The differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) method is based on phase varia... more The differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) method is based on phase variation between the complex value of pixels of timely separated scenes in interferometric SAR pairs. This phase variation has five components: surface topography, curvature of planet’s surface, terrain displacement, volume scatterers, and atmospheric propagation effects. The terrain displacement is the main product of the DInSAR method, while the last two effects are unpredictable and bring inaccuracy into the terrain displacement measurements. In this work, the propagation conditions in the troposphere and ionosphere were studied during two DInSAR measurements examining the Zagreb 22 March 2020 earthquake, with terrain raising of up to +3 cm at the epicenter. For the troposphere, the vertical profile of the modified refraction index, which incorporates local curvature change with height, was reconstructed using aerological balloon probing data. Ionospheric conditions were determined based ...
Defence capabilities have always been heavily dependent on technological capabilities. This depen... more Defence capabilities have always been heavily dependent on technological capabilities. This dependence is significantly emphasized nowadays due to the very rapid advancement of science and technology relevant to defence, and especially due to the emergence of disruptive technologies. However, emerging and disruptive technologies are well known throughout human history (fire, wheel, metals, gunpowder, external and internal combustion engines, etc.). Today, the cycle of emergence, application and response to the EDT is much faster, due to globalisation and maturation of information technologies. Smaller countries, because of their modest industrial and technological base at the national level, have problems to follow the emerging and disruptive technologies. In modern civilization, the military is losing its traditional centuries-old role as a privileged customer for purchasing new, technologically advanced products and must face competition in the open market. In this case, defence m...
Ova studija izvodljivosti bavi se razvojem modela refrakcije radio-valova u atmosferi koja je zna... more Ova studija izvodljivosti bavi se razvojem modela refrakcije radio-valova u atmosferi koja je znacajna za rad elektronickih obrambenih sustava: radara, sustava veza i elektronickog djelovanja. Oružane snage Republike Hrvatske (OS RH) su jos 1991. pocele s vlastitim modeliranjem radio vidljivosti (program PRV). Novi elektronicki sustavi koji su uvedeni u OS RH i nemogucnost daljeg razvoja programa PRV namecu potrebu za osuvremenjivanjem ove problematike. U ovoj studiji, koja se nastavlja na prethodnu studiju, predlaže se novi model koji kao matematicku podlogu ima najsuvremeniji i najsloženiji model refrakcije nazvan Advanced Propagation Model (APM) i koji je standard u Oružanim snagama SAD-a i NATO-u. U ovoj studiji izvodljivosti provedeni su svi koraci lokalizacije modela za podrucje Republike Hrvatske i okolnih država, identificirane su i iskoristene potrebne podloge za rad (digitalni modeli terena i aerosondažna mjerenja) te je razvijen plan i program skolovanja buducih korisnika...
Predmet ekspertize je izrada studije osnovne mreže geomagnetske deklinacije na teritoriju Republi... more Predmet ekspertize je izrada studije osnovne mreže geomagnetske deklinacije na teritoriju Republike Hrvatske pod nadležnosti MORH-a te priprema pravilnika s metodama i postupcima izmjere geomagnetske deklinacije za potrebe vojne kartografije. Sadrži povijesni pregled određivanja Zemljinog magnetskog polja na podrucju Hrvatske, teoriju Zemljinog magnetskog polja, zahtjeve kod geomagnetske izmjere, geoloski opis podrucja geomagnetskih anomalija, kartografske i GIS zahtjeve, definiciju podrucja civilizacijskog suma te projekt osnovne mreže geomagnetske deklinacije.
The „Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modifica... more The „Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification technique“ (referred lately in this paper as “Convention”), effective since 5 October 1978, strictly forbade military usage of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD). The Convention protects signatory nations more broadly; against any other hostile use of the ENMOD technologies, and to advocate cooperation, trust and scientific knowledge exchange between the signatory nations. The Convention also offers UN role in consultation, protection and the determined protocol for a possible issue caused by the application of the ENMOD technologies. Since the dissolution of Yugoslavia, in the early nineties, only one country; the Republic of Slovenia, ratified the Convention. Due to this fact, a large area in Southeast Europe has no proper international regulation of this matter. Regardless of the minor possibility of military ENMOD application in the region, there is an increasing expe...
Using regular balloon data at the aerological station Zagreb-Maksimir (WMO# 14240) a continuous, ... more Using regular balloon data at the aerological station Zagreb-Maksimir (WMO# 14240) a continuous, seven years long record containing modified refraction index vertical profiles in the troposphere was produced. These profiles enable detection of the non-standard radio wave refraction phenomena. The vertical profiles of radio duct, superrefraction and subrefraction phenomena occurrences were obtained and the characteristic heights for all nonstandard phenomena were determined. The time series show an annual variation with a maximum frequency during summer and minimum during winter and the first half of spring.
The mean annual and daily measured wind speed as well as the distribution of wind speed and direc... more The mean annual and daily measured wind speed as well as the distribution of wind speed and direction in the mountain area of Croatia have been analysed. The month-by-month relative deviations from the mean speed are shown, too. The WAsP model, a model for calculation of the wind energy potential, has also been applied by wind data for Gospi}; and Ogulin stations in the period 1981-1990. These stations are situated in the mountain area of Croatia. The results show that the utilization of energy at the considered stations could not be economically justified.
Using NOAA/VHRR satellite images during one year period and monitoring changes of Normalized Diff... more Using NOAA/VHRR satellite images during one year period and monitoring changes of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)and variations in multispectral feature space, occurrences of phenological phases for the oak-wood (Quercus robur) in five lowland locations in the Republic of Croatia was noticed. Average annual variation of NDVI was computed along with criteria for detection of the most distnct phenological phases. Changes in the multispectral feature space were noticed and using of dynamic clustering was suggested for determination of time-dependent features. This method could be used for monitoring oak-wood, which are not included in agrometeorological network in Croatia and even in neighhbouring countries.
2020 3rd International Colloquium on Intelligent Grid Metrology (SMAGRIMET), 2020
The practical application of satellite interferometric SAR images for determining the vertical di... more The practical application of satellite interferometric SAR images for determining the vertical displacement of the soil after a strong earthquake in Zagreb in 2020 is presented. The area affected by the terrain displacements was compared with the tracks of transmission lines for a rapid assessment of their endangering and placing them properly on the list of priorities for in-situ damage checking. In addition to the possibility of using open source satellite imagery, such as ESA Copernicus, it is proposed to use dedicated commercial fine time resolution satellite imagery that can be used operationally during earthquake rescue and remediation actions.
The differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) method is based on phase varia... more The differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) method is based on phase variation between the complex value of pixels of timely separated scenes in interferometric SAR pairs. This phase variation has five components: surface topography, curvature of planet’s surface, terrain displacement, volume scatterers, and atmospheric propagation effects. The terrain displacement is the main product of the DInSAR method, while the last two effects are unpredictable and bring inaccuracy into the terrain displacement measurements. In this work, the propagation conditions in the troposphere and ionosphere were studied during two DInSAR measurements examining the Zagreb 22 March 2020 earthquake, with terrain raising of up to +3 cm at the epicenter. For the troposphere, the vertical profile of the modified refraction index, which incorporates local curvature change with height, was reconstructed using aerological balloon probing data. Ionospheric conditions were determined based ...
Defence capabilities have always been heavily dependent on technological capabilities. This depen... more Defence capabilities have always been heavily dependent on technological capabilities. This dependence is significantly emphasized nowadays due to the very rapid advancement of science and technology relevant to defence, and especially due to the emergence of disruptive technologies. However, emerging and disruptive technologies are well known throughout human history (fire, wheel, metals, gunpowder, external and internal combustion engines, etc.). Today, the cycle of emergence, application and response to the EDT is much faster, due to globalisation and maturation of information technologies. Smaller countries, because of their modest industrial and technological base at the national level, have problems to follow the emerging and disruptive technologies. In modern civilization, the military is losing its traditional centuries-old role as a privileged customer for purchasing new, technologically advanced products and must face competition in the open market. In this case, defence m...
Ova studija izvodljivosti bavi se razvojem modela refrakcije radio-valova u atmosferi koja je zna... more Ova studija izvodljivosti bavi se razvojem modela refrakcije radio-valova u atmosferi koja je znacajna za rad elektronickih obrambenih sustava: radara, sustava veza i elektronickog djelovanja. Oružane snage Republike Hrvatske (OS RH) su jos 1991. pocele s vlastitim modeliranjem radio vidljivosti (program PRV). Novi elektronicki sustavi koji su uvedeni u OS RH i nemogucnost daljeg razvoja programa PRV namecu potrebu za osuvremenjivanjem ove problematike. U ovoj studiji, koja se nastavlja na prethodnu studiju, predlaže se novi model koji kao matematicku podlogu ima najsuvremeniji i najsloženiji model refrakcije nazvan Advanced Propagation Model (APM) i koji je standard u Oružanim snagama SAD-a i NATO-u. U ovoj studiji izvodljivosti provedeni su svi koraci lokalizacije modela za podrucje Republike Hrvatske i okolnih država, identificirane su i iskoristene potrebne podloge za rad (digitalni modeli terena i aerosondažna mjerenja) te je razvijen plan i program skolovanja buducih korisnika...
Predmet ekspertize je izrada studije osnovne mreže geomagnetske deklinacije na teritoriju Republi... more Predmet ekspertize je izrada studije osnovne mreže geomagnetske deklinacije na teritoriju Republike Hrvatske pod nadležnosti MORH-a te priprema pravilnika s metodama i postupcima izmjere geomagnetske deklinacije za potrebe vojne kartografije. Sadrži povijesni pregled određivanja Zemljinog magnetskog polja na podrucju Hrvatske, teoriju Zemljinog magnetskog polja, zahtjeve kod geomagnetske izmjere, geoloski opis podrucja geomagnetskih anomalija, kartografske i GIS zahtjeve, definiciju podrucja civilizacijskog suma te projekt osnovne mreže geomagnetske deklinacije.
The „Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modifica... more The „Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification technique“ (referred lately in this paper as “Convention”), effective since 5 October 1978, strictly forbade military usage of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD). The Convention protects signatory nations more broadly; against any other hostile use of the ENMOD technologies, and to advocate cooperation, trust and scientific knowledge exchange between the signatory nations. The Convention also offers UN role in consultation, protection and the determined protocol for a possible issue caused by the application of the ENMOD technologies. Since the dissolution of Yugoslavia, in the early nineties, only one country; the Republic of Slovenia, ratified the Convention. Due to this fact, a large area in Southeast Europe has no proper international regulation of this matter. Regardless of the minor possibility of military ENMOD application in the region, there is an increasing expe...
Using regular balloon data at the aerological station Zagreb-Maksimir (WMO# 14240) a continuous, ... more Using regular balloon data at the aerological station Zagreb-Maksimir (WMO# 14240) a continuous, seven years long record containing modified refraction index vertical profiles in the troposphere was produced. These profiles enable detection of the non-standard radio wave refraction phenomena. The vertical profiles of radio duct, superrefraction and subrefraction phenomena occurrences were obtained and the characteristic heights for all nonstandard phenomena were determined. The time series show an annual variation with a maximum frequency during summer and minimum during winter and the first half of spring.
The mean annual and daily measured wind speed as well as the distribution of wind speed and direc... more The mean annual and daily measured wind speed as well as the distribution of wind speed and direction in the mountain area of Croatia have been analysed. The month-by-month relative deviations from the mean speed are shown, too. The WAsP model, a model for calculation of the wind energy potential, has also been applied by wind data for Gospi}; and Ogulin stations in the period 1981-1990. These stations are situated in the mountain area of Croatia. The results show that the utilization of energy at the considered stations could not be economically justified.
Using NOAA/VHRR satellite images during one year period and monitoring changes of Normalized Diff... more Using NOAA/VHRR satellite images during one year period and monitoring changes of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)and variations in multispectral feature space, occurrences of phenological phases for the oak-wood (Quercus robur) in five lowland locations in the Republic of Croatia was noticed. Average annual variation of NDVI was computed along with criteria for detection of the most distnct phenological phases. Changes in the multispectral feature space were noticed and using of dynamic clustering was suggested for determination of time-dependent features. This method could be used for monitoring oak-wood, which are not included in agrometeorological network in Croatia and even in neighhbouring countries.
2020 3rd International Colloquium on Intelligent Grid Metrology (SMAGRIMET), 2020
The practical application of satellite interferometric SAR images for determining the vertical di... more The practical application of satellite interferometric SAR images for determining the vertical displacement of the soil after a strong earthquake in Zagreb in 2020 is presented. The area affected by the terrain displacements was compared with the tracks of transmission lines for a rapid assessment of their endangering and placing them properly on the list of priorities for in-situ damage checking. In addition to the possibility of using open source satellite imagery, such as ESA Copernicus, it is proposed to use dedicated commercial fine time resolution satellite imagery that can be used operationally during earthquake rescue and remediation actions.
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Papers by Mladen Viher