Childhood as an idea may have its origins in the 18th century, when philosopher Jean-Jacques Rous... more Childhood as an idea may have its origins in the 18th century, when philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau described it as a brief period of sanctuary before the hardships of adult life. Before then, art had been inline with the spirit of the times, depicting children as little adults. Historically, too, they can track the change in attitudes. Enforced child labor gradually became unacceptable. Even now, however, children are exposed early in life to disadvantage, distress, repeated neglect and abuse, leading to poorer health, learning and social functioning. To help those who will face such adverse conditions, and to find out why responses to these stresses are so different, they need to know much more about how experiences of childhood adversity affect cellular pathways and translate into the molecular and genetic changes that result in biological effects on development and health. Here, Sokolowski et al talk about early adversity in childhood cause biological changes.
An organism's behaviour is influenced by its social environment. Experiences such as social i... more An organism's behaviour is influenced by its social environment. Experiences such as social isolation or crowding may have profound short or long-term effects on an individual's behaviour. The composition of the social environment also depends on the genetics and previous experiences of the individuals present, leading to additional potential outcomes from each social interaction. In this article, we review selected literature related to the social environment of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, and how Drosophila respond to variation in their social experiences throughout their lifetimes. We focus on the effects of social environment on behavioural phenotypes such as courtship, aggression, and group dynamics, as well as other phenotypes such as development and physiology. The consequences of phenotypic plasticity due to social environment are discussed with respect to the ecology and evolution of Drosophila. We also relate these studies to laboratory research practices involving Drosophila and other animals.
Childhood as an idea may have its origins in the 18th century, when philosopher Jean-Jacques Rous... more Childhood as an idea may have its origins in the 18th century, when philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau described it as a brief period of sanctuary before the hardships of adult life. Before then, art had been inline with the spirit of the times, depicting children as little adults. Historically, too, they can track the change in attitudes. Enforced child labor gradually became unacceptable. Even now, however, children are exposed early in life to disadvantage, distress, repeated neglect and abuse, leading to poorer health, learning and social functioning. To help those who will face such adverse conditions, and to find out why responses to these stresses are so different, they need to know much more about how experiences of childhood adversity affect cellular pathways and translate into the molecular and genetic changes that result in biological effects on development and health. Here, Sokolowski et al talk about early adversity in childhood cause biological changes.
An organism's behaviour is influenced by its social environment. Experiences such as social i... more An organism's behaviour is influenced by its social environment. Experiences such as social isolation or crowding may have profound short or long-term effects on an individual's behaviour. The composition of the social environment also depends on the genetics and previous experiences of the individuals present, leading to additional potential outcomes from each social interaction. In this article, we review selected literature related to the social environment of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, and how Drosophila respond to variation in their social experiences throughout their lifetimes. We focus on the effects of social environment on behavioural phenotypes such as courtship, aggression, and group dynamics, as well as other phenotypes such as development and physiology. The consequences of phenotypic plasticity due to social environment are discussed with respect to the ecology and evolution of Drosophila. We also relate these studies to laboratory research practices involving Drosophila and other animals.
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Papers by Marla Sokolowski