Background: The coronavirus infection was first reported from Wuhan province, China then it sprea... more Background: The coronavirus infection was first reported from Wuhan province, China then it spread becoming a pandemic reaching everywhere in the world. As of the time of writing this article (30th July 2020), the coronavirus pandemic resulted in over 16 million cases and over 650 thousand deaths worldwide. Objective: The objectives of this study was to evaluate community knowledge and practice to COVID-19 preventive measures. Methods: The study was community based cross sectional study design and target population were Somali adults (≥18 years of age) living in Somalia and using social media, voluntarily accepted to respond the questionnaire after giving short introductory text as informed consent. The data collection technique was online Google Forms, closed ended questionnaire and number of participants in the study was 526 subjects and selected through convenient non-probability sampling technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS. The data frequency and percentage were presented a...
The relationship between strategic management Practices and Organizational performance and used t... more The relationship between strategic management Practices and Organizational performance and used three objectives, To find out the relationship between strategic planning and organizational performance , To find out the relationship between strategic implementation and organizational performance and To find out the relationship between strategic evaluation and organizational performance in Mogadishu, and the study design In this study the researcher conducted through a descriptive study, the purpose of descriptive research is to describe an accurate profit of persons, events or situations. In additional, the study were used survey strategy collecting and study population at SOPICO was 60, and the sample study was 53, and the data analyzed using SPSS, and then the findings were Based on the findings in objective one presented that the level of objectives one “Strategic planning and organizational performance “ and scored Average mean 3.31, while Standard deviation became 0.85. As the ...
This paper analyses conditions which make Hawala work as money and information transfer system. T... more This paper analyses conditions which make Hawala work as money and information transfer system. This system of money transfer is so unusual due to some reasons. One of the reasons is lack of banking services in Somalia. Another reason which makes this system so unique is how it operates in stateless society especially within Somali Society. The study also shows how different actors play in the successful operation of Hawala system. These actors include inter-clan relations, embedded and capitalised trust among the Somali society, customary law and transaction costs associated with Hawala. To answer the researcher's main question and sub-question, this study has used qualitative secondary data analysis in different languages. The study has also used primary data, collected through fieldwork conducted in The Netherlands and in Somalia. The study has used three main conceptual frameworks i.e. governmentality, embeddedness and informal institutions to assess what makes Hawala work w...
Background: Tonsillitis, acute or chronic, is more common among children than adults. Risk factor... more Background: Tonsillitis, acute or chronic, is more common among children than adults. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of tonsillitis among Somali children are not well-defined mainly due to lack of health research in Somalia. The purpose of this study is to identify the main risk factors of childhood tonsillitis to better prevent and avoid further complications of the disease. Methods: The study included the caregivers of 60 children with tonsillitis receiving treatment, at the time of the study, from Garowe General Hospital. A convenience sampling method was used and data were entered into SPSS and analyzed for frequency and percentages. Results: This study shows that the majority of the study participants with tonsillitis 32 (53%) were 1-7 years old and 39 (65%) of the participants were female. Childhood tonsillitis was associated with parents’ lower educational levels: illiterate 32 (53.3%), primary education 20 (33.3%), secondary school 6 (10%), and university level ...
Background: Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and is estimated to account for ... more Background: Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and is estimated to account for 9.6 million death in 2018. Lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach and liver cancers are those most common among men; while breast, colorectal, lung, cervix and thyroid cancers are most frequent types among women. Objectives: The present study aims to assume a leading role for forthcoming researches to establish a national cancer registry database in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methodology: This is a retrospective 6-months analysis of cancer patients whose data were achieved from pathology department registries of Liban and Veritas Hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia. Results: 126 (M/F: 51 (41.5%) / 75 (59.5%)) patients were included in the study. Esophagus had been recorded as the most frequent site of organ which was diagnosed with cancer (n=74 (58.7%)). Squamous cell carcinoma was recorded to be the most frequent histopathologically confirmed subtype (n=91 (72%), M/F:34/57), which was followed by ade...
There are growing concerns regarding universal peace and security and to realize the 2030 agenda.... more There are growing concerns regarding universal peace and security and to realize the 2030 agenda. Nevertheless, the emerging threats those associates with ideology and view of extremism poses great constrains to the sustainable development. Member States continue to face tremendous challenges across the world in tackling those threats as their security expenditures goes the highest level over the past decades. The nature and seriousness of the violence may vary from one case to another with both short- and long-term implications in the societies and the environment. Therefore, this study is aimed to provide noncomplex textual report on how different kind of threat affects socio-economic development. Also, its emphasis the threats related to radicalization and direct violence that affects human development, specifically the ethnic, racial, or religious aspects. In the study, I have developed several cases and focused on the most specific countries that expose extreme violence to support the argument. In the report, challenge of terrorist fighters contributing threats faced by the SDGs which at same time disturbing international peace and security. Ideology as a substantial weapon to violence and misunderstanding of cultural differences and language was deliberated in the report. The nature of the threat that those so-called foreign fighters have been demonstrated. The effects of security investments on counterterrorism and development as a part of the preventive strategies is used as an evidence on how to respond more effectively to the threat of violence from extremism-led terrorism. The report guises to suggest that focused on destabilizing impact and breakdown of security structures that suddenly surfaces individuals and groups to again intention to continue their destabilizing efforts. Misguided and interpretations of teachings for Islam and violating basic principles of the Islamic faith to justify unimaginable crimes have been deliberated. The paper discourses the implementation of national security concepts and governments to adequately address the security threats while safeguarding the fundamental values of human rights and protection of universally recognized principles. I have looked at the women’s role in the fight against extremism and radicalization to enforce and enabling environment for peacebuilding and promote gender equality to contribute sustainable development.
The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between serum magnesium and peripheral nerv... more The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between serum magnesium and peripheral nerve function in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). A total of 978 T2DM patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into tertiles according to serum magnesium concentration (low tertile: ≤0.85 mmol/L; medium tertile: 0.85 to 0.92 mmol/L; and high tertile: >0.92 mmol/L). All participants underwent nerve conduction (NC) studies. Composite z scores of conduction velocity, latency, and amplitude were constructed, respectively. The serum magnesium levels were significantly lower in patients with abnormal NC than in those with normal NC (0.87 [0.82, 0.92] vs. 0.88 [0.83, 0.93] mmol/L, P = 0.048). The composite z score of amplitude significantly increased with increasing tertiles of magnesium (-0.60 ± 0.02 vs. -0.57 ± 0.02 vs. -0.48 ± 0.03, P for trend = 0.001). After adjusting for all potential confounders, lower serum magnesium levels were still associated with lower composi...
Tanken med följande kvalitativa studie är att visa hur ett antal förskolechefer motiverar sina me... more Tanken med följande kvalitativa studie är att visa hur ett antal förskolechefer motiverar sina medarbetare. Inledningsvis berör vi allmänt om vad som kan definieras som motivation, för att sedan gå in på motivationsteorier som vi anser är relevanta för vår studie. I vår teoretiska referensram använder vi oss av självbestämmande teorin (inre och yttre motivation), Maslows behovshierarki, Alderfers ERG teori och Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori. Vidare tar vi även upp om chefens roll vid motivation av sina medarbetare. Dock är det viktigaste utgångspunkten för vår studie sex faktorer som vi ur vår teoretiska referensram anser vara viktiga. Dessa faktorer är trivsel, missnöje, ansvar, självförverkligande, delaktighet och påverkan, kommunikation och feedback. Faktorerna som tagits ur vår teoretiska referensram kommer i sin tur knytas samman med det resultat vi har fått fram i vår studie.Sammanlagt har vi genomfört 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer med förskolechefer inom Borås och Skövde kommun, ...
The study investigated the relationship between management efficiency and productivity of private... more The study investigated the relationship between management efficiency and productivity of private universities in Somaliland/Somalia, by taking the case of Amoud University, Boroma. It is the source for higher level manpower for specialized sectors of a country. For this, it requires management efficiency: But productivity of private universities in Somaliland had been low. For example in Amoud University, no research was recorded since 2010 and the quality of graduates has been rated at about 48.96% while learning at the university is largely by rote. This called to question of the management efficiency. Guided by Max Weber Bureaucratic Theory. The study adopted quantitative research paradigm, using a cross sectional survey research design, on a stratified sample of 544 respondents of students, managers, administrators and teachers. Data was analyzed using regression. The study found that (a) management efficiency of Amoud University was poor, (b) productivity of Amoud University w...
Mothers and children are among the most vulnerable population groups requiring special attention ... more Mothers and children are among the most vulnerable population groups requiring special attention and care. The fourth and fifth Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) address child mortality and maternal health, respectively. Although maternal mortality rate (MMR) has declined globally between 1990 and 2015 by 44%, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 99% of global maternal mortality takes place in the developing countries. Somalia has one of the highest maternal and child mortality rates in the world, with 732 mothers dying in every 100,000 live births. Mainly, such high MMR is the outcome of the devastating civil wars that disrupted the country’s health infrastructure with limited antenatal care (ANC) coverage (26% only). We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study using a quantitative approach to identify ANC utilization rate and barriers among mothers having a child less than one year of age in Bosaso from October – November 2019. A sample size of 384 mothers...
The diagnostic yield of cytology in histologically proven transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) of th... more The diagnostic yield of cytology in histologically proven transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder has been studied in 100 cases. Cytohistologic correlation rates were 20 percent, 61.7 percent, and 92.8 percent, respectively, for grade 1, 2, and 3 tumors. When further evaluated, G2 cases were segregated into 2 subcategories, G2a and G2b, based on histologic preservation of nuclear polarity, pleomorphism, and other cellular irregularities. Correlation rates were rather low for G2a cases (6/18, 33%) and high for G2b cases, (23/29; 79%). The prevalence of atypical cells was 2 (11.1%) cases in G2a and 16 (55.2%) cases in G2b. The results of this study confirm that cytology has an extremely varying diagnostic yield in urinary bladder TCC. Greater cell exfoliation, increased atypia, and a tendency to infiltration of G2b and G3 cases probably account for the higher diagnostic yield detected in these groups.
Background: The coronavirus infection was first reported from Wuhan province, China then it sprea... more Background: The coronavirus infection was first reported from Wuhan province, China then it spread becoming a pandemic reaching everywhere in the world. As of the time of writing this article (30th July 2020), the coronavirus pandemic resulted in over 16 million cases and over 650 thousand deaths worldwide. Objective: The objectives of this study was to evaluate community knowledge and practice to COVID-19 preventive measures. Methods: The study was community based cross sectional study design and target population were Somali adults (≥18 years of age) living in Somalia and using social media, voluntarily accepted to respond the questionnaire after giving short introductory text as informed consent. The data collection technique was online Google Forms, closed ended questionnaire and number of participants in the study was 526 subjects and selected through convenient non-probability sampling technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS. The data frequency and percentage were presented a...
The relationship between strategic management Practices and Organizational performance and used t... more The relationship between strategic management Practices and Organizational performance and used three objectives, To find out the relationship between strategic planning and organizational performance , To find out the relationship between strategic implementation and organizational performance and To find out the relationship between strategic evaluation and organizational performance in Mogadishu, and the study design In this study the researcher conducted through a descriptive study, the purpose of descriptive research is to describe an accurate profit of persons, events or situations. In additional, the study were used survey strategy collecting and study population at SOPICO was 60, and the sample study was 53, and the data analyzed using SPSS, and then the findings were Based on the findings in objective one presented that the level of objectives one “Strategic planning and organizational performance “ and scored Average mean 3.31, while Standard deviation became 0.85. As the ...
This paper analyses conditions which make Hawala work as money and information transfer system. T... more This paper analyses conditions which make Hawala work as money and information transfer system. This system of money transfer is so unusual due to some reasons. One of the reasons is lack of banking services in Somalia. Another reason which makes this system so unique is how it operates in stateless society especially within Somali Society. The study also shows how different actors play in the successful operation of Hawala system. These actors include inter-clan relations, embedded and capitalised trust among the Somali society, customary law and transaction costs associated with Hawala. To answer the researcher's main question and sub-question, this study has used qualitative secondary data analysis in different languages. The study has also used primary data, collected through fieldwork conducted in The Netherlands and in Somalia. The study has used three main conceptual frameworks i.e. governmentality, embeddedness and informal institutions to assess what makes Hawala work w...
Background: Tonsillitis, acute or chronic, is more common among children than adults. Risk factor... more Background: Tonsillitis, acute or chronic, is more common among children than adults. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of tonsillitis among Somali children are not well-defined mainly due to lack of health research in Somalia. The purpose of this study is to identify the main risk factors of childhood tonsillitis to better prevent and avoid further complications of the disease. Methods: The study included the caregivers of 60 children with tonsillitis receiving treatment, at the time of the study, from Garowe General Hospital. A convenience sampling method was used and data were entered into SPSS and analyzed for frequency and percentages. Results: This study shows that the majority of the study participants with tonsillitis 32 (53%) were 1-7 years old and 39 (65%) of the participants were female. Childhood tonsillitis was associated with parents’ lower educational levels: illiterate 32 (53.3%), primary education 20 (33.3%), secondary school 6 (10%), and university level ...
Background: Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and is estimated to account for ... more Background: Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and is estimated to account for 9.6 million death in 2018. Lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach and liver cancers are those most common among men; while breast, colorectal, lung, cervix and thyroid cancers are most frequent types among women. Objectives: The present study aims to assume a leading role for forthcoming researches to establish a national cancer registry database in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methodology: This is a retrospective 6-months analysis of cancer patients whose data were achieved from pathology department registries of Liban and Veritas Hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia. Results: 126 (M/F: 51 (41.5%) / 75 (59.5%)) patients were included in the study. Esophagus had been recorded as the most frequent site of organ which was diagnosed with cancer (n=74 (58.7%)). Squamous cell carcinoma was recorded to be the most frequent histopathologically confirmed subtype (n=91 (72%), M/F:34/57), which was followed by ade...
There are growing concerns regarding universal peace and security and to realize the 2030 agenda.... more There are growing concerns regarding universal peace and security and to realize the 2030 agenda. Nevertheless, the emerging threats those associates with ideology and view of extremism poses great constrains to the sustainable development. Member States continue to face tremendous challenges across the world in tackling those threats as their security expenditures goes the highest level over the past decades. The nature and seriousness of the violence may vary from one case to another with both short- and long-term implications in the societies and the environment. Therefore, this study is aimed to provide noncomplex textual report on how different kind of threat affects socio-economic development. Also, its emphasis the threats related to radicalization and direct violence that affects human development, specifically the ethnic, racial, or religious aspects. In the study, I have developed several cases and focused on the most specific countries that expose extreme violence to support the argument. In the report, challenge of terrorist fighters contributing threats faced by the SDGs which at same time disturbing international peace and security. Ideology as a substantial weapon to violence and misunderstanding of cultural differences and language was deliberated in the report. The nature of the threat that those so-called foreign fighters have been demonstrated. The effects of security investments on counterterrorism and development as a part of the preventive strategies is used as an evidence on how to respond more effectively to the threat of violence from extremism-led terrorism. The report guises to suggest that focused on destabilizing impact and breakdown of security structures that suddenly surfaces individuals and groups to again intention to continue their destabilizing efforts. Misguided and interpretations of teachings for Islam and violating basic principles of the Islamic faith to justify unimaginable crimes have been deliberated. The paper discourses the implementation of national security concepts and governments to adequately address the security threats while safeguarding the fundamental values of human rights and protection of universally recognized principles. I have looked at the women’s role in the fight against extremism and radicalization to enforce and enabling environment for peacebuilding and promote gender equality to contribute sustainable development.
The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between serum magnesium and peripheral nerv... more The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between serum magnesium and peripheral nerve function in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). A total of 978 T2DM patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into tertiles according to serum magnesium concentration (low tertile: ≤0.85 mmol/L; medium tertile: 0.85 to 0.92 mmol/L; and high tertile: >0.92 mmol/L). All participants underwent nerve conduction (NC) studies. Composite z scores of conduction velocity, latency, and amplitude were constructed, respectively. The serum magnesium levels were significantly lower in patients with abnormal NC than in those with normal NC (0.87 [0.82, 0.92] vs. 0.88 [0.83, 0.93] mmol/L, P = 0.048). The composite z score of amplitude significantly increased with increasing tertiles of magnesium (-0.60 ± 0.02 vs. -0.57 ± 0.02 vs. -0.48 ± 0.03, P for trend = 0.001). After adjusting for all potential confounders, lower serum magnesium levels were still associated with lower composi...
Tanken med följande kvalitativa studie är att visa hur ett antal förskolechefer motiverar sina me... more Tanken med följande kvalitativa studie är att visa hur ett antal förskolechefer motiverar sina medarbetare. Inledningsvis berör vi allmänt om vad som kan definieras som motivation, för att sedan gå in på motivationsteorier som vi anser är relevanta för vår studie. I vår teoretiska referensram använder vi oss av självbestämmande teorin (inre och yttre motivation), Maslows behovshierarki, Alderfers ERG teori och Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori. Vidare tar vi även upp om chefens roll vid motivation av sina medarbetare. Dock är det viktigaste utgångspunkten för vår studie sex faktorer som vi ur vår teoretiska referensram anser vara viktiga. Dessa faktorer är trivsel, missnöje, ansvar, självförverkligande, delaktighet och påverkan, kommunikation och feedback. Faktorerna som tagits ur vår teoretiska referensram kommer i sin tur knytas samman med det resultat vi har fått fram i vår studie.Sammanlagt har vi genomfört 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer med förskolechefer inom Borås och Skövde kommun, ...
The study investigated the relationship between management efficiency and productivity of private... more The study investigated the relationship between management efficiency and productivity of private universities in Somaliland/Somalia, by taking the case of Amoud University, Boroma. It is the source for higher level manpower for specialized sectors of a country. For this, it requires management efficiency: But productivity of private universities in Somaliland had been low. For example in Amoud University, no research was recorded since 2010 and the quality of graduates has been rated at about 48.96% while learning at the university is largely by rote. This called to question of the management efficiency. Guided by Max Weber Bureaucratic Theory. The study adopted quantitative research paradigm, using a cross sectional survey research design, on a stratified sample of 544 respondents of students, managers, administrators and teachers. Data was analyzed using regression. The study found that (a) management efficiency of Amoud University was poor, (b) productivity of Amoud University w...
Mothers and children are among the most vulnerable population groups requiring special attention ... more Mothers and children are among the most vulnerable population groups requiring special attention and care. The fourth and fifth Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) address child mortality and maternal health, respectively. Although maternal mortality rate (MMR) has declined globally between 1990 and 2015 by 44%, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 99% of global maternal mortality takes place in the developing countries. Somalia has one of the highest maternal and child mortality rates in the world, with 732 mothers dying in every 100,000 live births. Mainly, such high MMR is the outcome of the devastating civil wars that disrupted the country’s health infrastructure with limited antenatal care (ANC) coverage (26% only). We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study using a quantitative approach to identify ANC utilization rate and barriers among mothers having a child less than one year of age in Bosaso from October – November 2019. A sample size of 384 mothers...
The diagnostic yield of cytology in histologically proven transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) of th... more The diagnostic yield of cytology in histologically proven transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder has been studied in 100 cases. Cytohistologic correlation rates were 20 percent, 61.7 percent, and 92.8 percent, respectively, for grade 1, 2, and 3 tumors. When further evaluated, G2 cases were segregated into 2 subcategories, G2a and G2b, based on histologic preservation of nuclear polarity, pleomorphism, and other cellular irregularities. Correlation rates were rather low for G2a cases (6/18, 33%) and high for G2b cases, (23/29; 79%). The prevalence of atypical cells was 2 (11.1%) cases in G2a and 16 (55.2%) cases in G2b. The results of this study confirm that cytology has an extremely varying diagnostic yield in urinary bladder TCC. Greater cell exfoliation, increased atypia, and a tendency to infiltration of G2b and G3 cases probably account for the higher diagnostic yield detected in these groups.
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Papers by Mohamed Muse