for optimally moving a fleet of trains while taking power quality indices into account. A method to relate the traction power requirements to the electrical variables of the railway infrastructure is formulated in terms of the power flow approach. Our numerical simulations focus on the real case of the Metro Line 1 in the southern Italian city of Naples. The energy problem of moving the trains on the track is solved by including a set of constraints at the point of common interaction between railway market operators. Specifically, repetitive train starts and their speed profiles are optimally managed in terms of power requirements at traction power substations by using power quality constraints. This strategy allows improvements in energy efficiency without compromising the quality of the railway service. Keywords: Optimal approach, power constraint, power flow, railway industry market, traction power system, train requirements.
2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2020
Today, electrified railway systems are involved in renewal processes, which address vehicles, way... more Today, electrified railway systems are involved in renewal processes, which address vehicles, wayside infrastructure and management of fleet of rolling stocks. Railway System Operators (RSOs) test how novel and innovative strategies impact of their own systems in order to reach energy efficiency targets. Due to the intrinsic interaction between the railway traction system and its primary grid, the feasibility of each innovative strategy has to be evaluated in terms of energy and power not only on the railway traction system, but also on its feeding grid. In the actual context forced by the constraint of Covit-19 virus, one of the more relevant strategies applied to urban railway systems is to operate the railway traction system with reduced values of headway. This strategy, which forces repetitive starts, in some cases contemporaneous, of rolling stocks, can produce severe voltage drops on the primary distribution grid. This paper proposes of examining the motion of a fleet of metro...
Electrified railway systems are the current focus of energy efficiency studies due to the increas... more Electrified railway systems are the current focus of energy efficiency studies due to the increasing constraints of environmental sustainability policies. Railway System Operators (RSOs), also encouraged by market deregulation, are thus examining how to update infrastructures and vehicles and/or apply new operating strategies. Given the intrinsic relation between railway systems and their primary feeding grid, each measure applied to a railway system impacts directly on the power grid which supplies the system. Against this background, this paper aims to ascertain the impact of an energy efficiency strategy applied by the RSO system on its primary grid. The energy-efficient strategy is identified as to preserve timetable stability and service quality in a passenger-oriented perspective. Moreover, a method to model the interaction between the systems in terms of power flow exchanges is proposed. The model is used to verify how an eco-driving technique applied to a metro system affects the state variables of the distribution grid. In particular, the primary grid, the traction power substations and the railway system are modelled according to real data. The case study is the Metro Line 1 operating in the city of Naples (Italy). The numerical simulations are carried out with a two-step procedure: first, the power requirements of the rolling stock as a function of the imposed operating service are calculated by OpenTrack® software; the state variables of the distribution grid are then evaluated by means of the power flow approach.
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2018
Abstract This paper deals with the modelling of the 2 × 25 kV – 50 Hz high speed railway supply s... more Abstract This paper deals with the modelling of the 2 × 25 kV – 50 Hz high speed railway supply system. The proposed approach extends the traditional multi-conductor transmission line approach typically used for high speed railway systems, which is based on the assumption of overhead conductors. More specifically, this approach models the system by considering the presence of both overhead and buried conductors. Analytical formulations to calculate self and mutual line parameters are used. A numerical simulation allows evidencing the different results when the simplified and the detailed modelling approaches are adopted. A sensitivity analysis to point out the influence of the finitely conductive ground is also proposed.
2016 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT), 2016
This paper focuses on railway speed profiles, proposing a novel approach for the optimisation of ... more This paper focuses on railway speed profiles, proposing a novel approach for the optimisation of energy consumption. Energy efficiency is researched by “coasting” driving technique. The method proposes to use the time interval of the “regulation margin” to minimize energy consumption. The method is based on the application of an algorithm scheduled in successive steps: former the algorithm finds all the sections of the route where coasting driving is applicable and classifies them in terms of energy efficiency; later, the opportunities to choose the sections is examined in terms of residual regulation margin and energy efficiency.
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Dec 31, 2023
In the 2000s, the liberalization of the rail markets for freight and passenger travel opened up t... more In the 2000s, the liberalization of the rail markets for freight and passenger travel opened up the competition. Nowadays, local, regional, and long-distance passenger rail are gradually following suit. As a consequence of the paradigm of realizing smart and sustainable cities, the operators of local railway infrastructures (i.e., metro, light railway, and commuter) are studying strategies to improve the energy efficiency of the overall system. The operators are thus involved in renewing technological infrastructures and examining new operation models for coordinating the motion of the trains fleet. With this regard, the present work proposes a timetable adjustment approach to reduce energy consumption in metro rail transit systems. In addition, a centralized control strategy to manage the output voltage of Traction Power Substations (TPSs), train regenerative power, and charge/discharge power profiles of off-board Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) is proposed. The approach is based on a two-step procedure aimed at optimally allocating the layover time among the train stops. This approach is formulated as an optimization problem, which consider the adopted control strategy, because of the correlation between control actions and timetable. Numerical examples have been carried out based on the real data from metro line 1 of Naples, (Italy). The results highlight the capability of the strategy to achieve relevant results in terms of energy saving. In addition, the advantages introduced by the proposed centralized control strategy are emphasized through a comparison with the conventional local control strategy.
This paper proposes a procedure for detecting the optimal speed profile of a metro vehicle. The p... more This paper proposes a procedure for detecting the optimal speed profile of a metro vehicle. The proposed approach provides an energy-efficient driving in terms of optimal speed profile. The speed profile is obtained through the solution of a single objective optimization problem based on the minimization of the train energy consumption while satisfying specified technical and operating constraints. Advantages obtainable through recovery of energy are also taken into account. The proposed procedure was applied to an actual urban railway system and the results compared to those obtained through an operation strategy based on the maximization of the vehicle performances.
This paper examines the management of ship power systems equipped by energy storage systems. Ener... more This paper examines the management of ship power systems equipped by energy storage systems. Energy storage in the on-board power system can increase the efficiency of prime movers in order to reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. In this paper, a management strategy for the on-board electrical network is proposed. The strategy optimally balances the charge/discharge of the storage device, the power of the generation system, the loads’ demand of hotels, auxiliaries, and electrical machineries used for propulsion and maneuvering purposes. The optimal approach aims at minimizing the fuel consumption, while technical constraints of the on-board system are considered in terms of both generation system and energy storage system. A case study of a real off-shore supply vessel is proposed. The results of the numerical application are discussed showing the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
2021 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)
Due to the liberalization of the railway sector, Railway System Operators (RSOs) are involved in ... more Due to the liberalization of the railway sector, Railway System Operators (RSOs) are involved in the renewal of railway systems in terms of both technological and managing improvements. They are evaluating how new strategies can improve energy efficiency and operating sustainability. This paper proposes the optimal management of a fleet of metro trains in terms of power key performance indicator (KPI). To control the regularity of the railway service assuming a constant Headway value, there were examined how the optimal assignment of the Layover time between the two terminal stops can be managed concerning the maximum power requirements at the Traction Power Substations (TPSs). The numerical application focused on the traction power system of Metro Line 1 of Naples (Italy). The results highlighted the evaluation of the power peaks required to the distribution grid as a function of the Layover time assignment.
2018 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC), 2018
This paper focuses on three alternative railway systems (i.e., railway, urban metro and city tram... more This paper focuses on three alternative railway systems (i.e., railway, urban metro and city tram). An approach to assess the size of an on-board energy storage unit is proposed. The unit is designed to supply the three trains along a catenary-free track. The equations of motion are formulated in a common case. The approach solves the system of equations by means of an optimization procedure where a set of constraints on the representative variables is assigned. Service duty cycle and energy requirements are characteristics of the three alternative systems. The results of the numerical simulations focus on the design of a battery-based storage unit to be equipped in the rolling stock vehicles. Specifically, the performance required to the storage units in the three alternative configurations are investigated and compared. Some final notes pointed out the impact of the design constraints on the unit sizing.
2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 2018
HV cables have a significant role in linking power sources and loads in electrical grids. The foc... more HV cables have a significant role in linking power sources and loads in electrical grids. The focus of this paper is on studying the thermal processes acting in a HV XLPE power cable, by using a matrix approach and taking into account the whole cable system, with all its layers. The work defines an approach, which, in presence of uncertainty, can be used to characterize the heat transfers between the cable layers. The approach is used in this paper to examine the loading transient phase over an interval of 60 minutes. A sensitivity analysis involving the parameters of each cable layer is carried out. The model is validated by using the results of a laboratory test. The optimal parameter fitting is also carried out.
2018 IEEE International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS), 2018
HV cables have a significant role in linking power sources and loads in electrical grids. The aim... more HV cables have a significant role in linking power sources and loads in electrical grids. The aim of the present paper is the study of the thermal processes acting in a HV XLPE power cable by means of a probabilistic characterization. A matrix approach is used, which takes into account both the whole layers of the cable system and the uncertainty of the layers's parameters. Both, short (60 minutes) and long (120 minutes) cable loading transients are analyzed. Uncertainty is characterized by means of Monte Carlo method, using uniform pdfs. A sensitivity analysis involving the parameters of the cable layers is carried out. The studies are validated by using the results of laboratory tests. A discussion on the optimal parameter fitting is also carried out.
2019 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT), 2019
The growing commercialization of electric vehicles, supported by both interest of international ‘... more The growing commercialization of electric vehicles, supported by both interest of international ‘car-makers’ and incentive policies for electric mobility, is forcing a change in the perception of using electric vehicles by end-users. This scenario together with the research in reducing the charging time implies the growth of the electricity demand curve in the locations where top-up supply services are designed to be realized. This paper proposes an approach to determine the hourly power demand of an ultra-fast charging station based on statistical data on plug in electric vehicles' requirements and traffic information. The approach is based on an analytical probabilistic procedure whose independent variables are considered random variables. By assigning means and variances of the input random variables, the procedure proposes to calculate the output power requirement by means of an analytical probabilistic approach. This approach assesses mean and variance values of the aggregate demand of the charging station.
This paper proposes a frequency analysis of the High-Speed Railway System. The analysis focuses o... more This paper proposes a frequency analysis of the High-Speed Railway System. The analysis focuses on the currents flowing into the system's conductors when a harmonic source is applied. Different power line configurations are observed with the aim of verifying the potential presence of resonance frequencies in the range Hz. These last indeed could be interference signals for system internal equipment and other external proximity victim circuits.
This paper focuses on the performance analysis of the corrosion protection system of HV power cab... more This paper focuses on the performance analysis of the corrosion protection system of HV power cables for undersea applications. The aim of the work is to describe the relations between the main electrical parameters affecting the electric potential distribution in the cable layers and in the surrounding medium, when an active cathodic protection (CP) arrangement is used. In particular, the analysis focuses on the design of an active CP for reducing corrosion phenomena of the cable metallic shield. This study is based on a 2D analytical approach supported by a detailed 3D finite element analysis (FEM). It gives evidence to the relation between the electrical variables and the design criteria of the active cathodic protection system.
SPEEDAM 2008 - International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, 2008
AbstractThe indirect lightning performances of distribution lines are related to two main aspect... more AbstractThe indirect lightning performances of distribution lines are related to two main aspects: the induced overvoltages calculation and the statistical treatment of the obtained results. In the paper, both the aspects are treated. In particular, an exact closed form ...
In the field of innovative power sources, photovoltaic are playing an important role as new clean... more In the field of innovative power sources, photovoltaic are playing an important role as new clean energy generators. The performances being dependent on instantaneous weather condition, photovoltaic sources are usually equipped with an auxiliary energy storage ...
IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification
The operators of the railway industry (i.e., Traction System and Railway System Operators) are cu... more The operators of the railway industry (i.e., Traction System and Railway System Operators) are currently involved in a major process of energy transition. Aimed at improving both environmental sustainability and energy efficiency, technological infrastructures are being updated and new operating solutions studied. Moreover, the business opportunities offered by the new rail market are forcing operators to search for power quality solutions. In this paper, an efficiency strategy is proposed for optimally moving a fleet of trains while taking power quality indices into account. A method to relate the traction power requirements to the electrical variables of the railway infrastructure is formulated in terms of the power flow approach. Our numerical simulations focus on the real case of the Metro Line 1 in the southern Italian city of Naples. The energy problem of moving the trains on the track is solved by including a set of constraints at the point of common interaction between railway market operators. Specifically, repetitive train starts and their speed profiles are optimally managed in terms of power requirements at traction power substations by using power quality constraints. This strategy allows improvements in energy efficiency without compromising the quality of the railway service. Keywords: Optimal approach, power constraint, power flow, railway industry market, traction power system, train requirements.
2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2020
Today, electrified railway systems are involved in renewal processes, which address vehicles, way... more Today, electrified railway systems are involved in renewal processes, which address vehicles, wayside infrastructure and management of fleet of rolling stocks. Railway System Operators (RSOs) test how novel and innovative strategies impact of their own systems in order to reach energy efficiency targets. Due to the intrinsic interaction between the railway traction system and its primary grid, the feasibility of each innovative strategy has to be evaluated in terms of energy and power not only on the railway traction system, but also on its feeding grid. In the actual context forced by the constraint of Covit-19 virus, one of the more relevant strategies applied to urban railway systems is to operate the railway traction system with reduced values of headway. This strategy, which forces repetitive starts, in some cases contemporaneous, of rolling stocks, can produce severe voltage drops on the primary distribution grid. This paper proposes of examining the motion of a fleet of metro...
Electrified railway systems are the current focus of energy efficiency studies due to the increas... more Electrified railway systems are the current focus of energy efficiency studies due to the increasing constraints of environmental sustainability policies. Railway System Operators (RSOs), also encouraged by market deregulation, are thus examining how to update infrastructures and vehicles and/or apply new operating strategies. Given the intrinsic relation between railway systems and their primary feeding grid, each measure applied to a railway system impacts directly on the power grid which supplies the system. Against this background, this paper aims to ascertain the impact of an energy efficiency strategy applied by the RSO system on its primary grid. The energy-efficient strategy is identified as to preserve timetable stability and service quality in a passenger-oriented perspective. Moreover, a method to model the interaction between the systems in terms of power flow exchanges is proposed. The model is used to verify how an eco-driving technique applied to a metro system affects the state variables of the distribution grid. In particular, the primary grid, the traction power substations and the railway system are modelled according to real data. The case study is the Metro Line 1 operating in the city of Naples (Italy). The numerical simulations are carried out with a two-step procedure: first, the power requirements of the rolling stock as a function of the imposed operating service are calculated by OpenTrack® software; the state variables of the distribution grid are then evaluated by means of the power flow approach.
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2018
Abstract This paper deals with the modelling of the 2 × 25 kV – 50 Hz high speed railway supply s... more Abstract This paper deals with the modelling of the 2 × 25 kV – 50 Hz high speed railway supply system. The proposed approach extends the traditional multi-conductor transmission line approach typically used for high speed railway systems, which is based on the assumption of overhead conductors. More specifically, this approach models the system by considering the presence of both overhead and buried conductors. Analytical formulations to calculate self and mutual line parameters are used. A numerical simulation allows evidencing the different results when the simplified and the detailed modelling approaches are adopted. A sensitivity analysis to point out the influence of the finitely conductive ground is also proposed.
2016 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT), 2016
This paper focuses on railway speed profiles, proposing a novel approach for the optimisation of ... more This paper focuses on railway speed profiles, proposing a novel approach for the optimisation of energy consumption. Energy efficiency is researched by “coasting” driving technique. The method proposes to use the time interval of the “regulation margin” to minimize energy consumption. The method is based on the application of an algorithm scheduled in successive steps: former the algorithm finds all the sections of the route where coasting driving is applicable and classifies them in terms of energy efficiency; later, the opportunities to choose the sections is examined in terms of residual regulation margin and energy efficiency.
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Papers by Mario Pagano