The fuel oil price fluctuation, stiff competition in the shipping industry, and continuous change... more The fuel oil price fluctuation, stiff competition in the shipping industry, and continuous change in the rules related to the environmental protection, have rushed the owner, shipyards and classification societies to adopt genius solution to increase the ship efficiency, to optimize the energy consumption and to reduce the greenhouse gases (GHG's) emission. The maritime players came with innovative ideas in the ship design and ship performance management. These innovative solutions have been implemented, i.e. Non-ballast design, retrofit of the bulbous bow, retrofit of the propeller, low-steaming, air lubrication system and use of clean energy. This paper reviews these innovative solutions and presents their impact on the energy saving and environmental protection.
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
The purpose of this study is to enhance the DeLone and McLean information system success by addin... more The purpose of this study is to enhance the DeLone and McLean information system success by adding a SERVQUAL instrument to evaluate the service quality dimension. An integrated model for evaluating the information system has been proposed. One of the most popular multi criteria decision making techniques, namely AHP was used to determine the weights of each criterion and sub-criterion of the model in order to identify the most influential criterion on information system’s evaluation. System quality dimension has a strong influence on information system success (0.39) followed by information quality (0.22). The proposed model could be used to enhance information system performance evaluation.
2019 1st International Conference on Smart Systems and Data Science (ICSSD)
Maritime transport is the main mode of transport used for the intercontinental transit of freight... more Maritime transport is the main mode of transport used for the intercontinental transit of freights. Since the mid-sixties, and as international trade has developed, several types of ships have appeared. This plurality is an asset in that shippers can find the vessel that best suits the port infrastructure and the type of goods to be transported. Today with the technological revolution, most projects and studies seek to automate these different types of vessels in order to have a remotely controlled or autonomous vessel. Indeed, the automation of this mode of transport has as many advantages as limits given the sensitive sector. In this article, the different types of vessels are analyzed according to four axes: network and navigation, logistics, safety and environment in order to determine the most likely vessels to be autonomous.
2019 1st International Conference on Smart Systems and Data Science (ICSSD)
All current trends are oriented towards the use of innovative pedagogical approaches, such as e-l... more All current trends are oriented towards the use of innovative pedagogical approaches, such as e-learning, MOOC integration, hybrid or mixed learning... in teaching and training modules.many universities around the world use MOOC in their cursus. The Moroccan educational system faces numerous problems and obstructions in its attempt to integrating online learning into its educational programs, despite the government initiatives and the humble attempts of some Moroccan universitiesOur contribution tries to focus on the difficulties and problems that block the success of the integration of new teaching approaches including MOOC in the Moroccan educational system. It proposes also a hybrid model to better benefit from MOOC and ICT
2019 1st International Conference on Smart Systems and Data Science (ICSSD)
for most organizations, understanding the contribution of IT infrastructure to achieve desired ob... more for most organizations, understanding the contribution of IT infrastructure to achieve desired objectives is very important. In this context, the IT governance framework COBIT (Control Objective for Information and related Technology) includes a set of essential tools to ensure the monitoring and the control of IT governance. However, COBIT does not provide machine-readable data. Hence, the objective of this paper is to develop an ontology based on COBIT V5 framework called “CobitOntology”. “CobitOntology” is an IT governance solution that will clarify the domain vocabulary and the dependencies between the different elements of the domain. This ontology is realized from text, i. e. from the use of text corpuses, extracting terms and relationships between these terms to make an ontology. We will therefore use a linguistic analysis using a statistical analysis of a corpus (term frequency and inverse document frequency).
2019 5th International Conference on Optimization and Applications (ICOA)
Business Intelligence gives more and more solutions to organizations for modelling and visualizat... more Business Intelligence gives more and more solutions to organizations for modelling and visualization of data or even knowledge helping in decision-making.In this context, we have integrated Artificial Intelligence "AI" into our decision support system in order to develop an Intelligent Decision Support System based on Multi Agents System for the improvement the quality and pedagogical management of the university various fields.This article highlights our contribution, which begins with a presentation of the work done in the field of Decision Support Systems, in particular Intelligent Decision Support Systems and ends with an analysis of the technologies of the Intelligence Artificial and Big Data as an introduction to the Educational Intelligent Decision Support System based on Multi Agents System that we propose "EIDSS MAS" whose architectural concept will be presented with an implementation.
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Nowadays with COVID-19 ongoing epidemic outbreak, containment for weeks was one of the most effec... more Nowadays with COVID-19 ongoing epidemic outbreak, containment for weeks was one of the most effective measures adopted to deal with the spread of the virus until a vaccine could be efficient. Over that period, increased anxiety, depression, suicide attempts and post-traumatic stress disorder are accumulated. Several studies referred to the need of using chatbots, which recognizes human emotions in such pandemic contexts. More recently, numerous research papers improved the ability of artificial intelligence methods to recognize human emotion. However, they are still limited. The aim of this paper is the development of a chatbot against the disturbing psychic consequences of the pandemic, taking human emotion recognition into account. The object is to help people; especially students; suffering from mental disorders, by progressively understanding the reasonsbehind them. This innovative chatbot was developed by using the natural language processing model of deep learning. An advanced...
International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE)
Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) plays a very important role in improving the development of comple... more Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) plays a very important role in improving the development of complex systems. It focuses more on modeling than on classical programming. In this sense, model transformation is at the heart of the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) approach which advocates the use of models throughout the software development cycle on two levels. The first being the transformation of the Computing Independent Model (CIM) into the Platform Independent Model (PIM) and the second concerning the transformation of PIM into Platform Specific Model (PSM).The latter has been dealt with in the majority of research works while the transformation from CIM to PIM which represents the highest level is rarely discussed in research topics. It is for this reason and in the spirit of improving the process of transforming the CIM model into PIM according to the MDA approach, that we have developed this research work in order to propose a new method and new transformation rules for optimizati...
2022 2nd International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET), 2022
Social robots' presence in the educational sector becomes increasingly important especially t... more Social robots' presence in the educational sector becomes increasingly important especially to support people with specific needs, it is essential to evaluate their effectiveness in different contexts and to examine the impact of this creative modality of teaching on the psychic of learners studying their personalities. In this work, we are exploring the use of a social assistance robot to perform interactions with the learners in order to determine the type of their personalities and observe the psychological change of the learners during the student-robot interaction according to their personalities. To realize our study, we have deployed a model for the integration of a humanoid assistant robot in an educational environment. The assistant robot should supervise, assist, encourage, and socially interact with learners to acquire information about their personality types. The Negative Attitude Scale toward Robots (NARS) and the Myers Briggs Type Indicator MBTI personality test was used to collect the data. The results indicate the personality types of the participants that are most dominant. The results also show a positive correlation value that should not be neglected between personality type and negative attitudes towards robots. The findings of the study can be used to encourage teachers to better understand the personality type of their students so that they can integrate robots into appropriate child-robot interaction situations.
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2021
Most of supply chain networks have encountered difficulties when trying to integrate all componen... more Most of supply chain networks have encountered difficulties when trying to integrate all components and stakeholders (Customers, warehouse, transportation, and raw material production. Etc...), which make supply chain management system suffering from a lack of efficiency and transparency that make a steady increase in good’s falsification and consumer’s disappointment. All information about good’s production, storage and transportation should flow clearly during all stages of the supply chain by tracking and authenticating to avoid product’s contamination or fraud in the network. Current tracking IoT-based systems are built on top of centralized architecture and this leaves a gap for tampering and false information especially in urban area, but also the exsiting solutions cannot allow the information to be shared with authority or consumers. To effectively assess and assure traceability and transparency this paper propose an approach using a distributed ledger (blockchain) besides a...
2018 6th International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM), 2018
Nowadays, the high automation of ships has resulted in an ever -increasing need for real time dat... more Nowadays, the high automation of ships has resulted in an ever -increasing need for real time data exchange to monitor ships, cargo, and ensure safety and security on board. This evolution in ship technology and management, must be supported by reliable, and cost-effective communication carriers. The satellite communication services can deliver vital real time capability to keep the ship continuously connected to the maritime players while it is trading worldwide. At high seas, the only communication service that can meet the ship need in term of data exchange is the mobile satellite communication. The reliability of these communication services will contribute significantly in the success of the future implementation of the autonomous ship in the maritime industry. This paper consists of the presentation of an overview of the current satellite services and its comparison in term of reliability, cost-effectiveness, and its capability to meet the autonomous ship communication need for its safe operation. This study results in a proposal of the suitable satellite communication services that can support the implementation of autonomous ship.
2018 4th International Conference on Optimization and Applications (ICOA), 2018
The purpose of this study is to present an attempt to adopt a multicriteria decision making appro... more The purpose of this study is to present an attempt to adopt a multicriteria decision making approach and to evaluate the information system in construction industry sector based on the DeLone and McLean information systems success model. In this research, the companies are ranked by TOPSIS method using weights obtained from AHP method. Five Moroccan companies were analyzed in term of information system performance they provided. In order to find the performance order, we will calculate criteria weights provided from DeLone and McLean model for each company using AHP and TOPSIS method.
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 2017
Although still relatively new, the field of IT Governance has its own bodies of knowledge that in... more Although still relatively new, the field of IT Governance has its own bodies of knowledge that include various methodologies, frameworks and techniques supported by an increasing growing base of research. IT Project Risk Management has since emerged as its own field. Many frameworks and methodologies were proposed by both practitioners and researchers. A review of the literature about the subject shows that there is a divergence between the two. The practitioners propose a set of good practices from professional environment but the heaviness of the proposed guides does not allow its application and adoption by managers or it’s improvement by researchers. Thus it calls for specific focus on IT governance frameworks best practices modelling in order to reach fusion between practitioners and researchers contributions. In this paper, special attention is dedicated to Project Management Institute’s guides. The main objective is representing IT Project Risk Management best practices as a ...
2018 4th International Conference on Optimization and Applications (ICOA), 2018
Forecasting financial risks is one of the most difficult tasks in risk prediction; IT project ris... more Forecasting financial risks is one of the most difficult tasks in risk prediction; IT project risk management practitioners stress the need to take into consideration the organizational factors of IT project success. In this context, this paper introduced the concept of Reference Class Forecasting to the problem of IT project financial risks estimates. It was designed to develop a conceptual approach to optimize financial risks prediction, at the organizational level, during IT project implementation. This approach is formally developed according to design science research approach and it addresses an area of relevance to both practitioners and academics and suggests solutions that can help IT risk managers to provide more accurate risk assessment plans.
2017 International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM), 2017
In the next decades, hundreds of autonomous ships (AS) and Conventional ships (CS) will cross the... more In the next decades, hundreds of autonomous ships (AS) and Conventional ships (CS) will cross the Detroit of Gibraltar. For their autonomous operation, and remote control, these ships need to communicate with each other, with the vessel traffic system (VTS), with the port state control (PSC) and with the shore control centre (SCC). For a sustainable maritime industry, the biggest challenge will be the implementation of reliable and cost effective communication carrier to assure a continuous ships connectivity. Our contribution consists of quantifying and classifying the data to be transferred, the identification of ship mobility environment challenges, and the proposal of mobile WiMAX as a reliable, secure and cost effective maritime communication carrier. This communication carrier must be suitable for the dense maritime traffic, in the Detroit of Gibraltar, where conventional ships and autonomous ships will co-exist.
2020 IEEE International conference of Moroccan Geomatics (Morgeo), 2020
These last decades, Air traffic flow continues considerably increasing with no corresponding impr... more These last decades, Air traffic flow continues considerably increasing with no corresponding improvement in airport infrastructure, which led to the congestion of several terminal areas during approach phases around the world. This matter urges the main international organizations (ICAO, IATA, EUROCONTROL, FAA…) to establish new concepts and methods to guarantee aircraft safety by applying DistanceBased-Separation DBS. Air traffic continues growing which causes further delays or even canceled flights. Also, many space capacities losses have been noticed which made the DBS concept less efficient. To overcome this problem, and to optimize air network management, the use of a new concept has been recommended by SESAR named Time-Based-Separation TBS. In this paper, we will study the effects of speed during the approach phases using a comparison between speed restriction conforming to the reference speed and the possible speed modifications in the margins as defined by the aircraft constructors.
The fuel oil price fluctuation, stiff competition in the shipping industry, and continuous change... more The fuel oil price fluctuation, stiff competition in the shipping industry, and continuous change in the rules related to the environmental protection, have rushed the owner, shipyards and classification societies to adopt genius solution to increase the ship efficiency, to optimize the energy consumption and to reduce the greenhouse gases (GHG's) emission. The maritime players came with innovative ideas in the ship design and ship performance management. These innovative solutions have been implemented, i.e. Non-ballast design, retrofit of the bulbous bow, retrofit of the propeller, low-steaming, air lubrication system and use of clean energy. This paper reviews these innovative solutions and presents their impact on the energy saving and environmental protection.
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
The purpose of this study is to enhance the DeLone and McLean information system success by addin... more The purpose of this study is to enhance the DeLone and McLean information system success by adding a SERVQUAL instrument to evaluate the service quality dimension. An integrated model for evaluating the information system has been proposed. One of the most popular multi criteria decision making techniques, namely AHP was used to determine the weights of each criterion and sub-criterion of the model in order to identify the most influential criterion on information system’s evaluation. System quality dimension has a strong influence on information system success (0.39) followed by information quality (0.22). The proposed model could be used to enhance information system performance evaluation.
2019 1st International Conference on Smart Systems and Data Science (ICSSD)
Maritime transport is the main mode of transport used for the intercontinental transit of freight... more Maritime transport is the main mode of transport used for the intercontinental transit of freights. Since the mid-sixties, and as international trade has developed, several types of ships have appeared. This plurality is an asset in that shippers can find the vessel that best suits the port infrastructure and the type of goods to be transported. Today with the technological revolution, most projects and studies seek to automate these different types of vessels in order to have a remotely controlled or autonomous vessel. Indeed, the automation of this mode of transport has as many advantages as limits given the sensitive sector. In this article, the different types of vessels are analyzed according to four axes: network and navigation, logistics, safety and environment in order to determine the most likely vessels to be autonomous.
2019 1st International Conference on Smart Systems and Data Science (ICSSD)
All current trends are oriented towards the use of innovative pedagogical approaches, such as e-l... more All current trends are oriented towards the use of innovative pedagogical approaches, such as e-learning, MOOC integration, hybrid or mixed learning... in teaching and training modules.many universities around the world use MOOC in their cursus. The Moroccan educational system faces numerous problems and obstructions in its attempt to integrating online learning into its educational programs, despite the government initiatives and the humble attempts of some Moroccan universitiesOur contribution tries to focus on the difficulties and problems that block the success of the integration of new teaching approaches including MOOC in the Moroccan educational system. It proposes also a hybrid model to better benefit from MOOC and ICT
2019 1st International Conference on Smart Systems and Data Science (ICSSD)
for most organizations, understanding the contribution of IT infrastructure to achieve desired ob... more for most organizations, understanding the contribution of IT infrastructure to achieve desired objectives is very important. In this context, the IT governance framework COBIT (Control Objective for Information and related Technology) includes a set of essential tools to ensure the monitoring and the control of IT governance. However, COBIT does not provide machine-readable data. Hence, the objective of this paper is to develop an ontology based on COBIT V5 framework called “CobitOntology”. “CobitOntology” is an IT governance solution that will clarify the domain vocabulary and the dependencies between the different elements of the domain. This ontology is realized from text, i. e. from the use of text corpuses, extracting terms and relationships between these terms to make an ontology. We will therefore use a linguistic analysis using a statistical analysis of a corpus (term frequency and inverse document frequency).
2019 5th International Conference on Optimization and Applications (ICOA)
Business Intelligence gives more and more solutions to organizations for modelling and visualizat... more Business Intelligence gives more and more solutions to organizations for modelling and visualization of data or even knowledge helping in decision-making.In this context, we have integrated Artificial Intelligence "AI" into our decision support system in order to develop an Intelligent Decision Support System based on Multi Agents System for the improvement the quality and pedagogical management of the university various fields.This article highlights our contribution, which begins with a presentation of the work done in the field of Decision Support Systems, in particular Intelligent Decision Support Systems and ends with an analysis of the technologies of the Intelligence Artificial and Big Data as an introduction to the Educational Intelligent Decision Support System based on Multi Agents System that we propose "EIDSS MAS" whose architectural concept will be presented with an implementation.
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Nowadays with COVID-19 ongoing epidemic outbreak, containment for weeks was one of the most effec... more Nowadays with COVID-19 ongoing epidemic outbreak, containment for weeks was one of the most effective measures adopted to deal with the spread of the virus until a vaccine could be efficient. Over that period, increased anxiety, depression, suicide attempts and post-traumatic stress disorder are accumulated. Several studies referred to the need of using chatbots, which recognizes human emotions in such pandemic contexts. More recently, numerous research papers improved the ability of artificial intelligence methods to recognize human emotion. However, they are still limited. The aim of this paper is the development of a chatbot against the disturbing psychic consequences of the pandemic, taking human emotion recognition into account. The object is to help people; especially students; suffering from mental disorders, by progressively understanding the reasonsbehind them. This innovative chatbot was developed by using the natural language processing model of deep learning. An advanced...
International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE)
Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) plays a very important role in improving the development of comple... more Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) plays a very important role in improving the development of complex systems. It focuses more on modeling than on classical programming. In this sense, model transformation is at the heart of the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) approach which advocates the use of models throughout the software development cycle on two levels. The first being the transformation of the Computing Independent Model (CIM) into the Platform Independent Model (PIM) and the second concerning the transformation of PIM into Platform Specific Model (PSM).The latter has been dealt with in the majority of research works while the transformation from CIM to PIM which represents the highest level is rarely discussed in research topics. It is for this reason and in the spirit of improving the process of transforming the CIM model into PIM according to the MDA approach, that we have developed this research work in order to propose a new method and new transformation rules for optimizati...
2022 2nd International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET), 2022
Social robots' presence in the educational sector becomes increasingly important especially t... more Social robots' presence in the educational sector becomes increasingly important especially to support people with specific needs, it is essential to evaluate their effectiveness in different contexts and to examine the impact of this creative modality of teaching on the psychic of learners studying their personalities. In this work, we are exploring the use of a social assistance robot to perform interactions with the learners in order to determine the type of their personalities and observe the psychological change of the learners during the student-robot interaction according to their personalities. To realize our study, we have deployed a model for the integration of a humanoid assistant robot in an educational environment. The assistant robot should supervise, assist, encourage, and socially interact with learners to acquire information about their personality types. The Negative Attitude Scale toward Robots (NARS) and the Myers Briggs Type Indicator MBTI personality test was used to collect the data. The results indicate the personality types of the participants that are most dominant. The results also show a positive correlation value that should not be neglected between personality type and negative attitudes towards robots. The findings of the study can be used to encourage teachers to better understand the personality type of their students so that they can integrate robots into appropriate child-robot interaction situations.
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2021
Most of supply chain networks have encountered difficulties when trying to integrate all componen... more Most of supply chain networks have encountered difficulties when trying to integrate all components and stakeholders (Customers, warehouse, transportation, and raw material production. Etc...), which make supply chain management system suffering from a lack of efficiency and transparency that make a steady increase in good’s falsification and consumer’s disappointment. All information about good’s production, storage and transportation should flow clearly during all stages of the supply chain by tracking and authenticating to avoid product’s contamination or fraud in the network. Current tracking IoT-based systems are built on top of centralized architecture and this leaves a gap for tampering and false information especially in urban area, but also the exsiting solutions cannot allow the information to be shared with authority or consumers. To effectively assess and assure traceability and transparency this paper propose an approach using a distributed ledger (blockchain) besides a...
2018 6th International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM), 2018
Nowadays, the high automation of ships has resulted in an ever -increasing need for real time dat... more Nowadays, the high automation of ships has resulted in an ever -increasing need for real time data exchange to monitor ships, cargo, and ensure safety and security on board. This evolution in ship technology and management, must be supported by reliable, and cost-effective communication carriers. The satellite communication services can deliver vital real time capability to keep the ship continuously connected to the maritime players while it is trading worldwide. At high seas, the only communication service that can meet the ship need in term of data exchange is the mobile satellite communication. The reliability of these communication services will contribute significantly in the success of the future implementation of the autonomous ship in the maritime industry. This paper consists of the presentation of an overview of the current satellite services and its comparison in term of reliability, cost-effectiveness, and its capability to meet the autonomous ship communication need for its safe operation. This study results in a proposal of the suitable satellite communication services that can support the implementation of autonomous ship.
2018 4th International Conference on Optimization and Applications (ICOA), 2018
The purpose of this study is to present an attempt to adopt a multicriteria decision making appro... more The purpose of this study is to present an attempt to adopt a multicriteria decision making approach and to evaluate the information system in construction industry sector based on the DeLone and McLean information systems success model. In this research, the companies are ranked by TOPSIS method using weights obtained from AHP method. Five Moroccan companies were analyzed in term of information system performance they provided. In order to find the performance order, we will calculate criteria weights provided from DeLone and McLean model for each company using AHP and TOPSIS method.
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 2017
Although still relatively new, the field of IT Governance has its own bodies of knowledge that in... more Although still relatively new, the field of IT Governance has its own bodies of knowledge that include various methodologies, frameworks and techniques supported by an increasing growing base of research. IT Project Risk Management has since emerged as its own field. Many frameworks and methodologies were proposed by both practitioners and researchers. A review of the literature about the subject shows that there is a divergence between the two. The practitioners propose a set of good practices from professional environment but the heaviness of the proposed guides does not allow its application and adoption by managers or it’s improvement by researchers. Thus it calls for specific focus on IT governance frameworks best practices modelling in order to reach fusion between practitioners and researchers contributions. In this paper, special attention is dedicated to Project Management Institute’s guides. The main objective is representing IT Project Risk Management best practices as a ...
2018 4th International Conference on Optimization and Applications (ICOA), 2018
Forecasting financial risks is one of the most difficult tasks in risk prediction; IT project ris... more Forecasting financial risks is one of the most difficult tasks in risk prediction; IT project risk management practitioners stress the need to take into consideration the organizational factors of IT project success. In this context, this paper introduced the concept of Reference Class Forecasting to the problem of IT project financial risks estimates. It was designed to develop a conceptual approach to optimize financial risks prediction, at the organizational level, during IT project implementation. This approach is formally developed according to design science research approach and it addresses an area of relevance to both practitioners and academics and suggests solutions that can help IT risk managers to provide more accurate risk assessment plans.
2017 International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM), 2017
In the next decades, hundreds of autonomous ships (AS) and Conventional ships (CS) will cross the... more In the next decades, hundreds of autonomous ships (AS) and Conventional ships (CS) will cross the Detroit of Gibraltar. For their autonomous operation, and remote control, these ships need to communicate with each other, with the vessel traffic system (VTS), with the port state control (PSC) and with the shore control centre (SCC). For a sustainable maritime industry, the biggest challenge will be the implementation of reliable and cost effective communication carrier to assure a continuous ships connectivity. Our contribution consists of quantifying and classifying the data to be transferred, the identification of ship mobility environment challenges, and the proposal of mobile WiMAX as a reliable, secure and cost effective maritime communication carrier. This communication carrier must be suitable for the dense maritime traffic, in the Detroit of Gibraltar, where conventional ships and autonomous ships will co-exist.
2020 IEEE International conference of Moroccan Geomatics (Morgeo), 2020
These last decades, Air traffic flow continues considerably increasing with no corresponding impr... more These last decades, Air traffic flow continues considerably increasing with no corresponding improvement in airport infrastructure, which led to the congestion of several terminal areas during approach phases around the world. This matter urges the main international organizations (ICAO, IATA, EUROCONTROL, FAA…) to establish new concepts and methods to guarantee aircraft safety by applying DistanceBased-Separation DBS. Air traffic continues growing which causes further delays or even canceled flights. Also, many space capacities losses have been noticed which made the DBS concept less efficient. To overcome this problem, and to optimize air network management, the use of a new concept has been recommended by SESAR named Time-Based-Separation TBS. In this paper, we will study the effects of speed during the approach phases using a comparison between speed restriction conforming to the reference speed and the possible speed modifications in the margins as defined by the aircraft constructors.
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