The purpose of this research was to understand how measurements of the aging body change in the s... more The purpose of this research was to understand how measurements of the aging body change in the seated and standing positions. An integrated approach was taken to select the appropriate 3D scanning technology, develop a landmarking method, and position the body to analyze the waist–hip–thigh region. Each part of the method was developed to enable an in-depth analysis of circumference measurements and shape change, including the expansion and contraction of body shape across different postures. New 3D scanning methods to quantify diverse bodies can improve product fit and create inclusive, quality design for all.
3D body scanning and printing are attracting attention as innovative technologies for producing d... more 3D body scanning and printing are attracting attention as innovative technologies for producing dress forms. While designing dress forms, the shape of the human body must be accurately reflected in the different postures. This study explored the development of dress forms as a tool to understand changes in body size and shape according to postures and reflect this information to design and fit evaluation in the apparel industry. The holistic development process of dress forms in standing and sitting postures was suggested for representing the body shape of a specific target group. The average shape of middle-aged Korean women was derived by analyzing the 6th Size Korea data. A representative participant whose dimensions were closest to the average size was selected among recruited participants for the dress form development. The body data were acquired with a portable 3D scanner and corresponding dress forms and accessories were modeled using 3D CAD software. The models were inspect...
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
This research aimed to evaluate the usability of three alternative protective face mask designs f... more This research aimed to evaluate the usability of three alternative protective face mask designs from the clinical perspective. In a remote study, dental students (n=38) with experience wearing N95 FFRs participated in a randomized wear trial with simulated activities to measure mask performance. A Likertscale survey instrument was developed to examine conditions of discomfort, fit stability, wear efficiency, and speech intelligibility. Survey results indicated the KN95 mask demonstrated the highest overall mask usability, followed by MNmask v2, and MNmask v1. While participants found MNmask v1 uncomfortable, the stability was rated highest during a head up and down activity ( M=3.54). Here, the KN95 mask had a lower rating ( M=3.36), revealing potential issues with a loose fit. MNmask v2 showed overall improvement from MNmask v1, but revealed complications with the paracord bands. The findings from this study may be applied broadly in improving mask performance and usability in prot...
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
A face shield is personal protective equipment that protects all or part of the face. It is worn ... more A face shield is personal protective equipment that protects all or part of the face. It is worn to prevent injury or reduce the spread of infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to explore what problems healthcare workers experience while wearing a face shield, and to develop a new face shield design with improved usability. For user needs-based design, three-stage interviews were conducted with three healthcare workers with experience wearing face shields and product design major graduate students. Reported problems with face shields were related to human factors such as low degree of seal confidence, low work efficiency, skin irritation, pressure, glare, heat, and humidity. Based on the needs of healthcare workers and product design perspectives, a low-fidelity concept was developed and reviewed, including basic improvement directions and redesign ideas. Iterative design evaluation and user interviews were performed throughout the design process for modifications of th...
Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications
The purpose of this research was to understand how measurements of the aging body change in the s... more The purpose of this research was to understand how measurements of the aging body change in the seated and standing positions. An integrated approach was taken to select the appropriate 3D scanning technology, develop a landmarking method, and position the body to analyze the waist–hip–thigh region. Each part of the method was developed to enable an in-depth analysis of circumference measurements and shape change, including the expansion and contraction of body shape across different postures. New 3D scanning methods to quantify diverse bodies can improve product fit and create inclusive, quality design for all.
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
Personal protective equipment (PPE) compliance in healthcare settings has continued to be an issu... more Personal protective equipment (PPE) compliance in healthcare settings has continued to be an issue before and during the pandemic. The purpose of this study was to understand the overall experience of healthcare workers with PPE, including types and uses of PPE, their duties, satisfaction, and dissatisfaction with PPE. By examining the PPE design characteristics and requirements of healthcare workers, the ultimate goal is to redesign PPE to increase comfort and work efficiency. As a pilot study, one-to-one online interviews were conducted with three healthcare workers who had experience wearing PPE while working in a hospital. The transcripts were analyzed using NVivo software, and a total of 5 subgroups were created based on the 69 unique codes by grouping them into semantic units: environmental situation and characteristics, satisfaction, improvement and suggestion, issues and problems, and PPE wearing experience. Masks (N95 and surgical), eye protections (goggle and face shield),...
In 1952, Gilbert S. Daniels published his seminal report “The ’Average Man’?” which examined the ... more In 1952, Gilbert S. Daniels published his seminal report “The ’Average Man’?” which examined the measurements of 4,063 active United States Air Force personnel (Daniels. 1952). This report detailed a profound yet simple finding: that after eliminating for ten common anthropometric measurements, no one person meets the average for all body dimensions. We analyzed Two anthropometric data bases over two studies, following an updated version of Daniels’ (1952) original method. The biggest changes were not eliminating the top and bottom percentiles of the population, and adjusted the calculation to find middle 25-30%. The databases examined were ANSUR II (Gorden et al., 2014) and CAESAR (Robinette et al., 2002), to see how civilian and military populations compare. The results of both studies were generally consistent with Daniels (1952), however we did discover that some individuals were able to meet the criteria for average after ten measurements. The best performance took place in the...
At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic when traditional N95 respirators were in short supply i... more At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic when traditional N95 respirators were in short supply in the United States, there was a need for alternative products that did not rely on traditional avenues of sourcing and manufacturing. The purpose of this research was to develop and test alternatives to N95 respirators that could be produced locally without specialized materials and processes. Through an interdisciplinary team of experts, new mask designs that use repurposed filtration media and commercially available components were developed and tested for filtration and fit against current N95 standards. Filtration efficiency test results showed that the filtration media can be used for high-quality facemasks and quantitative fit testing demonstrated that the new mask designs could be viable alternatives to traditional N95 facemasks when those masks are in short supply. Manufacturing viability was tested utilizing a workforce to create 6000 masks over 10 days. The ability to quickly ...
Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2021 - 12th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 19-20 October 2021, 2021
Most Korean apparel companies lack suitable dress forms for the different body types of middle-ag... more Most Korean apparel companies lack suitable dress forms for the different body types of middle-aged Korean women, resulting in poor clothing fit for them. As a part of an ongoing project to develop a dress form that fully reflects Korean middle-aged women’s bodies, this study classified the body shapes and examined the anthropometric characteristics of women in their 40s and 50s. The 3D anthropometric data of 302 middle-aged women of normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) were obtained from the 6th Size Korea. Sixty-three measurements related to the construction of dress form were chosen. Based on the scores from five factors, the body shapes of Korean middle-aged women were classified into four types: Type 1 had a broader shoulder and a slightly developed upper body but a more developed lower body; Type 2 had a longer, relatively thin and flat, vertical body; Type 3 had a shorter body and smaller torso than the other types, and the lower body was more developed than the upper; Type 4 h...
The purpose of this research was to understand how measurements of the aging body change in the s... more The purpose of this research was to understand how measurements of the aging body change in the seated and standing positions. An integrated approach was taken to select the appropriate 3D scanning technology, develop a landmarking method, and position the body to analyze the waist–hip–thigh region. Each part of the method was developed to enable an in-depth analysis of circumference measurements and shape change, including the expansion and contraction of body shape across different postures. New 3D scanning methods to quantify diverse bodies can improve product fit and create inclusive, quality design for all.
3D body scanning and printing are attracting attention as innovative technologies for producing d... more 3D body scanning and printing are attracting attention as innovative technologies for producing dress forms. While designing dress forms, the shape of the human body must be accurately reflected in the different postures. This study explored the development of dress forms as a tool to understand changes in body size and shape according to postures and reflect this information to design and fit evaluation in the apparel industry. The holistic development process of dress forms in standing and sitting postures was suggested for representing the body shape of a specific target group. The average shape of middle-aged Korean women was derived by analyzing the 6th Size Korea data. A representative participant whose dimensions were closest to the average size was selected among recruited participants for the dress form development. The body data were acquired with a portable 3D scanner and corresponding dress forms and accessories were modeled using 3D CAD software. The models were inspect...
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
This research aimed to evaluate the usability of three alternative protective face mask designs f... more This research aimed to evaluate the usability of three alternative protective face mask designs from the clinical perspective. In a remote study, dental students (n=38) with experience wearing N95 FFRs participated in a randomized wear trial with simulated activities to measure mask performance. A Likertscale survey instrument was developed to examine conditions of discomfort, fit stability, wear efficiency, and speech intelligibility. Survey results indicated the KN95 mask demonstrated the highest overall mask usability, followed by MNmask v2, and MNmask v1. While participants found MNmask v1 uncomfortable, the stability was rated highest during a head up and down activity ( M=3.54). Here, the KN95 mask had a lower rating ( M=3.36), revealing potential issues with a loose fit. MNmask v2 showed overall improvement from MNmask v1, but revealed complications with the paracord bands. The findings from this study may be applied broadly in improving mask performance and usability in prot...
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
A face shield is personal protective equipment that protects all or part of the face. It is worn ... more A face shield is personal protective equipment that protects all or part of the face. It is worn to prevent injury or reduce the spread of infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to explore what problems healthcare workers experience while wearing a face shield, and to develop a new face shield design with improved usability. For user needs-based design, three-stage interviews were conducted with three healthcare workers with experience wearing face shields and product design major graduate students. Reported problems with face shields were related to human factors such as low degree of seal confidence, low work efficiency, skin irritation, pressure, glare, heat, and humidity. Based on the needs of healthcare workers and product design perspectives, a low-fidelity concept was developed and reviewed, including basic improvement directions and redesign ideas. Iterative design evaluation and user interviews were performed throughout the design process for modifications of th...
Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications
The purpose of this research was to understand how measurements of the aging body change in the s... more The purpose of this research was to understand how measurements of the aging body change in the seated and standing positions. An integrated approach was taken to select the appropriate 3D scanning technology, develop a landmarking method, and position the body to analyze the waist–hip–thigh region. Each part of the method was developed to enable an in-depth analysis of circumference measurements and shape change, including the expansion and contraction of body shape across different postures. New 3D scanning methods to quantify diverse bodies can improve product fit and create inclusive, quality design for all.
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
Personal protective equipment (PPE) compliance in healthcare settings has continued to be an issu... more Personal protective equipment (PPE) compliance in healthcare settings has continued to be an issue before and during the pandemic. The purpose of this study was to understand the overall experience of healthcare workers with PPE, including types and uses of PPE, their duties, satisfaction, and dissatisfaction with PPE. By examining the PPE design characteristics and requirements of healthcare workers, the ultimate goal is to redesign PPE to increase comfort and work efficiency. As a pilot study, one-to-one online interviews were conducted with three healthcare workers who had experience wearing PPE while working in a hospital. The transcripts were analyzed using NVivo software, and a total of 5 subgroups were created based on the 69 unique codes by grouping them into semantic units: environmental situation and characteristics, satisfaction, improvement and suggestion, issues and problems, and PPE wearing experience. Masks (N95 and surgical), eye protections (goggle and face shield),...
In 1952, Gilbert S. Daniels published his seminal report “The ’Average Man’?” which examined the ... more In 1952, Gilbert S. Daniels published his seminal report “The ’Average Man’?” which examined the measurements of 4,063 active United States Air Force personnel (Daniels. 1952). This report detailed a profound yet simple finding: that after eliminating for ten common anthropometric measurements, no one person meets the average for all body dimensions. We analyzed Two anthropometric data bases over two studies, following an updated version of Daniels’ (1952) original method. The biggest changes were not eliminating the top and bottom percentiles of the population, and adjusted the calculation to find middle 25-30%. The databases examined were ANSUR II (Gorden et al., 2014) and CAESAR (Robinette et al., 2002), to see how civilian and military populations compare. The results of both studies were generally consistent with Daniels (1952), however we did discover that some individuals were able to meet the criteria for average after ten measurements. The best performance took place in the...
At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic when traditional N95 respirators were in short supply i... more At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic when traditional N95 respirators were in short supply in the United States, there was a need for alternative products that did not rely on traditional avenues of sourcing and manufacturing. The purpose of this research was to develop and test alternatives to N95 respirators that could be produced locally without specialized materials and processes. Through an interdisciplinary team of experts, new mask designs that use repurposed filtration media and commercially available components were developed and tested for filtration and fit against current N95 standards. Filtration efficiency test results showed that the filtration media can be used for high-quality facemasks and quantitative fit testing demonstrated that the new mask designs could be viable alternatives to traditional N95 facemasks when those masks are in short supply. Manufacturing viability was tested utilizing a workforce to create 6000 masks over 10 days. The ability to quickly ...
Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2021 - 12th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 19-20 October 2021, 2021
Most Korean apparel companies lack suitable dress forms for the different body types of middle-ag... more Most Korean apparel companies lack suitable dress forms for the different body types of middle-aged Korean women, resulting in poor clothing fit for them. As a part of an ongoing project to develop a dress form that fully reflects Korean middle-aged women’s bodies, this study classified the body shapes and examined the anthropometric characteristics of women in their 40s and 50s. The 3D anthropometric data of 302 middle-aged women of normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) were obtained from the 6th Size Korea. Sixty-three measurements related to the construction of dress form were chosen. Based on the scores from five factors, the body shapes of Korean middle-aged women were classified into four types: Type 1 had a broader shoulder and a slightly developed upper body but a more developed lower body; Type 2 had a longer, relatively thin and flat, vertical body; Type 3 had a shorter body and smaller torso than the other types, and the lower body was more developed than the upper; Type 4 h...
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