The study objective was to evaluate the effects of celluTEIN (CT) on growth performance and feed ... more The study objective was to evaluate the effects of celluTEIN (CT) on growth performance and feed efficiency during nursery and grow-finish phases. Barrows (n = 96; average BW 7.5 kg) were assigned to 32 pens with 3 pigs per pen. Pens were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 0 ppm CT throughout (CON), 175 ppm CT during the nursery (TRT2), 100 ppm CT during grow-finish (TRT3), and 175 ppm CT during nursery and 100 ppm CT during grow-finish (TRT4) phases. The nursery phase consisted of trial day 0 to 42 and grow-finish was trial day 43 to 119. There were no treatment effects on d 0 BW and nursery feed consumption (FC; P > 0.05), but there were effects on d 42 BW, and nursery average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.05). Pigs in TRT2 and 4 did not differ ( P> 0.05) in BW, ADG, and FCR, but had greater measures than pigs in the other two treatments (P < 0.05). Treatment affected all measures in the grow-finish phase (P < 0.05). Control pig d...
This series of studies focuses on the impact of intra-litter variation on fetal myogenesis, and t... more This series of studies focuses on the impact of intra-litter variation on fetal myogenesis, and the ability of porcine progenitor cells to respond to growth promoting stimuli. In study 1, the smallest (SM), median (ME), and largest (LG) male fetuses from each litter were selected for muscle morphometric analysis from gilts at d-60 ± 2 and 95 ± 2 of gestation. On d-60 and 95 of gestation LG fetuses had greater whole muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) than ME and SM fetuses, and ME fetuses had greater whole muscle CSA than SM fetuses. Indicating that SM and ME fetuses are on a delayed trajectory for myogenesis compared to LG fetuses. At d-60 the advanced trajectory of LG compared to ME fetuses was due to increased development of secondary muscle fibers; whereas, the advanced myogenic development of LG and ME fetuses compared to SM fetuses was due to the presence of fewer primary and secondary muscle fibers. At d-95 of gestation the advanced myogenic development of LG and ME was due to increased hypertrophy of secondary muscle fibers. For study 2, porcine fetal myoblasts (PFM) were isolated from SM, ME, and LG fetuses from d-60 ± 2 of gestation fetuses and for study 3, porcine satellite cells (PSC) were isolated from the piglet nearest the average body weight of the litter. Both myogenic cell types were utilized to evaluate effects of porcine plasma on proliferation, differentiation, and indications of protein synthesis. For the proliferation assay, cells were exposed to one of three treatments: high serum which consisted high-glucose Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum, 2% (vol/vol) porcine serum, 100 U penicillan/mL, 100 µg of strepmycin/mL, and 20 µg of gentamicin/mL (HS), low serum which consisted of HS without 10% FBS (LS), and LS supplemented with 10% (wt/vol) porcine plasma (PP). Treatments for the differentiation and protein synthesis assays consisted of either HS or LS media that either contained porcine plasma at 10% (wt/vol; PPP) or 0% (wt/vol; PPN). The HS-PFM had a greater proliferation rate compared to the LS and PP-PFM, and PP-PFM had a greater proliferation rate compared to LS-PFM. The LG fetuses' PFM had a reduced proliferation rate compared to SM and ME fetuses' PFM, which were similar. The PPP-PFM had a decreased myotube diameter compared to PPN-PFM. Small fetuses' PFM had a greater myotube diameter compared to ME and LG fetuses' PFM, and ME fetuses' PFM had a greater myotube diameter compared to LG fetuses' PFM. The proliferation rate of PP-PSC was decreased compared to the HS-and LS-PSC, and HS-PSC had a greater proliferation rate compared to LS-PSC. The PPP-PSC had greater differentiation capacity and myotube diameter than PPN-PSC. In conjunction these results indicate divergent myogenic development among different fetal sizes within a litter and suggest that porcine plasma supplementation stimulates myogenic progenitor cell activity in an age specific manner. Characterization of intra-litter variation on myogenic development and myogenic progenitor cell response to growth promoting stimuli
The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of celluTEIN and betaGRO to influence por... more The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of celluTEIN and betaGRO to influence porcine myogenesis in vitro. Satellite cells (N = 3 piglets) were plated on ECL-coated 12-well plates at a density of 5,000 cells/cm2. Cells were grown to confluence in growth media containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U penicillin/mL, 100 µg of strepmycin/mL, and 20 µg of gentamicin/mL in high glucose DMEM for 72 hours. Cells were treated with 1 of 4 treatments: 2% fetal bovine serum, 100 U penicillan/mL, 100 µg of strepmycin/mL, and 20 µg of gentamicin/mL (CON), CON+5 ng/mL recombinant IGF-1 (IGF-1), CON+10 mg/mL betaGRO (BG), CON+10 mg/mL celluTEIN (CT). For myotube width assays, FBS was reduced to 2% when cells were confluent for 96 hours, at which time treatments above were applied with or without 20 µM rapamycin. Fusion capacity (FC) and myotube width (MW) were determined from 5 representative photomicrographs and experiments were repeated 3×. There were treatment effects for FC and...
The objective of this pilot study was to determine the effect of dietary porcine plasma on circul... more The objective of this pilot study was to determine the effect of dietary porcine plasma on circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentrations in gestating sows and characteristics of their litters. Primiparous and multiparous sows were randomly allocated to two treatment groups of sows fed a basal diet or sows fed the basal diet plus 6 g of porcine plasma throughout gestation. On 4 periods during gestation and farrowing, blood was collected for IGF- 1 analysis. After farrowing, gestation length, number born, birth weight, and total litter weight were recorded. There were no three-way or two-way interactions between treatments, day of gestation, or parity for sow IGF-1 concentration (P>0.142). Treatment also did not affect (P=0.117) sow IGF-1 concentration. There were no treatment × parity or treatment effects on litter measures (P=0.170). Feeding porcine plasma at the low level employed in the study did not improve sow IGF-1 or litter measures.
Forty Angus steers (278 ± 21.4 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of feeding strategy during st... more Forty Angus steers (278 ± 21.4 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of feeding strategy during stocker (P1) and finishing (P3) phases on the relative mRNA expression of lipogenic enzymes. Steers were randomly assigned to 2 feeding treatments during P1 (111 d): high-concentrate diet (cracked corn, corn silage, and soybean meal) or high-quality pasture (winter annuals, alfalfa, and non-toxic fescue). An intermediate phase (P2) consisted of 98 d where all steers grazed high-quality pastures. At the start of P3 (until 568 kg BW), each group from P1 was randomly divided into 2 groups that received either a high-concentrate diet or grazed high-quality pastures resulting in 4 treatments (FPF, FPP, PPF, PPP). At slaughter, s.c. adipose tissue samples were collected from each steer and flash frozen for later analysis. No differences were observed for the relative expression of Acetyl CoA carboxylase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, or glucose transporter type 4 mRNA (P > 0.162). An int...
A total of 160 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 45.6 kg) were used in an 84-d experiment... more A total of 160 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 45.6 kg) were used in an 84-d experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source and feeding duration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality. There were 2 pigs per pen with 8 pens per treatment. The 10 dietary treatments were a corn-soybean meal control diet with no added fat and a 3 × 3 factorial with main effects of fat source (4% tallow, 4% soybean oil, or a blend of 2% tallow and 2% soybean oil) and feeding duration (d 0 to 42, 42 to 84, or 0 to 84). The control corn-soybean meal diet was fed in place of added fat diets when needed for duration treatment purposes. On d 0, 1 pig was identified in each pen and fat biopsy samples of the back, belly, and jowl were collected on d 0, 41, and 81 for fatty acid analysis. At the conclusion of the study, all pigs were harvested, carcass characteristics were determined, and back, belly, and jowl fat samples were collected for analysis. Overall (...
The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy of celluTEIN (CT) to promote piglet growth a... more The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy of celluTEIN (CT) to promote piglet growth after maternal supplementation. Sows (n = 20) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 0 (CON), 1,000 ppm (TRT1), 350 ppm (TRT2), or 100 ppm (TRT3) CT. Sows were fed treatment diets from 7 d prior to expected estrus through the estrus following farrowing. Piglets underwent a transitional weaning process, 48 piglets per treatment were randomly chosen and assigned to 8 pens (n = 8; initial body weight 8.16 ± 0.07 kg). Piglets were fed common stage specific diets. Body weight, feed conversion, ADG, and feed consumption were collected over the entire wean to finish phase for a 126-d trial period. There was no Treatment effect (P > 0.10) for 126-d feed consumption; however, there were Treatment effects for 126-d feed conversion, ADG, and body weight (BW; P < 0.01). All treatments differed in feed conversion with TRT1 being the smallest followed by TRT2, TRT3, and CON (P < 0.05). P...
Simple Summary A 42-day feeding trial was carried out in a commercial research institution to det... more Simple Summary A 42-day feeding trial was carried out in a commercial research institution to determine the efficacy of two bioactive protein products, betaGRO® (BG) and celluTEIN® (CT). The birds were grown under two different environments. One was a low stress environment using clean wood shavings, while the other was a high stress environment where used wood shavings were obtained from a commercial farm that had suffered high mortality to simulate a commercial environment. Growing birds in the high stress environment had a negative impact upon overall bird performance; however, the addition of either BG or CT successfully mitigated these detriments. Improvements in 42-day body weight and feed conversion were observed in chicks grown in both environments in response to the addition of either BG or CT. Birds fed BG and CT were more uniform than birds grown on control diets. Mortality of birds in the high stress environment was significantly reduced by the addition of BG or CT. Addi...
Journal of Animal Science and Technology, Sep 1, 2019
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different stocker management programs ... more The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different stocker management programs on skeletal muscle development and growth characteristics, satellite cell (SC) activity in growing-finishing beef cattle as well as the effects of SC-conditioned media on preadipocyte gene expression and differentiation. Fall-weaned Angus steers (n = 76; 258 ± 28 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 stocker production systems: 1) grazing dormant native range (NR) supplemented with a 40% CP cottonseed meal-based supplement (1.02 kg • steer-1 • d-1) followed by long-season summer grazing (CON, 0.46 kg/d); 2) grazing dormant NR supplemented with a ground corn and soybean meal-based supplement fed at 1% of BW followed by short-season summer grazing (CORN, 0.61 kg/d); 3) grazing winter wheat pasture (WP) at high stocking density (3.21 steers/ha) to achieve a moderate rate of gain (LGWP, 0.83 kg/d); and 4) grazing winter WP at low stocking density (0.99 steers/ha) to achieve a high rate of gain (HGWP, 1.29 kg/d). At the end of the stocker (intermediate harvest, IH) and finishing (final harvest, FH) phases, 4 steers / treatment were harvested and longissimus muscles (LM) sampled for cryohistological immunofluorescence analysis and SC culture assays. At IH, WP steers had greater LM fiber cross-sectional area than NR steers; however, at FH, the opposite was observed (p < 0.0001). At IH, CORN steers had the lowest Myf-5+:Pax7+ SC density (p = 0.020), while LGWP steers had the most Pax7+ SC (p = 0.043). At FH, CON steers had the highest LM capillary density (p = 0.003) and their cultured SC differentiated more readily than all other treatments (p = 0.017). At FH, Pax7 mRNA was more abundant in 14 d-old SC cultures from HGWP cattle (p = 0.03). Preadipocytes exposed to culture media from proliferating SC cultures from WP cattle isolated at FH had more PPARγ (p = 0.037) and less FABP4 (p = 0.030) mRNA expression compared with NR cattle. These data suggest that different stocker management strategies can impact skeletal muscle growth, SC function, and potentially impact marbling development in growing-finishing beef cattle.
This study evaluated the influence of the Programmed Nutrition Beef Program and exogenous growth ... more This study evaluated the influence of the Programmed Nutrition Beef Program and exogenous growth promotants (ExGP) on water holding capacity characteristics of enhanced beef strip loins. Sixty, frozen strip loins, arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement with dietary program serving as the first factor and use of ExGP as the second factor, were thawed, injected with an enhancement solution, and stored for 7 d. Loins from ExGP cattle possessed the ability to bind more (P < 0.05) water before pumping and bind less (P < 0.05) water after pumping and storage. Loin pH across treatments was similar (P > 0.10) before injection, but increased postinjection and after storage (P < 0.01). Treatments did not affect loin purge loss, steak cook loss, and expressible moisture (P > 0.10). The Programmed Nutrition Beef Program and use of ExGPs minimally impacted water holding capacity of enhanced frozen/thawed beef strip loins.
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, 2013
A total of 320 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 216 lb) were utilized to determine the e... more A total of 320 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 216 lb) were utilized to determine the effects of adding Zn to diets containing ractopamine HCl (RAC) on muscle fiber type distribution, fresh chop color, and cooked meat characteristics. Dietary treatments were fed for approximately 35 d and consisted of: a corn-soybean meal-based negative control (CON); a positive control diet with 10 ppm of RAC (RAC+); and the RAC+ diet plus 75, 150, or 225 ppm added Zn from either ZnO or Availa-Zn. Loins from 80 barrow and 80 gilt carcasses were evaluated. No Zn source effect or Zn source × level interactions we observed during the study (P > 0.10). Pigs fed the RAC+ had increased (P < 0.02) percentage type IIX and a tendency for increased percentage type IIB muscle fibers. Increasing added Zn decreased (linear, P = 0.01) percentage type IIA and tended to increase (P = 0.09) IIX muscle fibers. On d 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of display, pork chops from pigs fed the RAC+ treatment had greater (P < 0.03) L* values (lighter) compared with the CON. On d 0 and 3 of display, increasing added Zn tended to decrease (quadratic, P = 0.10) L* values and decreased (quadratic, P < 0.03) L* values on d 1, 2, 4, and 5. Pigs fed RAC+ had decreased (P < 0.05) a* values (less red) on d 1 and 4 of display and tended to have decreased (P < 0.10) a* values on d 0 and 2 compared with CON pork chops. RAC+ decreased (P < 0.001) metmyoglobin reducing ability (MRA) of pork chops on d 5. Chops from pigs fed added Zn had increased (quadratic, P < 0.03) MRA on d 3 and 5 of the display period. There was a trend for increased (linear, P = 0.07) cooking loss as added Zn increased in RAC diets. In conclusion, RAC+ diets produced chops that were lighter and less red but maintained a higher percentage of surface oxymyoglobin throughout a 5-d simulated retail display. RAC+ reduced MRA at the end of the display period, but supplementing Zn to RAC diets restored MRA to near CON treatment levels at the end of the display period.
ABSTRACT Abstract Text: To evaluate the effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH), implants, and d... more ABSTRACT Abstract Text: To evaluate the effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH), implants, and day of aging (DOA) on Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), collagen solubility, and fiber cross sectional area (CSA), 33 crossbred heifers were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: no implant or ZH (CON); Component TE-200 implant on day 1 of the study (IMP); or implant and 8.3 ppm of ZH for 21 days with a 3-d withdrawal period (ZIL). After 75 d of feeding, animals were shipped to a commercial abattoir for harvest, chilled for 36 h, and boneless strip loins were transported to the Kansas State University Meats Laboratory. To assess CSA and myosin heavy chain isoform (MHC), 13th-rib LM samples were cryopreserved, sectioned into 5-µm sections, and immunostained for MHC type I, IIA, and IIX. On d 3, 14, and 21 of aging, a 2.54-cm steak and a 0.64-cm steak were fabricated for WBSF and collagen solubility analyses, respectively. For WBSF, there was a treatment × DOA interaction (P&lt;0.01). On d 3 of aging, CON steaks had decreased WBSF compared to IMP and ZIL steaks (P&lt;0.01). At d 14, CON and IMP steaks did not differ (P=0.21) in WBSF, but ZIL steak WBSF values were greater than those of the other treatments (P&lt;0.01). After 21 d aging, there were no WBSF differences between treatments (P&gt;0.13). There was no treatment × DOA interaction for percent soluble or total collagen (P&gt;0.20). Implants and ZIL increased the percentage of soluble collagen when compared to CON (P&lt;0.05), and solubility of collagen also increased between d 14 and 21 of aging (P&lt;0.01). Treatment or DOA did not affect total collagen content (P&gt;0.51). For type I muscle fibers, CSA was greatest for the IMP group (P&lt;0.01). Type IIA and IIX CSA were greater for ZIL compared to IMP and CON (P&lt;0.01). There were positive correlations between type IIX CSA and WBSF on days 3, 14, and 21 of aging (R2=0.64, 0.58, and 0.37, respectively; P&lt;0.05). Increased CSA for type I and type IIA were positively correlated with increased WBSF for d 3 and 14 (type I R2=0.51, 0.44, and 0.26; type IIA R2=0.51, 0.45, and 0.27, respectively; P&lt;0.05), but not for d 21 (P&gt;0.14). Implants and ZH increase the CSA of muscle fibers, which correlate positively with WBSF values. Keywords: Growth promotants, shear force, cross-sectional area
Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SC) play a critical role in the hypertrophic growth of postnatal... more Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SC) play a critical role in the hypertrophic growth of postnatal muscle. Increases in breast meat yield have been consistently observed in broiler chickens fed 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3), but it is unclear whether this effect is mediated by SC. Thus, our objective was to determine the effect of vitamin D status improvement by replacing the majority of dietary vitamin D3 (D3) with 25OHD3 on SC activity and muscle growth characteristics in the pectoralis major (PM) and the biceps femoris (BF) muscles. Day-old, male Ross 708 broiler chickens (n = 150) were fed 1 of 2 corn and soybean meal-based diets for 49 d. The control diet (CTL) contained 5,000 IU D3 per kg of diet and the experimental diet (25OHD3) contained 2,240 IU D3 per kg of diet + 2,760 IU 25OHD3 per kg of diet. Ten birds per treatment were harvested every 7 d. Two hours before harvest, birds were injected intraperitoneally with 5'-bromo-2'deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label mitotica...
A total of 320 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 98 kg) were used to determine the effect... more A total of 320 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 98 kg) were used to determine the effects of adding Zn to diets containing ractopamine HCl (RAC) on muscle fiber type distribution, fresh chop color, and cooked meat characteristics. Dietary treatments were fed for approximately 35 d and consisted of a corn-soybean meal-based negative control (CON), a positive control diet with 10 mg/kg of RAC (RAC+), and the RAC+ diet plus 75, 150, or 225 mg/kg added Zn from either ZnO or Availa-Zn. Loins randomly selected from each treatment (n = 20) were evaluated using contrasts: CON vs. RAC+, interaction of Zn level × source, Zn level linear and quadratic polynomials, and Zn source. There were no Zn source effects or Zn source × level interactions throughout the study (P > 0.10). Pigs fed RAC+ had increased (P < 0.02) percentage type IIX and a tendency for increased (P = 0.10) percent type IIB muscle fibers. Increasing added Zn decreased (linear, P = 0.01) percentage type IIA and te...
Abstract Text: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effect that muscle fiber compos... more Abstract Text: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effect that muscle fiber composition differences within anatomical location of beef strip loin steaks elicit on color characteristics over a 7-d simulated retail display. Beef strip loins (n=120) were collected from a commercial abattoir and before aging, steaks were removed from the 13th rib for immunohistochemical analysis of muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and myosin-heavy chain (MHC) isoform distribution. Sampling locations included medial (MED), mid-lateral (M/L), and lateral (LAT) within each steak. After 14-d of aging, steaks were fabricated and L*, a*, surface metmyoglobin, and metmyoglobin reducing ability (MRA) were analyzed during a 7-d simulated retail display. There was a day×location interaction for all color characteristics (P<0.01). Initially, LAT was darker and redder than both MED and M/L (P<0.04), and M/L was redder (P<0.01) than MED. On d-7, MED tended to have reduced (P<0.05) L...
The study objective was to evaluate the effects of celluTEIN (CT) on growth performance and feed ... more The study objective was to evaluate the effects of celluTEIN (CT) on growth performance and feed efficiency during nursery and grow-finish phases. Barrows (n = 96; average BW 7.5 kg) were assigned to 32 pens with 3 pigs per pen. Pens were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 0 ppm CT throughout (CON), 175 ppm CT during the nursery (TRT2), 100 ppm CT during grow-finish (TRT3), and 175 ppm CT during nursery and 100 ppm CT during grow-finish (TRT4) phases. The nursery phase consisted of trial day 0 to 42 and grow-finish was trial day 43 to 119. There were no treatment effects on d 0 BW and nursery feed consumption (FC; P > 0.05), but there were effects on d 42 BW, and nursery average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.05). Pigs in TRT2 and 4 did not differ ( P> 0.05) in BW, ADG, and FCR, but had greater measures than pigs in the other two treatments (P < 0.05). Treatment affected all measures in the grow-finish phase (P < 0.05). Control pig d...
This series of studies focuses on the impact of intra-litter variation on fetal myogenesis, and t... more This series of studies focuses on the impact of intra-litter variation on fetal myogenesis, and the ability of porcine progenitor cells to respond to growth promoting stimuli. In study 1, the smallest (SM), median (ME), and largest (LG) male fetuses from each litter were selected for muscle morphometric analysis from gilts at d-60 ± 2 and 95 ± 2 of gestation. On d-60 and 95 of gestation LG fetuses had greater whole muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) than ME and SM fetuses, and ME fetuses had greater whole muscle CSA than SM fetuses. Indicating that SM and ME fetuses are on a delayed trajectory for myogenesis compared to LG fetuses. At d-60 the advanced trajectory of LG compared to ME fetuses was due to increased development of secondary muscle fibers; whereas, the advanced myogenic development of LG and ME fetuses compared to SM fetuses was due to the presence of fewer primary and secondary muscle fibers. At d-95 of gestation the advanced myogenic development of LG and ME was due to increased hypertrophy of secondary muscle fibers. For study 2, porcine fetal myoblasts (PFM) were isolated from SM, ME, and LG fetuses from d-60 ± 2 of gestation fetuses and for study 3, porcine satellite cells (PSC) were isolated from the piglet nearest the average body weight of the litter. Both myogenic cell types were utilized to evaluate effects of porcine plasma on proliferation, differentiation, and indications of protein synthesis. For the proliferation assay, cells were exposed to one of three treatments: high serum which consisted high-glucose Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum, 2% (vol/vol) porcine serum, 100 U penicillan/mL, 100 µg of strepmycin/mL, and 20 µg of gentamicin/mL (HS), low serum which consisted of HS without 10% FBS (LS), and LS supplemented with 10% (wt/vol) porcine plasma (PP). Treatments for the differentiation and protein synthesis assays consisted of either HS or LS media that either contained porcine plasma at 10% (wt/vol; PPP) or 0% (wt/vol; PPN). The HS-PFM had a greater proliferation rate compared to the LS and PP-PFM, and PP-PFM had a greater proliferation rate compared to LS-PFM. The LG fetuses' PFM had a reduced proliferation rate compared to SM and ME fetuses' PFM, which were similar. The PPP-PFM had a decreased myotube diameter compared to PPN-PFM. Small fetuses' PFM had a greater myotube diameter compared to ME and LG fetuses' PFM, and ME fetuses' PFM had a greater myotube diameter compared to LG fetuses' PFM. The proliferation rate of PP-PSC was decreased compared to the HS-and LS-PSC, and HS-PSC had a greater proliferation rate compared to LS-PSC. The PPP-PSC had greater differentiation capacity and myotube diameter than PPN-PSC. In conjunction these results indicate divergent myogenic development among different fetal sizes within a litter and suggest that porcine plasma supplementation stimulates myogenic progenitor cell activity in an age specific manner. Characterization of intra-litter variation on myogenic development and myogenic progenitor cell response to growth promoting stimuli
The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of celluTEIN and betaGRO to influence por... more The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of celluTEIN and betaGRO to influence porcine myogenesis in vitro. Satellite cells (N = 3 piglets) were plated on ECL-coated 12-well plates at a density of 5,000 cells/cm2. Cells were grown to confluence in growth media containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U penicillin/mL, 100 µg of strepmycin/mL, and 20 µg of gentamicin/mL in high glucose DMEM for 72 hours. Cells were treated with 1 of 4 treatments: 2% fetal bovine serum, 100 U penicillan/mL, 100 µg of strepmycin/mL, and 20 µg of gentamicin/mL (CON), CON+5 ng/mL recombinant IGF-1 (IGF-1), CON+10 mg/mL betaGRO (BG), CON+10 mg/mL celluTEIN (CT). For myotube width assays, FBS was reduced to 2% when cells were confluent for 96 hours, at which time treatments above were applied with or without 20 µM rapamycin. Fusion capacity (FC) and myotube width (MW) were determined from 5 representative photomicrographs and experiments were repeated 3×. There were treatment effects for FC and...
The objective of this pilot study was to determine the effect of dietary porcine plasma on circul... more The objective of this pilot study was to determine the effect of dietary porcine plasma on circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentrations in gestating sows and characteristics of their litters. Primiparous and multiparous sows were randomly allocated to two treatment groups of sows fed a basal diet or sows fed the basal diet plus 6 g of porcine plasma throughout gestation. On 4 periods during gestation and farrowing, blood was collected for IGF- 1 analysis. After farrowing, gestation length, number born, birth weight, and total litter weight were recorded. There were no three-way or two-way interactions between treatments, day of gestation, or parity for sow IGF-1 concentration (P>0.142). Treatment also did not affect (P=0.117) sow IGF-1 concentration. There were no treatment × parity or treatment effects on litter measures (P=0.170). Feeding porcine plasma at the low level employed in the study did not improve sow IGF-1 or litter measures.
Forty Angus steers (278 ± 21.4 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of feeding strategy during st... more Forty Angus steers (278 ± 21.4 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of feeding strategy during stocker (P1) and finishing (P3) phases on the relative mRNA expression of lipogenic enzymes. Steers were randomly assigned to 2 feeding treatments during P1 (111 d): high-concentrate diet (cracked corn, corn silage, and soybean meal) or high-quality pasture (winter annuals, alfalfa, and non-toxic fescue). An intermediate phase (P2) consisted of 98 d where all steers grazed high-quality pastures. At the start of P3 (until 568 kg BW), each group from P1 was randomly divided into 2 groups that received either a high-concentrate diet or grazed high-quality pastures resulting in 4 treatments (FPF, FPP, PPF, PPP). At slaughter, s.c. adipose tissue samples were collected from each steer and flash frozen for later analysis. No differences were observed for the relative expression of Acetyl CoA carboxylase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, or glucose transporter type 4 mRNA (P > 0.162). An int...
A total of 160 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 45.6 kg) were used in an 84-d experiment... more A total of 160 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 45.6 kg) were used in an 84-d experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source and feeding duration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality. There were 2 pigs per pen with 8 pens per treatment. The 10 dietary treatments were a corn-soybean meal control diet with no added fat and a 3 × 3 factorial with main effects of fat source (4% tallow, 4% soybean oil, or a blend of 2% tallow and 2% soybean oil) and feeding duration (d 0 to 42, 42 to 84, or 0 to 84). The control corn-soybean meal diet was fed in place of added fat diets when needed for duration treatment purposes. On d 0, 1 pig was identified in each pen and fat biopsy samples of the back, belly, and jowl were collected on d 0, 41, and 81 for fatty acid analysis. At the conclusion of the study, all pigs were harvested, carcass characteristics were determined, and back, belly, and jowl fat samples were collected for analysis. Overall (...
The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy of celluTEIN (CT) to promote piglet growth a... more The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy of celluTEIN (CT) to promote piglet growth after maternal supplementation. Sows (n = 20) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 0 (CON), 1,000 ppm (TRT1), 350 ppm (TRT2), or 100 ppm (TRT3) CT. Sows were fed treatment diets from 7 d prior to expected estrus through the estrus following farrowing. Piglets underwent a transitional weaning process, 48 piglets per treatment were randomly chosen and assigned to 8 pens (n = 8; initial body weight 8.16 ± 0.07 kg). Piglets were fed common stage specific diets. Body weight, feed conversion, ADG, and feed consumption were collected over the entire wean to finish phase for a 126-d trial period. There was no Treatment effect (P > 0.10) for 126-d feed consumption; however, there were Treatment effects for 126-d feed conversion, ADG, and body weight (BW; P < 0.01). All treatments differed in feed conversion with TRT1 being the smallest followed by TRT2, TRT3, and CON (P < 0.05). P...
Simple Summary A 42-day feeding trial was carried out in a commercial research institution to det... more Simple Summary A 42-day feeding trial was carried out in a commercial research institution to determine the efficacy of two bioactive protein products, betaGRO® (BG) and celluTEIN® (CT). The birds were grown under two different environments. One was a low stress environment using clean wood shavings, while the other was a high stress environment where used wood shavings were obtained from a commercial farm that had suffered high mortality to simulate a commercial environment. Growing birds in the high stress environment had a negative impact upon overall bird performance; however, the addition of either BG or CT successfully mitigated these detriments. Improvements in 42-day body weight and feed conversion were observed in chicks grown in both environments in response to the addition of either BG or CT. Birds fed BG and CT were more uniform than birds grown on control diets. Mortality of birds in the high stress environment was significantly reduced by the addition of BG or CT. Addi...
Journal of Animal Science and Technology, Sep 1, 2019
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different stocker management programs ... more The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different stocker management programs on skeletal muscle development and growth characteristics, satellite cell (SC) activity in growing-finishing beef cattle as well as the effects of SC-conditioned media on preadipocyte gene expression and differentiation. Fall-weaned Angus steers (n = 76; 258 ± 28 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 stocker production systems: 1) grazing dormant native range (NR) supplemented with a 40% CP cottonseed meal-based supplement (1.02 kg • steer-1 • d-1) followed by long-season summer grazing (CON, 0.46 kg/d); 2) grazing dormant NR supplemented with a ground corn and soybean meal-based supplement fed at 1% of BW followed by short-season summer grazing (CORN, 0.61 kg/d); 3) grazing winter wheat pasture (WP) at high stocking density (3.21 steers/ha) to achieve a moderate rate of gain (LGWP, 0.83 kg/d); and 4) grazing winter WP at low stocking density (0.99 steers/ha) to achieve a high rate of gain (HGWP, 1.29 kg/d). At the end of the stocker (intermediate harvest, IH) and finishing (final harvest, FH) phases, 4 steers / treatment were harvested and longissimus muscles (LM) sampled for cryohistological immunofluorescence analysis and SC culture assays. At IH, WP steers had greater LM fiber cross-sectional area than NR steers; however, at FH, the opposite was observed (p < 0.0001). At IH, CORN steers had the lowest Myf-5+:Pax7+ SC density (p = 0.020), while LGWP steers had the most Pax7+ SC (p = 0.043). At FH, CON steers had the highest LM capillary density (p = 0.003) and their cultured SC differentiated more readily than all other treatments (p = 0.017). At FH, Pax7 mRNA was more abundant in 14 d-old SC cultures from HGWP cattle (p = 0.03). Preadipocytes exposed to culture media from proliferating SC cultures from WP cattle isolated at FH had more PPARγ (p = 0.037) and less FABP4 (p = 0.030) mRNA expression compared with NR cattle. These data suggest that different stocker management strategies can impact skeletal muscle growth, SC function, and potentially impact marbling development in growing-finishing beef cattle.
This study evaluated the influence of the Programmed Nutrition Beef Program and exogenous growth ... more This study evaluated the influence of the Programmed Nutrition Beef Program and exogenous growth promotants (ExGP) on water holding capacity characteristics of enhanced beef strip loins. Sixty, frozen strip loins, arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement with dietary program serving as the first factor and use of ExGP as the second factor, were thawed, injected with an enhancement solution, and stored for 7 d. Loins from ExGP cattle possessed the ability to bind more (P < 0.05) water before pumping and bind less (P < 0.05) water after pumping and storage. Loin pH across treatments was similar (P > 0.10) before injection, but increased postinjection and after storage (P < 0.01). Treatments did not affect loin purge loss, steak cook loss, and expressible moisture (P > 0.10). The Programmed Nutrition Beef Program and use of ExGPs minimally impacted water holding capacity of enhanced frozen/thawed beef strip loins.
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, 2013
A total of 320 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 216 lb) were utilized to determine the e... more A total of 320 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 216 lb) were utilized to determine the effects of adding Zn to diets containing ractopamine HCl (RAC) on muscle fiber type distribution, fresh chop color, and cooked meat characteristics. Dietary treatments were fed for approximately 35 d and consisted of: a corn-soybean meal-based negative control (CON); a positive control diet with 10 ppm of RAC (RAC+); and the RAC+ diet plus 75, 150, or 225 ppm added Zn from either ZnO or Availa-Zn. Loins from 80 barrow and 80 gilt carcasses were evaluated. No Zn source effect or Zn source × level interactions we observed during the study (P > 0.10). Pigs fed the RAC+ had increased (P < 0.02) percentage type IIX and a tendency for increased percentage type IIB muscle fibers. Increasing added Zn decreased (linear, P = 0.01) percentage type IIA and tended to increase (P = 0.09) IIX muscle fibers. On d 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of display, pork chops from pigs fed the RAC+ treatment had greater (P < 0.03) L* values (lighter) compared with the CON. On d 0 and 3 of display, increasing added Zn tended to decrease (quadratic, P = 0.10) L* values and decreased (quadratic, P < 0.03) L* values on d 1, 2, 4, and 5. Pigs fed RAC+ had decreased (P < 0.05) a* values (less red) on d 1 and 4 of display and tended to have decreased (P < 0.10) a* values on d 0 and 2 compared with CON pork chops. RAC+ decreased (P < 0.001) metmyoglobin reducing ability (MRA) of pork chops on d 5. Chops from pigs fed added Zn had increased (quadratic, P < 0.03) MRA on d 3 and 5 of the display period. There was a trend for increased (linear, P = 0.07) cooking loss as added Zn increased in RAC diets. In conclusion, RAC+ diets produced chops that were lighter and less red but maintained a higher percentage of surface oxymyoglobin throughout a 5-d simulated retail display. RAC+ reduced MRA at the end of the display period, but supplementing Zn to RAC diets restored MRA to near CON treatment levels at the end of the display period.
ABSTRACT Abstract Text: To evaluate the effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH), implants, and d... more ABSTRACT Abstract Text: To evaluate the effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH), implants, and day of aging (DOA) on Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), collagen solubility, and fiber cross sectional area (CSA), 33 crossbred heifers were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: no implant or ZH (CON); Component TE-200 implant on day 1 of the study (IMP); or implant and 8.3 ppm of ZH for 21 days with a 3-d withdrawal period (ZIL). After 75 d of feeding, animals were shipped to a commercial abattoir for harvest, chilled for 36 h, and boneless strip loins were transported to the Kansas State University Meats Laboratory. To assess CSA and myosin heavy chain isoform (MHC), 13th-rib LM samples were cryopreserved, sectioned into 5-µm sections, and immunostained for MHC type I, IIA, and IIX. On d 3, 14, and 21 of aging, a 2.54-cm steak and a 0.64-cm steak were fabricated for WBSF and collagen solubility analyses, respectively. For WBSF, there was a treatment × DOA interaction (P&lt;0.01). On d 3 of aging, CON steaks had decreased WBSF compared to IMP and ZIL steaks (P&lt;0.01). At d 14, CON and IMP steaks did not differ (P=0.21) in WBSF, but ZIL steak WBSF values were greater than those of the other treatments (P&lt;0.01). After 21 d aging, there were no WBSF differences between treatments (P&gt;0.13). There was no treatment × DOA interaction for percent soluble or total collagen (P&gt;0.20). Implants and ZIL increased the percentage of soluble collagen when compared to CON (P&lt;0.05), and solubility of collagen also increased between d 14 and 21 of aging (P&lt;0.01). Treatment or DOA did not affect total collagen content (P&gt;0.51). For type I muscle fibers, CSA was greatest for the IMP group (P&lt;0.01). Type IIA and IIX CSA were greater for ZIL compared to IMP and CON (P&lt;0.01). There were positive correlations between type IIX CSA and WBSF on days 3, 14, and 21 of aging (R2=0.64, 0.58, and 0.37, respectively; P&lt;0.05). Increased CSA for type I and type IIA were positively correlated with increased WBSF for d 3 and 14 (type I R2=0.51, 0.44, and 0.26; type IIA R2=0.51, 0.45, and 0.27, respectively; P&lt;0.05), but not for d 21 (P&gt;0.14). Implants and ZH increase the CSA of muscle fibers, which correlate positively with WBSF values. Keywords: Growth promotants, shear force, cross-sectional area
Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SC) play a critical role in the hypertrophic growth of postnatal... more Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SC) play a critical role in the hypertrophic growth of postnatal muscle. Increases in breast meat yield have been consistently observed in broiler chickens fed 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3), but it is unclear whether this effect is mediated by SC. Thus, our objective was to determine the effect of vitamin D status improvement by replacing the majority of dietary vitamin D3 (D3) with 25OHD3 on SC activity and muscle growth characteristics in the pectoralis major (PM) and the biceps femoris (BF) muscles. Day-old, male Ross 708 broiler chickens (n = 150) were fed 1 of 2 corn and soybean meal-based diets for 49 d. The control diet (CTL) contained 5,000 IU D3 per kg of diet and the experimental diet (25OHD3) contained 2,240 IU D3 per kg of diet + 2,760 IU 25OHD3 per kg of diet. Ten birds per treatment were harvested every 7 d. Two hours before harvest, birds were injected intraperitoneally with 5'-bromo-2'deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label mitotica...
A total of 320 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 98 kg) were used to determine the effect... more A total of 320 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 98 kg) were used to determine the effects of adding Zn to diets containing ractopamine HCl (RAC) on muscle fiber type distribution, fresh chop color, and cooked meat characteristics. Dietary treatments were fed for approximately 35 d and consisted of a corn-soybean meal-based negative control (CON), a positive control diet with 10 mg/kg of RAC (RAC+), and the RAC+ diet plus 75, 150, or 225 mg/kg added Zn from either ZnO or Availa-Zn. Loins randomly selected from each treatment (n = 20) were evaluated using contrasts: CON vs. RAC+, interaction of Zn level × source, Zn level linear and quadratic polynomials, and Zn source. There were no Zn source effects or Zn source × level interactions throughout the study (P > 0.10). Pigs fed RAC+ had increased (P < 0.02) percentage type IIX and a tendency for increased (P = 0.10) percent type IIB muscle fibers. Increasing added Zn decreased (linear, P = 0.01) percentage type IIA and te...
Abstract Text: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effect that muscle fiber compos... more Abstract Text: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effect that muscle fiber composition differences within anatomical location of beef strip loin steaks elicit on color characteristics over a 7-d simulated retail display. Beef strip loins (n=120) were collected from a commercial abattoir and before aging, steaks were removed from the 13th rib for immunohistochemical analysis of muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and myosin-heavy chain (MHC) isoform distribution. Sampling locations included medial (MED), mid-lateral (M/L), and lateral (LAT) within each steak. After 14-d of aging, steaks were fabricated and L*, a*, surface metmyoglobin, and metmyoglobin reducing ability (MRA) were analyzed during a 7-d simulated retail display. There was a day×location interaction for all color characteristics (P<0.01). Initially, LAT was darker and redder than both MED and M/L (P<0.04), and M/L was redder (P<0.01) than MED. On d-7, MED tended to have reduced (P<0.05) L...
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Papers by Mathew Vaughn