Mohamed Raage Hassan earned a bachelor's degree in Economics from the University of Hargeisa and an MA in Public Administration from Indira Gandhi National Open University in New Delhi. He has authored numerous research papers, opinion articles, and book reviews. His MPA specialization encompasses public systems management, administrative theories, organizational development, democracy, and decentralization, with a particular focus on public policy. His research interests span a wide spectrum, including institutional building, good governance, federalism, security, taxation policies, trade dynamics, fiscal federalism, and public finance.
International Journal of Global Sustainable Research (IJGSR), 2024
This review paper explores key themes in Western philosophy, addressing questions on ... more This review paper explores key themes in Western philosophy, addressing questions on logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. It emphasizes the diverse influences on philosophy, including cultural and historicalfactors. The evolution of philosophy, its subjective classification, and the contrasting views on history by Hegel and Hume are discussed. Wittgenstein's pragmatic philosophy, Heidegger's three-fold structure, and Husserl's self-evidence contribute to understanding being. The examination of idealism, metaphysics, and human consciousness reveals philosophical complexities. In conclusion, philosophy shapes human knowledge, integrating the visible and invisible worlds, and continues to evolve, fostering a dialogue about the nature of reality.
I am appreciated to pay tribute to Professor Ali Jimale who is a prominent Somali scholar that su... more I am appreciated to pay tribute to Professor Ali Jimale who is a prominent Somali scholar that suited to accentuate his academic influence, scholarly contribution and publication. Dr jimale was born and raised in Mogadishu where he started his early childhood education since then he took his undergraduate degree from Somali National University (SNU) Department of Linguist and English Literature.
The livestock trade and export has extreme importance to the both at state and household level e... more The livestock trade and export has extreme importance to the both at state and household level economy, it creates a lot of revenue to all economic agents (firms, households,) and government itself through taxation which at end goes to the both public and private expenditure in which injected to economy additional purchasing power and activity. Therefore the viability of Somaliland economy after destruction of socio-economic infrastructure in civil wars was began when the livestock export has restarted in 1991 immediately after declaration of Somaliland independence. Nevertheless there were several consequences that livestock trade has been experienced during that given period of time ranging from 1991 to 2020 almost 30 years. However this paper demonstrating that set of challenges which could have an adverse impact to the livestock trade. As Somaliland seem to not have adequate source of income beyond livestock export that may be rely on alternatively when livestock bans imposed, hence this paper also suggests new exportable products including, agricultural products, mining products and industrial product respectively to be regarded considerably as a source of revenue generators.
This study examines the challenges hindering the effectiveness of peace-making processes and expl... more This study examines the challenges hindering the effectiveness of peace-making processes and explores potential prospects in the current scenario where the Somali government operates with legitimacy from both its people and the international community. The research endeavors to identify specific challenges that peace-building efforts, initiated after the fall of the Siyad Barre regime, have encountered, leading to the endurance of conflict and the country's state of statelessness. It emphasizes an analysis of the current threats to peace, particularly from terrorist organizations. Additionally, the study attempts to explore relevant peace prospects, considering various factors such as the current capabilities of the Somali government, especially its security institutions, the lifting of the arms embargo, overall governmental capacity, and socio-economic factors deemed significant. The study employs a qualitative approach, a nonprobability sampling method for selecting its participants; however, this method allows the researcher to determine the selection of participants while considering various factors. This study utilizes a key informant interview (KII) since certain individuals possess the required information for the study. These key informants are categorized into three groups: academicians, politicians, and traditional leaders. The study revealed that failures in peace-building have been caused by various factors, including distrust among power-seeking politicians, external interference, clannism, a lack of commitment from warring factions, and the methods of engagement employed by the United Nations. Furthermore, the study later identified that extremism has impeded the peace-making processes. Recent offensive attacks against terrorist groups, institutional development—especially in the security sector reform—and overall efforts to establish peace in South Central Somalia are seen as indicators that future peace prospects are promising. The study concludes that a holistic approach addressing both the physical threat from armed groups and societal grievances is necessary.
The power competition between clan lines in Somalia weakened any other effort that directed genui... more The power competition between clan lines in Somalia weakened any other effort that directed genuine state-building from grassroots that works effectively. As long as this competition is exist none clan will able to take full control of state as well as the country could not be stable. In addition contextually running political power is not more legitimate and it could certain extent produce some intra-communal conflict. Moreover, it is likely that power competition is seemingly a triangle simply because Digil-mirifle given by "Parliament Speaker" as quota for those remained are not unanimous the power sharing approach even the Isaak's parliament seats and cabinet are underestimated regardless of their population size and what they are in the country by far. Nevertheless, Banadiri clans and ethnic minorities are also underrepresented. In that respect this paper demonstrating how Somalia's political dispensation is usually unfair and marginalized some groups even major clans like Isaak.
Ka hor inta aanan u gudo galin mawduuca aynu u socono waxan jeclaan laha in aynu dib u milicsano ... more Ka hor inta aanan u gudo galin mawduuca aynu u socono waxan jeclaan laha in aynu dib u milicsano sooyaalkii asaaska puntland sida an wada ogsoonahay kadib burburkii dawladii dhexe ee Somalia bulshada somaliyeed waxay aad u tabaysay inay dib u dhistaan dawlad dhexe oo awood ahan la mida tii ka burburtay balse ku shaqeeysa nidamka dilmuqraadiga (Democracy) maadamo lawada arkay qadhaadhka ay ledahay kalitalisnimadu. Sikastaba ha ahaate masiibadii dagaalkii sokeeye iyo qabqablayashii (civil war and warlordism) dabarka goostay kuna baahay inbadan oo kamida gobolada dhexe iyo koonfurta somaliya oo maare loo waayay, bulshada waqooyi bari somaaliya waxa la gudboonatay inaysan muqdisho rajo ka sugin oo guri colaadeed iyo goob dagaal oo lama galaan ah noqotay balse ayagu rajo abuurtan isla jeerkaas waxa samaayn wayn ku laha qaska iyo burburka somaaliya dawldaha gobolka gaar ahaan Ethiopia taas oo la damacsanayd somaliya dhagar aysan kasoo waqsankarin amase dhaawac ay la dheelido hadiiba ay xaamxaamato. 1991 Siyasada dalka Ethiopia waxay u jandheedhsatay mamul dadejin iyo kala dambabasid xoogaga qowmiyadeed ee isku haya dalkaas taas oo sababtay federalka qowmiga ah (ethnic federalism). Xilliyadas dawlada Ethiopia waxay u xuubsibatay la shaqaysiga kooxo mafia siyaasadeed ah qabqablayaal dagaal iyo hogamiyayaal jabhaaded oo qarkood wadaniyiin loo haysto isugu jira. Waxa aynu u soconaa waa asaaska puntlandee markii ay taariikhdu tahay 1996 kii oo magalada muqdisho xaaladedu faraha ka baxday kadib dilkii hogamiyihii dawladii salbalaadh Gen Mohamed farax caydiid. Dawlada masar ayaa isku dayday inay xal nabadeed dhexdhigto hogamiye kooxeedkii ka dilaacay guud ahaan somaaliya iyo ku dhuwaad 28 gaadhay inta degmo iyo degaan am ail dhaqaale haysata waxayna lahayen jabhado Iyana aan itaa ka yarayn oo la sameeyay 1991kii kuwaas oo la kala safnaa Cali Mahdi iyo Caydiid oo markan wiilkiisa Xuseen caydiid majaraha u hayo maleeshiyadkiisii (ka eeg paper ka ay qoren dr afyare iy abdilahi bariise).
European Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 2024
This paper delves into the profound impact of societal uprisings, fueled by a complex interplay o... more This paper delves into the profound impact of societal uprisings, fueled by a complex interplay of politico-economic factors, in reshaping or toppling political regimes. It becomes apparent that violent opposition to a regime often arises from the calculated maneuvers of dominant political elites, who adeptly wield various tools to stoke a fervent desire for political liberty among the populace, challenging the existing order. This phenomenon was starkly evident during the oppressive reign of Siyad Barre, where segments of Somali society were mobilized from grassroots levels, driven by a collective yearning to break free from the shackles of tyranny and repression. The revolts of that era shared a common goal: either dismantling the dictatorial machinery or compelling its abandonment, while simultaneously advocating for the establishment of a democratic system that would empower individuals to exercise their constitutionally guaranteed rights. However, even in the absence of overt repression, revolts against entrenched systems often persist, driven by underlying political agendas that could potentially be pursued through non-violent means. This paper further examines a recent uprising in Somaliland, drawing parallels from historical revolts witnessed during Siyad Barre's regime, where power consolidation and fear tactics were employed to maintain control. These uprisings typically unfold under the orchestration of political elites who have played pivotal roles in Somalia's political landscape since the early 1980s. During this period, certain Somali politicians defected from the Siyad government, rallying their constituents for armed resistance against dictatorial rule. While the circumstances surrounding these revolts may vary, they share commonalities that warrant thorough exploration. However, it's essential to note the diverse motives driving each uprising. Some seek to completely withdraw from the existing system, while others aim to force reforms or remove those in power altogether.
Somalia faces not only the challenges associated with state-building but also a complex interplay... more Somalia faces not only the challenges associated with state-building but also a complex interplay of issues. One of the most profound crises is the economic model used in the country, which undermines the well-being of the people and poses a threat to the state itself.
International Journal of Scientific Development and Research , 2023
This paper delves into Somalia's federalism, tracing its historical roots from post-Barre upheava... more This paper delves into Somalia's federalism, tracing its historical roots from post-Barre upheaval to contemporary debates. Amidst civil unrest, regional peace-building efforts culminated in a federal system. The study dissects domestic and external factors shaping federalism, critiquing its flaws, especially the undefined power division. It explores historical context, dating back to pre-independence Digil-Mirifle clan advocacy. Debates on federalism are analyzed, contrasting views on its potential to address abuse or threaten unity. Drawing from Somali perspectives, including scholars and politicians, the paper navigates ongoing discourse and the clan system's role. Ethiopia's influence is explored, examining external impacts on governance. The study scrutinizes arguments for and against federalism, considering historical events, regional dynamics, and power struggles. It concludes by examining the international community's role, highlighting motivations behind supporting federal structures to address conflict, enhance inclusiveness, and mitigate clan power contests. In summary, the paper provides a comprehensive analysis of federalism in Somalia, exploring its historical evolution, contemporary debates, and the intricate interplay of domestic and external factors in shaping governance.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research, 2023
Somalia, in a state of chaos for nearly three decades, lacks centralized institutional power. Non... more Somalia, in a state of chaos for nearly three decades, lacks centralized institutional power. Non-state actors, including the radical group Al-Shabaab, emerged after the collapse of the military regime. This article traces Al-Shabaab's evolution from a guerrilla force to an influential armed organization. Utilizing a qualitative research approach and document analysis, this article explores Al-Shabaab's genesis, organizational evolution, and structural components. Examining Al-Shabaab's organizational structure, the article delves into its Executive Council, Finance, Justice, Intelligence, and Media/Recruitment departments. Notably, the group's financial strength, justice system, and recruitment strategies are analyzed. The article also discusses Al-Shabaab's transformation over the past decade, emphasizing its Islamist-nationalist roots, radicalization, and recent tactical modifications. The study underscores Al-Shabaab's resilience, organizational prowess, and ability to control territories. Financial pressure, ideological warfare, and effective counterterrorism strategies are identified as crucial factors in addressing the persistent threat posed by Al-Shabaab in Somalia. A comprehensive approach, encompassing military, financial, and ideological dimensions, is deemed necessary for lasting peace in the region
The livestock trade and export has extreme importance to the both at state and household level ec... more The livestock trade and export has extreme importance to the both at state and household level economy, it creates a lot of revenue to all economic agents (firms, households,) and government itself through taxation which at end goes to the both public and private expenditure in which injected to economy additional purchasing power and activity. Therefore the viability of Somaliland economy after destruction of socioeconomic infrastructure in civil wars was began when the livestock export has restarted in 1991 immediately after declaration of Somaliland independence. Nevertheless there were several consequences that livestock trade has been experienced during that given period of time ranging from 1991 to 2020 almost 30 years. However this paper demonstrating that set of challenges which could have an adverse impact to the livestock trade. As Somaliland seem to not have adequate source of income beyond livestock export that may be rely on alternatively when livestock bans imposed, hence this paper also suggests new exportable products including, agricultural products, mining products and industrial product respectively to be regarded considerably as a source of revenue generators same as livestock export.
International Journal of Global Sustainable Research (IJGSR), 2024
This review paper explores key themes in Western philosophy, addressing questions on ... more This review paper explores key themes in Western philosophy, addressing questions on logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. It emphasizes the diverse influences on philosophy, including cultural and historicalfactors. The evolution of philosophy, its subjective classification, and the contrasting views on history by Hegel and Hume are discussed. Wittgenstein's pragmatic philosophy, Heidegger's three-fold structure, and Husserl's self-evidence contribute to understanding being. The examination of idealism, metaphysics, and human consciousness reveals philosophical complexities. In conclusion, philosophy shapes human knowledge, integrating the visible and invisible worlds, and continues to evolve, fostering a dialogue about the nature of reality.
I am appreciated to pay tribute to Professor Ali Jimale who is a prominent Somali scholar that su... more I am appreciated to pay tribute to Professor Ali Jimale who is a prominent Somali scholar that suited to accentuate his academic influence, scholarly contribution and publication. Dr jimale was born and raised in Mogadishu where he started his early childhood education since then he took his undergraduate degree from Somali National University (SNU) Department of Linguist and English Literature.
The livestock trade and export has extreme importance to the both at state and household level e... more The livestock trade and export has extreme importance to the both at state and household level economy, it creates a lot of revenue to all economic agents (firms, households,) and government itself through taxation which at end goes to the both public and private expenditure in which injected to economy additional purchasing power and activity. Therefore the viability of Somaliland economy after destruction of socio-economic infrastructure in civil wars was began when the livestock export has restarted in 1991 immediately after declaration of Somaliland independence. Nevertheless there were several consequences that livestock trade has been experienced during that given period of time ranging from 1991 to 2020 almost 30 years. However this paper demonstrating that set of challenges which could have an adverse impact to the livestock trade. As Somaliland seem to not have adequate source of income beyond livestock export that may be rely on alternatively when livestock bans imposed, hence this paper also suggests new exportable products including, agricultural products, mining products and industrial product respectively to be regarded considerably as a source of revenue generators.
This study examines the challenges hindering the effectiveness of peace-making processes and expl... more This study examines the challenges hindering the effectiveness of peace-making processes and explores potential prospects in the current scenario where the Somali government operates with legitimacy from both its people and the international community. The research endeavors to identify specific challenges that peace-building efforts, initiated after the fall of the Siyad Barre regime, have encountered, leading to the endurance of conflict and the country's state of statelessness. It emphasizes an analysis of the current threats to peace, particularly from terrorist organizations. Additionally, the study attempts to explore relevant peace prospects, considering various factors such as the current capabilities of the Somali government, especially its security institutions, the lifting of the arms embargo, overall governmental capacity, and socio-economic factors deemed significant. The study employs a qualitative approach, a nonprobability sampling method for selecting its participants; however, this method allows the researcher to determine the selection of participants while considering various factors. This study utilizes a key informant interview (KII) since certain individuals possess the required information for the study. These key informants are categorized into three groups: academicians, politicians, and traditional leaders. The study revealed that failures in peace-building have been caused by various factors, including distrust among power-seeking politicians, external interference, clannism, a lack of commitment from warring factions, and the methods of engagement employed by the United Nations. Furthermore, the study later identified that extremism has impeded the peace-making processes. Recent offensive attacks against terrorist groups, institutional development—especially in the security sector reform—and overall efforts to establish peace in South Central Somalia are seen as indicators that future peace prospects are promising. The study concludes that a holistic approach addressing both the physical threat from armed groups and societal grievances is necessary.
The power competition between clan lines in Somalia weakened any other effort that directed genui... more The power competition between clan lines in Somalia weakened any other effort that directed genuine state-building from grassroots that works effectively. As long as this competition is exist none clan will able to take full control of state as well as the country could not be stable. In addition contextually running political power is not more legitimate and it could certain extent produce some intra-communal conflict. Moreover, it is likely that power competition is seemingly a triangle simply because Digil-mirifle given by "Parliament Speaker" as quota for those remained are not unanimous the power sharing approach even the Isaak's parliament seats and cabinet are underestimated regardless of their population size and what they are in the country by far. Nevertheless, Banadiri clans and ethnic minorities are also underrepresented. In that respect this paper demonstrating how Somalia's political dispensation is usually unfair and marginalized some groups even major clans like Isaak.
Ka hor inta aanan u gudo galin mawduuca aynu u socono waxan jeclaan laha in aynu dib u milicsano ... more Ka hor inta aanan u gudo galin mawduuca aynu u socono waxan jeclaan laha in aynu dib u milicsano sooyaalkii asaaska puntland sida an wada ogsoonahay kadib burburkii dawladii dhexe ee Somalia bulshada somaliyeed waxay aad u tabaysay inay dib u dhistaan dawlad dhexe oo awood ahan la mida tii ka burburtay balse ku shaqeeysa nidamka dilmuqraadiga (Democracy) maadamo lawada arkay qadhaadhka ay ledahay kalitalisnimadu. Sikastaba ha ahaate masiibadii dagaalkii sokeeye iyo qabqablayashii (civil war and warlordism) dabarka goostay kuna baahay inbadan oo kamida gobolada dhexe iyo koonfurta somaliya oo maare loo waayay, bulshada waqooyi bari somaaliya waxa la gudboonatay inaysan muqdisho rajo ka sugin oo guri colaadeed iyo goob dagaal oo lama galaan ah noqotay balse ayagu rajo abuurtan isla jeerkaas waxa samaayn wayn ku laha qaska iyo burburka somaaliya dawldaha gobolka gaar ahaan Ethiopia taas oo la damacsanayd somaliya dhagar aysan kasoo waqsankarin amase dhaawac ay la dheelido hadiiba ay xaamxaamato. 1991 Siyasada dalka Ethiopia waxay u jandheedhsatay mamul dadejin iyo kala dambabasid xoogaga qowmiyadeed ee isku haya dalkaas taas oo sababtay federalka qowmiga ah (ethnic federalism). Xilliyadas dawlada Ethiopia waxay u xuubsibatay la shaqaysiga kooxo mafia siyaasadeed ah qabqablayaal dagaal iyo hogamiyayaal jabhaaded oo qarkood wadaniyiin loo haysto isugu jira. Waxa aynu u soconaa waa asaaska puntlandee markii ay taariikhdu tahay 1996 kii oo magalada muqdisho xaaladedu faraha ka baxday kadib dilkii hogamiyihii dawladii salbalaadh Gen Mohamed farax caydiid. Dawlada masar ayaa isku dayday inay xal nabadeed dhexdhigto hogamiye kooxeedkii ka dilaacay guud ahaan somaaliya iyo ku dhuwaad 28 gaadhay inta degmo iyo degaan am ail dhaqaale haysata waxayna lahayen jabhado Iyana aan itaa ka yarayn oo la sameeyay 1991kii kuwaas oo la kala safnaa Cali Mahdi iyo Caydiid oo markan wiilkiisa Xuseen caydiid majaraha u hayo maleeshiyadkiisii (ka eeg paper ka ay qoren dr afyare iy abdilahi bariise).
European Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 2024
This paper delves into the profound impact of societal uprisings, fueled by a complex interplay o... more This paper delves into the profound impact of societal uprisings, fueled by a complex interplay of politico-economic factors, in reshaping or toppling political regimes. It becomes apparent that violent opposition to a regime often arises from the calculated maneuvers of dominant political elites, who adeptly wield various tools to stoke a fervent desire for political liberty among the populace, challenging the existing order. This phenomenon was starkly evident during the oppressive reign of Siyad Barre, where segments of Somali society were mobilized from grassroots levels, driven by a collective yearning to break free from the shackles of tyranny and repression. The revolts of that era shared a common goal: either dismantling the dictatorial machinery or compelling its abandonment, while simultaneously advocating for the establishment of a democratic system that would empower individuals to exercise their constitutionally guaranteed rights. However, even in the absence of overt repression, revolts against entrenched systems often persist, driven by underlying political agendas that could potentially be pursued through non-violent means. This paper further examines a recent uprising in Somaliland, drawing parallels from historical revolts witnessed during Siyad Barre's regime, where power consolidation and fear tactics were employed to maintain control. These uprisings typically unfold under the orchestration of political elites who have played pivotal roles in Somalia's political landscape since the early 1980s. During this period, certain Somali politicians defected from the Siyad government, rallying their constituents for armed resistance against dictatorial rule. While the circumstances surrounding these revolts may vary, they share commonalities that warrant thorough exploration. However, it's essential to note the diverse motives driving each uprising. Some seek to completely withdraw from the existing system, while others aim to force reforms or remove those in power altogether.
Somalia faces not only the challenges associated with state-building but also a complex interplay... more Somalia faces not only the challenges associated with state-building but also a complex interplay of issues. One of the most profound crises is the economic model used in the country, which undermines the well-being of the people and poses a threat to the state itself.
International Journal of Scientific Development and Research , 2023
This paper delves into Somalia's federalism, tracing its historical roots from post-Barre upheava... more This paper delves into Somalia's federalism, tracing its historical roots from post-Barre upheaval to contemporary debates. Amidst civil unrest, regional peace-building efforts culminated in a federal system. The study dissects domestic and external factors shaping federalism, critiquing its flaws, especially the undefined power division. It explores historical context, dating back to pre-independence Digil-Mirifle clan advocacy. Debates on federalism are analyzed, contrasting views on its potential to address abuse or threaten unity. Drawing from Somali perspectives, including scholars and politicians, the paper navigates ongoing discourse and the clan system's role. Ethiopia's influence is explored, examining external impacts on governance. The study scrutinizes arguments for and against federalism, considering historical events, regional dynamics, and power struggles. It concludes by examining the international community's role, highlighting motivations behind supporting federal structures to address conflict, enhance inclusiveness, and mitigate clan power contests. In summary, the paper provides a comprehensive analysis of federalism in Somalia, exploring its historical evolution, contemporary debates, and the intricate interplay of domestic and external factors in shaping governance.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research, 2023
Somalia, in a state of chaos for nearly three decades, lacks centralized institutional power. Non... more Somalia, in a state of chaos for nearly three decades, lacks centralized institutional power. Non-state actors, including the radical group Al-Shabaab, emerged after the collapse of the military regime. This article traces Al-Shabaab's evolution from a guerrilla force to an influential armed organization. Utilizing a qualitative research approach and document analysis, this article explores Al-Shabaab's genesis, organizational evolution, and structural components. Examining Al-Shabaab's organizational structure, the article delves into its Executive Council, Finance, Justice, Intelligence, and Media/Recruitment departments. Notably, the group's financial strength, justice system, and recruitment strategies are analyzed. The article also discusses Al-Shabaab's transformation over the past decade, emphasizing its Islamist-nationalist roots, radicalization, and recent tactical modifications. The study underscores Al-Shabaab's resilience, organizational prowess, and ability to control territories. Financial pressure, ideological warfare, and effective counterterrorism strategies are identified as crucial factors in addressing the persistent threat posed by Al-Shabaab in Somalia. A comprehensive approach, encompassing military, financial, and ideological dimensions, is deemed necessary for lasting peace in the region
The livestock trade and export has extreme importance to the both at state and household level ec... more The livestock trade and export has extreme importance to the both at state and household level economy, it creates a lot of revenue to all economic agents (firms, households,) and government itself through taxation which at end goes to the both public and private expenditure in which injected to economy additional purchasing power and activity. Therefore the viability of Somaliland economy after destruction of socioeconomic infrastructure in civil wars was began when the livestock export has restarted in 1991 immediately after declaration of Somaliland independence. Nevertheless there were several consequences that livestock trade has been experienced during that given period of time ranging from 1991 to 2020 almost 30 years. However this paper demonstrating that set of challenges which could have an adverse impact to the livestock trade. As Somaliland seem to not have adequate source of income beyond livestock export that may be rely on alternatively when livestock bans imposed, hence this paper also suggests new exportable products including, agricultural products, mining products and industrial product respectively to be regarded considerably as a source of revenue generators same as livestock export.
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