Dealing with a legacy of human rights violations is one of the most difficult challenges facing a... more Dealing with a legacy of human rights violations is one of the most difficult challenges facing any society in the aftermath of violent conflict. A decade after internationally mediated peace agreements ended wars in Guatemala and Bosnia and Herzegovina, both countries continue to struggle with a culture of impunity and violence. What lessons can be learned about the effectiveness of transitional justice mechanisms in dealing with the past? Why set up truth commissions in one context and tribunals in another? How does a society learn to live with the memory of genocide and crimes against humanity? And how can external actors contribute to the process of reconciliation? These are some of the questions which Guatemalan, Bosnian, and Swiss experts addressed at the swisspeace annual conference 2006. Das Aufarbeiten von Menschenrechtsverletzungen stellt Gesellschaften in der Folge eines gewaltsamen Konfliktes vor grossten Herausforderungen. Zehn Jahre ist es her, seit internationale Frie...
Europäische Friedensordnungen und Sicherheitsarchitekturen, 2018
Die Vereinten Nationen haben als System kollektiver Sicherheit bedeutsame volkerrechtliche Grundl... more Die Vereinten Nationen haben als System kollektiver Sicherheit bedeutsame volkerrechtliche Grundlagen und Ubereinkunfte zur Friedenssicherung geschaffen. Sie stellen gegenuber ihrem Vorlaufer, dem Volkerbund, einen deutlichen Fortschritt dar, wie der Beitrag von Hans-Joachim Heintze in diesem Band aufzeigt. Allerdings bedurfen sie dringender Reformen, um „den Anforderungen an ein zeitgemases System kollektiver Sicherheit“ gerecht zu werden. Zugleich hat das System der Vereinten Nationen zusatzlich diverse Regionalorganisationen wie zum Beispiel die Organisation fur Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa (OSZE) generiert (hierzu der Beitrag von Heinz Gartner in diesem Band).
Die Denkschrift der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland (EKD) „Aus Gottes Frieden leben – fur ger... more Die Denkschrift der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland (EKD) „Aus Gottes Frieden leben – fur gerechten Frieden sorgen“ (EKD 2007) orientiert ihre Vision von Frieden sowohl an den Kategorien Recht und Gerechtigkeit als auch an den Konzepten der menschlichen Sicherheit und der menschlichen Entwicklung, die von der Generalversammlung der Vereinten Nationen unterstutzt werden. In der christlichen Ethik sind – nicht zuletzt aufgrund der Diskurse der internationalen okumenischen Bewegung – Frieden und Gerechtigkeit inzwischen untrennbar miteinander verbunden. Gerechtigkeit wird in der EKD als „Kategorie einer sozialen Praxis der Solidaritat“ verstanden, die sich „vorrangig den Schwachen und Benachteiligten zuwendet“ und sich „im Gebot der Nachsten-, ja Feindesliebe [erfullt]“ (EKD 2007, Ziff. 77).
Berghof Working Papers In dieser Reihe werden Veröffentlichungen unserer Mitarbeiter/-innen auf d... more Berghof Working Papers In dieser Reihe werden Veröffentlichungen unserer Mitarbeiter/-innen auf der Homepage des Berghof Forschungszentrums zugänglich gemacht, die bereits andernorts veröffentlicht worden sind. Der vorliegende Artikel ist bereits erschienen in: Calließ, Jörg (Hg.), Evaluation in der zivilen Konfliktbearbeitung, Reihe Loccumer Protokolle 14/05, Rehburg Loccum 2006, 159-171. Wir danken der Evangelischen Akademie Loccum für die Möglichkeit der WIederveröffentlichung.
Questions of effectiveness, impact and evaluation continue to be most relevant for the field of p... more Questions of effectiveness, impact and evaluation continue to be most relevant for the field of peacebuilding and conflict transformation: Adam Barbolet, Rachel Goldwyn, Hesta Groenewald & Andrew Sherriff report with intimate knowledge on the development of "conflict sensitivity" as an alternative to PCIA; Kenneth Bush sends thought-provoking "field notes", reflecting on his learning in the context of applying PCIA in the South; Thania Paffenholz presents a comprehensive overview of the "Aid for Peace Approach". Short reflection papers by all authors shed light on progress and controversy regarding the new trends in peace and conflict impact assessment.
Dealing with a legacy of human rights violations is one of the most difficult challenges facing a... more Dealing with a legacy of human rights violations is one of the most difficult challenges facing any society in the aftermath of violent conflict. A decade after internationally mediated peace agreements ended wars in Guatemala and Bosnia and Herzegovina, both countries continue to struggle with a culture of impunity and violence. What lessons can be learned about the effectiveness of transitional justice mechanisms in dealing with the past? Why set up truth commissions in one context and tribunals in another? How does a society learn to live with the memory of genocide and crimes against humanity? And how can external actors contribute to the process of reconciliation? These are some of the questions which Guatemalan, Bosnian, and Swiss experts addressed at the swisspeace annual conference 2006. Das Aufarbeiten von Menschenrechtsverletzungen stellt Gesellschaften in der Folge eines gewaltsamen Konfliktes vor grossten Herausforderungen. Zehn Jahre ist es her, seit internationale Frie...
Europäische Friedensordnungen und Sicherheitsarchitekturen, 2018
Die Vereinten Nationen haben als System kollektiver Sicherheit bedeutsame volkerrechtliche Grundl... more Die Vereinten Nationen haben als System kollektiver Sicherheit bedeutsame volkerrechtliche Grundlagen und Ubereinkunfte zur Friedenssicherung geschaffen. Sie stellen gegenuber ihrem Vorlaufer, dem Volkerbund, einen deutlichen Fortschritt dar, wie der Beitrag von Hans-Joachim Heintze in diesem Band aufzeigt. Allerdings bedurfen sie dringender Reformen, um „den Anforderungen an ein zeitgemases System kollektiver Sicherheit“ gerecht zu werden. Zugleich hat das System der Vereinten Nationen zusatzlich diverse Regionalorganisationen wie zum Beispiel die Organisation fur Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa (OSZE) generiert (hierzu der Beitrag von Heinz Gartner in diesem Band).
Die Denkschrift der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland (EKD) „Aus Gottes Frieden leben – fur ger... more Die Denkschrift der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland (EKD) „Aus Gottes Frieden leben – fur gerechten Frieden sorgen“ (EKD 2007) orientiert ihre Vision von Frieden sowohl an den Kategorien Recht und Gerechtigkeit als auch an den Konzepten der menschlichen Sicherheit und der menschlichen Entwicklung, die von der Generalversammlung der Vereinten Nationen unterstutzt werden. In der christlichen Ethik sind – nicht zuletzt aufgrund der Diskurse der internationalen okumenischen Bewegung – Frieden und Gerechtigkeit inzwischen untrennbar miteinander verbunden. Gerechtigkeit wird in der EKD als „Kategorie einer sozialen Praxis der Solidaritat“ verstanden, die sich „vorrangig den Schwachen und Benachteiligten zuwendet“ und sich „im Gebot der Nachsten-, ja Feindesliebe [erfullt]“ (EKD 2007, Ziff. 77).
Berghof Working Papers In dieser Reihe werden Veröffentlichungen unserer Mitarbeiter/-innen auf d... more Berghof Working Papers In dieser Reihe werden Veröffentlichungen unserer Mitarbeiter/-innen auf der Homepage des Berghof Forschungszentrums zugänglich gemacht, die bereits andernorts veröffentlicht worden sind. Der vorliegende Artikel ist bereits erschienen in: Calließ, Jörg (Hg.), Evaluation in der zivilen Konfliktbearbeitung, Reihe Loccumer Protokolle 14/05, Rehburg Loccum 2006, 159-171. Wir danken der Evangelischen Akademie Loccum für die Möglichkeit der WIederveröffentlichung.
Questions of effectiveness, impact and evaluation continue to be most relevant for the field of p... more Questions of effectiveness, impact and evaluation continue to be most relevant for the field of peacebuilding and conflict transformation: Adam Barbolet, Rachel Goldwyn, Hesta Groenewald & Andrew Sherriff report with intimate knowledge on the development of "conflict sensitivity" as an alternative to PCIA; Kenneth Bush sends thought-provoking "field notes", reflecting on his learning in the context of applying PCIA in the South; Thania Paffenholz presents a comprehensive overview of the "Aid for Peace Approach". Short reflection papers by all authors shed light on progress and controversy regarding the new trends in peace and conflict impact assessment.
Peacebuilding and Civil Society in Bosnia-Herzegovina Ten Years after Dayton, 2007
The Dayton Accords ended the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1995. The 10th anniversary gives reason... more The Dayton Accords ended the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1995. The 10th anniversary gives reason to investigate the post-war period, today's realities and future perspectives. Authors from Bosnia and international experts express their views on recent developments. Insiders and outsiders, working in the conflict and on its transformation, have been invited to tackle the questions: Which conflict lines mark the present society? Did peacebuilding activities address the underlying causes? What are obstacles for conflict transformation? What are potentials of international support? What does "civil society" mean in Bosnia and how is it related to statebuilding and democratisation? How can people constructively deal with the past in order to design the future in the region of former Yugoslavia? The book gives an overview on an important research focus of the Berghof Research Center, highlighting the work of some of its most important cooperation partners.
Scholars and practitioners alike agree that somehow the past needs to be addressed in order to en... more Scholars and practitioners alike agree that somehow the past needs to be addressed in order to enable individuals and collectives to rebuild trust and relationships. However, they also continue to struggle with critical questions. When is the right moment to address the legacies of the past after violent conflict? How can societies address the past without deepening the pain that arises from memories related to the violence and crimes committed in war? How can cultures of remembrance be established that would include and acknowledges the victims of all sides involved in violent conflict? How can various actors deal constructively with different interpretations of facts and history? Two decades after the wars, societies in Bosnia, Serbia and Croatia – albeit to different degrees – are still facing the legacies of the wars of the 1990s on a daily basis. Reconciliation between and within these societies remains a formidable challenge, given that all three countries are still facing unresolved disputes either at a cross-border level or amongst parallel societies that persist at a local community level. This book engages scholars and practitioners from the regions of former Yugoslavia, as well as international experts, to reflect on the achievements and obstacles that characterise efforts to deal with the past. Drawing variously on empirical studies, theoretical discussions, and practical experience, their contributions offer invaluable insights into the complex relationship between transitional justice and conflict transformation.
The Dayton Accords ended the war in Bosnia- Herzegovina in 1995.
The 10th anniversary gives reas... more The Dayton Accords ended the war in Bosnia- Herzegovina in 1995. The 10th anniversary gives reason to investigate the post-war perio d, today's realities and future perspectives. Bosnian authors and international experts express their views on recent developments. Insiders and outsiders, working in the conflict and on its transformation, have been invited to tackle the questions: Which conflict lines mark the present society? Did peacebuilding activities address the underlying causes? What are obstacles for conflict transformation? What are the potentials and limits of international support? What does "civil society" mean in Bosnia and h ow is it related to statebuilding and democratisation? How can people constructively deal with the past in order to design the future in the region of former Yugoslavia? The book gives an overview on an important research focus of the Berghof Research Center, highlighting the work of its most important cooperation partners.
The state of the art of international research in the field provides the backdrop for this volume... more The state of the art of international research in the field provides the backdrop for this volume. How can enduring and sustainable peace be secured? International experts give enlightening insights. Der englischsprachige Sammelband ist ein Beitrag zur Forschungsdiskussion über die Möglichkeiten und Strategien, stabile und dauerhafte Friedensordnungen nach der Beendigung von Gewaltkonflikten zu errichten. Im Kontext aktueller Entwicklungen im internationalen System setzen sich international renommierte Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen mit der Frage auseinander, welche Rollen und Aufgaben supranationale Organisationen, Staaten und nichtstaatliche Akteure übernehmen können, um zu einer nachhaltigen Friedenskonsolidierung beizutragen.
The Dayton Accords ended the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1995. The 10th anniversary gives reason... more The Dayton Accords ended the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1995. The 10th anniversary gives reason to investigate the post-war period, today's realities and future perspectives. Bosnian authors and international experts express their views on recent developments. Insiders and outsiders, working in the conflict and on its transformation, have been invited to tackle the questions: Which conflict lines mark the present society? Did peacebuilding activities address the underlying causes? What are obstacles for conflict transformation? What are the potentials and limits of international support? What does "civil society" mean in Bosnia and how is it related to statebuilding and democratisation? How can people constructively deal with the past in order to design the future in the region of former Yugoslavia? The book gives an overview on an important research focus of the Berghof Research Center, highlighting the work of its most important cooperation partners.
Scholars and practitioners alike agree that somehow the past needs to be addressed in order to en... more Scholars and practitioners alike agree that somehow the past needs to be addressed in order to enable individuals and collectives to rebuild trust and relationships. However, they also continue to struggle with critical questions. When is the right moment to address the legacies of the past after violent conflict? How can societies address the past without deepening the pain that arises from memories related to the violence and crimes committed in war? How can cultures of remembrance be established that would include and acknowledges the victims of all sides involved in violent conflict? How can various actors deal constructively with different interpretations of facts and history? Two decades after the wars, societies in Bosnia, Serbia and Croatia – albeit to different degrees – are still facing the legacies of the wars of the 1990s on a daily basis. Reconciliation between and within these societies remains a formidable challenge, given that all three countries are still facing unresolved disputes either at a cross-border level or amongst parallel societies that persist at a local community level. This book engages scholars and practitioners from the regions of former Yugoslavia, as well as international experts, to reflect on the achievements and obstacles that characterise efforts to deal with the past. Drawing variously on empirical studies, theoretical discussions, and practical experience, their contributions offer invaluable insights into the complex relationship between transitional justice and conflict transformation.
The chapter reviews the stet of the art in "dealing with the past", which bis seen as a necessity... more The chapter reviews the stet of the art in "dealing with the past", which bis seen as a necessity for societies emerging from a history of violence and war, oppression and human rights violations. Two main strands are investigated: transitional justice (that originally stems from the human rights discourse) and reconciliation (which is closely related to the discourse of peacebuilding). The chapter reflects how both concepts relate to each other, and it points at dilemmas and open questions. A crucial question remains how to relate the imperative of truth and justice, or peace and justice, in conflict transformation processes.
In the last decade of the 20th century 43 countries have been considered as countries emerging fr... more In the last decade of the 20th century 43 countries have been considered as countries emerging from violent conflicts. Most of them were affected by intra-state wars and civil wars, and most of these belong to the category of the poorest (“less developed countries” according to criteria of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). An extraordinary high percentage was located in the African continent. The international community pledged more than one hundred billion dollars in aid to war-torn societies (Forman, Patrick and Salomons 2000, p1). These were designed to build up infrastructure, to persuade formerly warring parties to resolve conflict in a non-violent way and to contribute to economic development and participatory governance. Experts and political actors have stated that international agencies often used too narrow-minded a concept in the past, reducing their activities to technical reconstruction after the end of violent conflict. A broader conceptualisation is needed to support the difficult long-term process of transformation from war to peace. This chapter gives an overview of the variety of tasks required to make post-conflict recovery successful in the sense of preventing further conflict and some tensions and dilemmas are identified and discussed. The second section deals with terms and concepts and points out general premises for post-conflict recovery activities in order to contribute to the transition from war to peace. In the third section structural preconditions for successful regeneration and sustainable peace are discussed. This includes co-ordination among the multiple approaches and strategies of actors engaged in the field. The fourth section highlights the importance of programs for (re-)integration of refugees, displaced persons and former combatants and is illustrated by examples mainly from experiences in Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH). The fifth section discusses elements of best practice design for external intervention that includes sensitivity to the needs of the local population, the potential of women and the nature of gender roles in specific cultural contexts. The final section stresses dilemmas and open questions.
Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation, 2004
In the last decade of the 20th century 43 countries have been considered as countries emerging fr... more In the last decade of the 20th century 43 countries have been considered as countries emerging from violent conflicts. Most of them were affected by intra-state wars and civil wars, and most of these belong to the category of the poorest (“less developed countries” according to criteria of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). An extraordinary high percentage was located in the African continent. The international community pledged more than one hundred billion dollars in aid to war-torn societies (Forman, Patrick and Salomons 2000, p1). These were designed to build up infrastructure, to persuade formerly warring parties to resolve conflict in a non-violent way and to contribute to economic development and participatory governance. Experts and political actors have stated that international agencies often used too narrow-minded a concept in the past, reducing their activities to technical reconstruction after the end of violent conflict. A broader conceptualisation is needed to support the difficult long-term process of transformation from war to peace. This chapter gives an overview of the variety of tasks required to make post-conflict recovery successful in the sense of preventing further conflict and some tensions and dilemmas are identified and discussed. The second section deals with terms and concepts and points out general premises for post-conflict recovery activities in order to contribute to the transition from war to peace. In the third section structural preconditions for successful regeneration and sustainable peace are discussed. This includes co-ordination among the multiple approaches and strategies of actors engaged in the field. The fourth section highlights the importance of programs for (re-)integration of refugees, displaced persons and former combatants and is illustrated by examples mainly from experiences in Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH). The fifth section discusses elements of best practice design for external intervention that includes sensitivity to the needs of the local population, the potential of women and the nature of gender roles in specific cultural contexts. The final section stresses dilemmas and open questions.
Interest in conflict prevention and peacebuilding activities has increased significantly. Relief ... more Interest in conflict prevention and peacebuilding activities has increased significantly. Relief and development organisations working in places of civil war have raised awareness of conflict-sensitive planning and are seeking to integrate peacebuilding activities into their work. They have learned from recent experiences in war-torn societies that well-intended activities might have unintended outcomes and that development cooperation is never neutral in conflict situations. Under unfavourable conditions it may further entrench unjust power structures and prolong situations of war. This is also true of humanitarian aid. A series of problematic side-effects has been identified, showing that the influx of resources can induce dramatic changes in the political and economic situation on the ground and can cause turmoil in local markets. Equally dangerous are implicit messages conveyed by development or relief agencies and inappropriate or ill-reflected behaviour of the project staff which, often unintentionally, can fuel conflicts. Whereas some humanitarian and relief agencies are interested in avoiding unintended negative impacts, others have engaged intensively in reflecting on the impact of their strategies. They want to contribute actively to peace processes and overcome structures of violence. State and non-state actors in these fields started to discuss how to combine strategies, methods and instruments of conflict resolution and transformation with their traditional approaches and working programmes. Moreover, in the late 1990s, organisations and institutions, which have gained experience in peace work and conflict resolution, began to reflect on the impact of their work. The question of how to evaluate activities aimed at peacebuilding and conflict transformation gained importance not only for researchers and scholars but also for practitioners. They wanted and still want to know which strategies work under which conditions, and they are asking themselves: Are we doing the right thing at the right moment? Could we do other things which could be more useful instead? Finally, donor organisations which have opened up new budget lines earmarked for conflict resolution and transformation activities are also interested in improving practices and evaluation methods.
Scholars and practitioners discuss the potential and limits of peacebuilding. They refelct both o... more Scholars and practitioners discuss the potential and limits of peacebuilding. They refelct both on theoretical concepts and practical experiences, on the question of how to avoid technical approaches that might end up in thinking in silos or tool-boxes. The question of how to assess success and failure is also discussed.
Scholars and practitioners give an overview on the state-of-research on war-economies. They refle... more Scholars and practitioners give an overview on the state-of-research on war-economies. They reflect on dynamics of war-economies and their impact on war-to-peace transition Furthermore they identify challenges for peace policies and open questions for action research and evaluation.
Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation, Berghof Handbook Dialogue Series, 2006
Conflict transformation can be defined as “... actions and processes which seek to alter the vari... more Conflict transformation can be defined as “... actions and processes which seek to alter the various characteristics and manifestations of conflict by addressing the root causes of a particular conflict over the long term. It aims to transform negative destructive conflict into positive constructive conflict and deals with structural, behavioural and attitudinal aspects of conflict. The term refers to both the process and the completion of the process.” (Austin et al. 2004, 464/465.) In short, it has the theme of “social change” written all over it. In 2005, a seminar at the Berghof Research Center brought together experts to discuss the state of the art in conflict transformation theory and practice, especially as it relates to social change theories. “Can we,” we asked ourselves, in the wake of the seminar, “develop a model of social change that usefully reflects, explains and assists the massive and complex challenge of making peace in violent conflicts?” (Dudouet et al. 2006, 44). The intensive debates during this seminar also brought home two main intellectual challenges: First, to continuously question and test the basic assumptions and values of our approaches. And second, to interrogate closely the building blocks of our field that derive mostly from inter-personal and inter-group conflict and environments of roughly symmetric power constellations – yet are increasingly transferred to the international realm and tested in situations of asymmetric conflict. It is in this context that we present this latest issue of the Berghof Handbook Dialogue Series which explores conflict transformers’ approaches to social change.
(David Bloomfield & Beatrix Schmelzle)
Uploads
The 10th anniversary gives reason to investigate the post-war perio
d, today's realities and future perspectives. Bosnian authors and
international experts express their views on recent developments.
Insiders and outsiders, working in the conflict and on its
transformation, have been invited to tackle the questions: Which
conflict lines mark the present society? Did peacebuilding activities
address the underlying causes? What are obstacles for conflict
transformation? What are the potentials and limits of international
support? What does "civil society" mean in Bosnia and h
ow is it
related to statebuilding and democratisation? How can people
constructively deal with the past in order to design the future in the
region of former Yugoslavia? The book gives an overview on an
important research focus of the Berghof Research Center, highlighting
the work of its most important cooperation partners.
Der englischsprachige Sammelband ist ein Beitrag zur Forschungsdiskussion über die Möglichkeiten und Strategien, stabile und dauerhafte Friedensordnungen nach der Beendigung von Gewaltkonflikten zu errichten. Im Kontext aktueller Entwicklungen im internationalen System setzen sich international renommierte Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen mit der Frage auseinander, welche Rollen und Aufgaben supranationale Organisationen, Staaten und nichtstaatliche Akteure übernehmen können, um zu einer nachhaltigen Friedenskonsolidierung beizutragen.
Two decades after the wars, societies in Bosnia, Serbia and Croatia – albeit to different degrees – are still facing the legacies of the wars of the 1990s on a daily basis. Reconciliation between and within these societies remains a formidable challenge, given that all three countries are still facing unresolved disputes either at a cross-border level or amongst parallel societies that persist at a local community level.
This book engages scholars and practitioners from the regions of former Yugoslavia, as well as international experts, to reflect on the achievements and obstacles that characterise efforts to deal with the past. Drawing variously on empirical studies, theoretical discussions, and practical experience, their contributions offer invaluable insights into the complex relationship between transitional justice and conflict transformation.
Experts and political actors have stated that international agencies often used too narrow-minded a concept in the past, reducing their activities to technical reconstruction after the end of violent conflict. A broader conceptualisation is needed to support the difficult long-term process of transformation from war to peace. This chapter gives an overview of the variety of tasks required to make post-conflict recovery successful in the sense of preventing further conflict and some tensions and dilemmas are identified and discussed.
The second section deals with terms and concepts and points out general premises for post-conflict recovery activities in order to contribute to the transition from war to peace. In the third section structural preconditions for successful regeneration and sustainable peace are discussed. This includes co-ordination among the multiple approaches and strategies of actors engaged in the field. The fourth section highlights the importance of programs for (re-)integration of refugees, displaced persons and former combatants and is illustrated by examples mainly from experiences in Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH). The fifth section discusses elements of best practice design for external intervention that includes sensitivity to the needs of the local population, the potential of women and the nature of gender roles in specific cultural contexts. The final section stresses dilemmas and open questions.
Experts and political actors have stated that international agencies often used too narrow-minded a concept in the past, reducing their activities to technical reconstruction after the end of violent conflict. A broader conceptualisation is needed to support the difficult long-term process of transformation from war to peace. This chapter gives an overview of the variety of tasks required to make post-conflict recovery successful in the sense of preventing further conflict and some tensions and dilemmas are identified and discussed.
The second section deals with terms and concepts and points out general premises for post-conflict recovery activities in order to contribute to the transition from war to peace. In the third section structural preconditions for successful regeneration and sustainable peace are discussed. This includes co-ordination among the multiple approaches and strategies of actors engaged in the field. The fourth section highlights the importance of programs for (re-)integration of refugees, displaced persons and former combatants and is illustrated by examples mainly from experiences in Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH). The fifth section discusses elements of best practice design for external intervention that includes sensitivity to the needs of the local population, the potential of women and the nature of gender roles in specific cultural contexts. The final section stresses dilemmas and open questions.
(David Bloomfield & Beatrix Schmelzle)