Endoreduplication is alternative form of cell cycle that involves the replication of DNA without ... more Endoreduplication is alternative form of cell cycle that involves the replication of DNA without mitosis. It commonly occurs in various tissues of plants like pavement cells of leaf, trichomes and sepals of flower and led to increase in size of the cell. Shoot apical meristem (SAM) is a region from where the aboveground organs of the plant arise. The cells in the meristem remain in meristematic state (mitotic) and get displaced from there to form the differentiated tissues. But how the nuclear DNA synthesis vary from the meristematic cells to the differentiated tissues is not very well studied. It has been observed through the present study that the cells in shoot tip of Arabidopsis are diploid in nature and starts to endoreduplicate at 1cm away from the shoot, down the stem which was justified by the flow cytometer-based DNA analysis of different Arabidopsis tissues. Petal is known to be the most variable part of the flower with different color, shape, size and fragrance but little...
Flavonoids are synthesized by phenylpropanoid pathway. They are known to participate in large num... more Flavonoids are synthesized by phenylpropanoid pathway. They are known to participate in large number of physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Parthenocarpy and male sterility has earlier been reported by silencing chalcone synthase (CHS) encoding gene. Silencing of CHS has blocked the synthesis of most of useful flavonoids including flavan-3-ols and flavonols. Also, these studies could not identify whether parthenocarpy/male sterility were due to lack of flavan-3-ols or flavonols or both. Flavonol synthase (FLS) is an important enzyme of flavonoid pathway that catalyzes the formation of flavonols. In this article, we propose a novel strategy towards the generation of seedless or less-seeded fruits by downregulation of flavonol biosynthesis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi) through post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of FLS encoding mRNA. The FLS silenced lines were observed for 20-80 % reduction in FLS encoding gene expression and 25–93 % reduction in flav...
Abstract Transcriptional control of gene expression is an exquisitely regulated process in both a... more Abstract Transcriptional control of gene expression is an exquisitely regulated process in both animals and plants. Transcription factors (TFs) and the regulatory networks that drive the expression of TF genes in epidermal and subepidermal cell layers in Arabidopsis are unexplored. Here, we identified 65 TF genes enriched in the epidermal and subepidermal cell layers of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). To determine the cell type specificity in different stages of Arabidopsis development, we made YFP based transcriptional fusion constructs by taking a 3‐kb upstream noncoding region above the translation start site. Here, we report that for ~52% (22/42) TF genes, we detected transcription activity. TF genes derived from epidermis show uniform expression in early embryo development; however, in the late globular stage, their transcription activity is suppressed in the inner cell layers. Expression patterns linked to subepidermal cell layer identity were apparent in the postembryonic development. Potential upstream regulators that could modulate the activity of epidermal and subepidermal cell layer‐enriched TF genes were identified using enhanced yeast‐one‐hybrid (eY1H) assay and validated. This study describes the activation of TF genes in epidermal and subepidermal cell layers in embryonic and postembryonic development of Arabidopsis shoot apex.
The role of exogenously applied two flavonoids, quercetin and epicatechin, was assessed on plant ... more The role of exogenously applied two flavonoids, quercetin and epicatechin, was assessed on plant growth and development. For this, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedlings were supplemented with 50 and 100 μM epicatechin and quercetin individually and their shoot and root parts were analyzed for total flavonoids content, transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, morphological and anatomical responses. Exogenous application of these two flavonoids increased the level of total flavonoids in the shoot and decreased it in the root. Similarly the transcript expression of genes encoding key regulatory enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was increased in the shoot and decreased or not affected in the root. Interestingly, chalcone synthase (CHS) expression decreased in the shoot and increased in the root. Seedlings exposed to flavonoids were observed for the following changes: inhibition of lateral and adventitious roots, reduced plant growth and leaf expansion. Furth...
A light signalling integrating factor improves the tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana in UV-B stre... more A light signalling integrating factor improves the tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana in UV-B stress by decreasing the expression level of a negative regulator. Understanding how the distinct cell types of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) withstand ultraviolet radiation (UVR) stress can improve cultivation of plants in high-UVR environments. Here, we show that UV-B irradiation selectively kills epidermal and niche cells in the shoot apex. Plants harboring a mutation in DECREASE WAX BIOSYNTHESIS (DEWAX) are tolerant to UV-B. Our data show that DEWAX negatively regulates genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) binds to the DEWAX promoter elements and represses its expression to promote the anthocyanin biosynthesis. The HY5-DEWAX regulatory network regulates anthocyanin content in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and influences the survivability of plants under UV-B irradiation stress. Our cell sorting-based study of the epidermal cell layer transcriptome...
Transcriptional control of gene expression is an exquisitely regulated process in both animals an... more Transcriptional control of gene expression is an exquisitely regulated process in both animals and plants. Transcription factors (TFs) and the regulatory networks that drive the expression of TF genes in epidermal and subepidermal cell layers in Arabidopsis are unexplored. Here, we identified 65 TF genes enriched in the epidermal and subepidermal cell layers of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). To determine the cell type specificity in different stages of Arabidopsis development, we made YFP based transcriptional fusion constructs by taking a 3‐kb upstream noncoding region above the translation start site. Here, we report that for ~52% (22/42) TF genes, we detected transcription activity. TF genes derived from epidermis show uniform expression in early embryo development; however, in the late globular stage, their transcription activity is suppressed in the inner cell layers. Expression patterns linked to subepidermal cell layer identity were apparent in the postembryonic development...
In higher plants, the cells that form aboveground tissues and organs are derived from the shoot a... more In higher plants, the cells that form aboveground tissues and organs are derived from the shoot apical meristem (SAM). SAM is dynamic in nature and divided into central zone (CZ), peripheral zone (PZ), and rib meristem (RM). Stem cells reside in the CZ, and their progenitors differentiate to form lateral organs in PZ and stem tissue in RM. Besides zones, the SAM is also divided into distinct clonal cell layers that show patterned cell division. Here, we describe methods to tag and isolate cell types from both cell layers and zones of SAM in high purity using cell sorter. This method enable plant biologist in rapid isolation of desired cell types from SAM to record their transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, and metabolome. The information generated by this approach will elucidate the mechanism of stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and organogenesis in SAM.
Elucidation of Abiotic Stress Signaling in Plants, 2015
Crop growth and productivity is being seriously constrained by a range of abiotic stress factors ... more Crop growth and productivity is being seriously constrained by a range of abiotic stress factors all over the globe. Literature revealed that abiotic stress factors [temperature extremes (heat and cold), water extremes (drought and flooding), salinity, sodicity, wounding, metal/metalloid toxicity, excess light, radiations, high speed wind, nutrient loss, and anaerobic conditions] are the key reason for declining the usual yield of major crop plants by more than 50 %, which causes significant economic losses every year. A number of genes and their products respond to abiotic stress factors at transcriptional and translational level; therefore, genetic engineering for abiotic stress resistance is an important goal for protecting/improving agricultural crop productivity. Adaptation of plants to various environmental insults is reliant upon the establishment of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction, and the expression of stress-specific genes and metabolites. Thus, engineering stress-responsive genes which can protect and/or preserve the function may be a potential target to enhance stress tolerance in plants. Genetic engineering and DNA markers have now emerged as important gear in crop improvement.
Flavan-3-ols are the major flavonoids present in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves. These are known ... more Flavan-3-ols are the major flavonoids present in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves. These are known to have antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties in vitro. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase is considered to be an important enzyme of flavonoid pathway leading to accumulation of flavan-3-ols in tea. Expression analysis revealed the upregulation in transcript levels of C. sinensis flavanone 3-hydroxylase (CsF3H) encoding gene under salt stress. In this study, the biotechnological potential of CsF3H was evaluated by gene overexpression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi). Overexpression of CsF3H cDNA increased the content of flavan-3-ols in tobacco and conferred tolerance to salt stress and fungus Alternaria solani infection. Transgenic tobaccos were observed for increase in primary root length, number of lateral roots, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme expression and their activities. Also, they showed lesser malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage compared to contr...
Brassicaoilseed and related cruciferous crop species of economic importance are identified as met... more Brassicaoilseed and related cruciferous crop species of economic importance are identified as metal hyper accumulator with high biomass. These species possess genetically inherited traits of metal hyper accumulation and tolerance. They have been reported to store metal in their upper ground part with the character of metal tolerance. These species has been adapted with various mechanisms to counter metal toxicity. This adaption attracted everyone to understand range of mechanism in these plants with relation to accumulation of metal ion and tolerance to nullify metal ion mediated toxicity. Toxic metal influenced the various physiological processes such as growth, photosynthesis, ion and water uptake and nitrate assimilation in plant. At the cellular level, they have been reported to cause damage including blocking functional groups of enzymes, denaturing or inactivating enzymes, disturbance in the function of polynucleotide, transport mechanism for nutrient ions and disrupting cell and organelle membrane integrity. These symptoms might occur due to interaction of biomolecules with excessive amount of toxic metals. In addition, toxic metal excess stimulates the formation of free radical and reactive oxygen species. Brassica species and related cruciferous crop evolved to survive and thrive in metal toxicity and adapt a range of mechanisms that may be involved in the detoxification and tolerance. Plant antioxidant system scavenged free radicals ion induced by toxic metal exposure. Such tolerance has also been related to increased level of antioxidant molecules and detoxifying enzymes in response to toxic metal ions. Plants are synthesizing a variety of metal chelating legends including phytochelatins, metallothioneins and organic acids. These legends ensure metal detoxification by complexation and vacuolar sequestration. A whole range of metal transporter families have been identified in plant that could play a key role in tolerance and metal homeostasis. These plants possess genes for resistance to toxic effects of a wide range of metals. Apart from tolerance to metal toxicity, these plants also have fine balance of metals that are regulated either by preventing or reducing the entry into the cell or through efflux mechanisms. So, Brassica utilized the mechanism of accumulation, translocation and uptake of toxic metal more efficiently for tolerance. Brassica has been proposed as a natural environmentally safe option to clean contaminated sites. These species are well adapted to a range of environmental conditions and suitable for phytoremediation due to adequate accumulation with highly regulated translocation and uptake of toxic metal. These species are likely source of genes for phytoremediation. These plants will be playing a key role in phytoremediation technology and can be used for remediation of polluted areas. The adaptation ability of Brassica to toxic metals can be utilized to understand the mechanism of tolerance to toxic metals and development of toxic metal restricted plants in metalliferous soil.
Environmental Adaptations and Stress Tolerance of Plants in the Era of Climate Change, 2011
Abiotic stresses have been considered as the growth-limiting factors affecting plants. Nutrient d... more Abiotic stresses have been considered as the growth-limiting factors affecting plants. Nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, cold, submergence, and hypoxia are some of the severe types of abiotic stresses. Interdisciplinary research has been carried out to find ...
DNA methylation is known as an epigenetic modification that affects gene expression in plants. Va... more DNA methylation is known as an epigenetic modification that affects gene expression in plants. Variation in CpG methylation behavior was studied in two natural horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum [Lam.] Verdc.) genotypes, HPKC2 (drought-sensitive) and HPK4 (drought-tolerant). The methylation pattern in both genotypes was studied through methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism. The results revealed that methylation was higher in HPKC2 (10.1%) than in HPK4 (8.6%). Sequencing demonstrated sequence homology with the DRE binding factor (cbf1), the POZ/BTB protein, and the Ty1-copia retrotransposon among some of the polymorphic fragments showing alteration in methylation behavior. Differences in DNA methylation patterns could explain the differential drought tolerance and the epigenetic signature of these two horse gram genotypes.
Abiotic stresses have been considered as the growth-limiting factors affecting plants. Nutrient d... more Abiotic stresses have been considered as the growth-limiting factors affecting plants. Nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, cold, submergence, and hypoxia are some of the severe types of abiotic stresses. Interdisciplinary research has been carried out to find ...
Endoreduplication is alternative form of cell cycle that involves the replication of DNA without ... more Endoreduplication is alternative form of cell cycle that involves the replication of DNA without mitosis. It commonly occurs in various tissues of plants like pavement cells of leaf, trichomes and sepals of flower and led to increase in size of the cell. Shoot apical meristem (SAM) is a region from where the aboveground organs of the plant arise. The cells in the meristem remain in meristematic state (mitotic) and get displaced from there to form the differentiated tissues. But how the nuclear DNA synthesis vary from the meristematic cells to the differentiated tissues is not very well studied. It has been observed through the present study that the cells in shoot tip of Arabidopsis are diploid in nature and starts to endoreduplicate at 1cm away from the shoot, down the stem which was justified by the flow cytometer-based DNA analysis of different Arabidopsis tissues. Petal is known to be the most variable part of the flower with different color, shape, size and fragrance but little...
Flavonoids are synthesized by phenylpropanoid pathway. They are known to participate in large num... more Flavonoids are synthesized by phenylpropanoid pathway. They are known to participate in large number of physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Parthenocarpy and male sterility has earlier been reported by silencing chalcone synthase (CHS) encoding gene. Silencing of CHS has blocked the synthesis of most of useful flavonoids including flavan-3-ols and flavonols. Also, these studies could not identify whether parthenocarpy/male sterility were due to lack of flavan-3-ols or flavonols or both. Flavonol synthase (FLS) is an important enzyme of flavonoid pathway that catalyzes the formation of flavonols. In this article, we propose a novel strategy towards the generation of seedless or less-seeded fruits by downregulation of flavonol biosynthesis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi) through post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of FLS encoding mRNA. The FLS silenced lines were observed for 20-80 % reduction in FLS encoding gene expression and 25–93 % reduction in flav...
Abstract Transcriptional control of gene expression is an exquisitely regulated process in both a... more Abstract Transcriptional control of gene expression is an exquisitely regulated process in both animals and plants. Transcription factors (TFs) and the regulatory networks that drive the expression of TF genes in epidermal and subepidermal cell layers in Arabidopsis are unexplored. Here, we identified 65 TF genes enriched in the epidermal and subepidermal cell layers of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). To determine the cell type specificity in different stages of Arabidopsis development, we made YFP based transcriptional fusion constructs by taking a 3‐kb upstream noncoding region above the translation start site. Here, we report that for ~52% (22/42) TF genes, we detected transcription activity. TF genes derived from epidermis show uniform expression in early embryo development; however, in the late globular stage, their transcription activity is suppressed in the inner cell layers. Expression patterns linked to subepidermal cell layer identity were apparent in the postembryonic development. Potential upstream regulators that could modulate the activity of epidermal and subepidermal cell layer‐enriched TF genes were identified using enhanced yeast‐one‐hybrid (eY1H) assay and validated. This study describes the activation of TF genes in epidermal and subepidermal cell layers in embryonic and postembryonic development of Arabidopsis shoot apex.
The role of exogenously applied two flavonoids, quercetin and epicatechin, was assessed on plant ... more The role of exogenously applied two flavonoids, quercetin and epicatechin, was assessed on plant growth and development. For this, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedlings were supplemented with 50 and 100 μM epicatechin and quercetin individually and their shoot and root parts were analyzed for total flavonoids content, transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, morphological and anatomical responses. Exogenous application of these two flavonoids increased the level of total flavonoids in the shoot and decreased it in the root. Similarly the transcript expression of genes encoding key regulatory enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was increased in the shoot and decreased or not affected in the root. Interestingly, chalcone synthase (CHS) expression decreased in the shoot and increased in the root. Seedlings exposed to flavonoids were observed for the following changes: inhibition of lateral and adventitious roots, reduced plant growth and leaf expansion. Furth...
A light signalling integrating factor improves the tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana in UV-B stre... more A light signalling integrating factor improves the tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana in UV-B stress by decreasing the expression level of a negative regulator. Understanding how the distinct cell types of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) withstand ultraviolet radiation (UVR) stress can improve cultivation of plants in high-UVR environments. Here, we show that UV-B irradiation selectively kills epidermal and niche cells in the shoot apex. Plants harboring a mutation in DECREASE WAX BIOSYNTHESIS (DEWAX) are tolerant to UV-B. Our data show that DEWAX negatively regulates genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) binds to the DEWAX promoter elements and represses its expression to promote the anthocyanin biosynthesis. The HY5-DEWAX regulatory network regulates anthocyanin content in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and influences the survivability of plants under UV-B irradiation stress. Our cell sorting-based study of the epidermal cell layer transcriptome...
Transcriptional control of gene expression is an exquisitely regulated process in both animals an... more Transcriptional control of gene expression is an exquisitely regulated process in both animals and plants. Transcription factors (TFs) and the regulatory networks that drive the expression of TF genes in epidermal and subepidermal cell layers in Arabidopsis are unexplored. Here, we identified 65 TF genes enriched in the epidermal and subepidermal cell layers of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). To determine the cell type specificity in different stages of Arabidopsis development, we made YFP based transcriptional fusion constructs by taking a 3‐kb upstream noncoding region above the translation start site. Here, we report that for ~52% (22/42) TF genes, we detected transcription activity. TF genes derived from epidermis show uniform expression in early embryo development; however, in the late globular stage, their transcription activity is suppressed in the inner cell layers. Expression patterns linked to subepidermal cell layer identity were apparent in the postembryonic development...
In higher plants, the cells that form aboveground tissues and organs are derived from the shoot a... more In higher plants, the cells that form aboveground tissues and organs are derived from the shoot apical meristem (SAM). SAM is dynamic in nature and divided into central zone (CZ), peripheral zone (PZ), and rib meristem (RM). Stem cells reside in the CZ, and their progenitors differentiate to form lateral organs in PZ and stem tissue in RM. Besides zones, the SAM is also divided into distinct clonal cell layers that show patterned cell division. Here, we describe methods to tag and isolate cell types from both cell layers and zones of SAM in high purity using cell sorter. This method enable plant biologist in rapid isolation of desired cell types from SAM to record their transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, and metabolome. The information generated by this approach will elucidate the mechanism of stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and organogenesis in SAM.
Elucidation of Abiotic Stress Signaling in Plants, 2015
Crop growth and productivity is being seriously constrained by a range of abiotic stress factors ... more Crop growth and productivity is being seriously constrained by a range of abiotic stress factors all over the globe. Literature revealed that abiotic stress factors [temperature extremes (heat and cold), water extremes (drought and flooding), salinity, sodicity, wounding, metal/metalloid toxicity, excess light, radiations, high speed wind, nutrient loss, and anaerobic conditions] are the key reason for declining the usual yield of major crop plants by more than 50 %, which causes significant economic losses every year. A number of genes and their products respond to abiotic stress factors at transcriptional and translational level; therefore, genetic engineering for abiotic stress resistance is an important goal for protecting/improving agricultural crop productivity. Adaptation of plants to various environmental insults is reliant upon the establishment of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction, and the expression of stress-specific genes and metabolites. Thus, engineering stress-responsive genes which can protect and/or preserve the function may be a potential target to enhance stress tolerance in plants. Genetic engineering and DNA markers have now emerged as important gear in crop improvement.
Flavan-3-ols are the major flavonoids present in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves. These are known ... more Flavan-3-ols are the major flavonoids present in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves. These are known to have antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties in vitro. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase is considered to be an important enzyme of flavonoid pathway leading to accumulation of flavan-3-ols in tea. Expression analysis revealed the upregulation in transcript levels of C. sinensis flavanone 3-hydroxylase (CsF3H) encoding gene under salt stress. In this study, the biotechnological potential of CsF3H was evaluated by gene overexpression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi). Overexpression of CsF3H cDNA increased the content of flavan-3-ols in tobacco and conferred tolerance to salt stress and fungus Alternaria solani infection. Transgenic tobaccos were observed for increase in primary root length, number of lateral roots, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme expression and their activities. Also, they showed lesser malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage compared to contr...
Brassicaoilseed and related cruciferous crop species of economic importance are identified as met... more Brassicaoilseed and related cruciferous crop species of economic importance are identified as metal hyper accumulator with high biomass. These species possess genetically inherited traits of metal hyper accumulation and tolerance. They have been reported to store metal in their upper ground part with the character of metal tolerance. These species has been adapted with various mechanisms to counter metal toxicity. This adaption attracted everyone to understand range of mechanism in these plants with relation to accumulation of metal ion and tolerance to nullify metal ion mediated toxicity. Toxic metal influenced the various physiological processes such as growth, photosynthesis, ion and water uptake and nitrate assimilation in plant. At the cellular level, they have been reported to cause damage including blocking functional groups of enzymes, denaturing or inactivating enzymes, disturbance in the function of polynucleotide, transport mechanism for nutrient ions and disrupting cell and organelle membrane integrity. These symptoms might occur due to interaction of biomolecules with excessive amount of toxic metals. In addition, toxic metal excess stimulates the formation of free radical and reactive oxygen species. Brassica species and related cruciferous crop evolved to survive and thrive in metal toxicity and adapt a range of mechanisms that may be involved in the detoxification and tolerance. Plant antioxidant system scavenged free radicals ion induced by toxic metal exposure. Such tolerance has also been related to increased level of antioxidant molecules and detoxifying enzymes in response to toxic metal ions. Plants are synthesizing a variety of metal chelating legends including phytochelatins, metallothioneins and organic acids. These legends ensure metal detoxification by complexation and vacuolar sequestration. A whole range of metal transporter families have been identified in plant that could play a key role in tolerance and metal homeostasis. These plants possess genes for resistance to toxic effects of a wide range of metals. Apart from tolerance to metal toxicity, these plants also have fine balance of metals that are regulated either by preventing or reducing the entry into the cell or through efflux mechanisms. So, Brassica utilized the mechanism of accumulation, translocation and uptake of toxic metal more efficiently for tolerance. Brassica has been proposed as a natural environmentally safe option to clean contaminated sites. These species are well adapted to a range of environmental conditions and suitable for phytoremediation due to adequate accumulation with highly regulated translocation and uptake of toxic metal. These species are likely source of genes for phytoremediation. These plants will be playing a key role in phytoremediation technology and can be used for remediation of polluted areas. The adaptation ability of Brassica to toxic metals can be utilized to understand the mechanism of tolerance to toxic metals and development of toxic metal restricted plants in metalliferous soil.
Environmental Adaptations and Stress Tolerance of Plants in the Era of Climate Change, 2011
Abiotic stresses have been considered as the growth-limiting factors affecting plants. Nutrient d... more Abiotic stresses have been considered as the growth-limiting factors affecting plants. Nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, cold, submergence, and hypoxia are some of the severe types of abiotic stresses. Interdisciplinary research has been carried out to find ...
DNA methylation is known as an epigenetic modification that affects gene expression in plants. Va... more DNA methylation is known as an epigenetic modification that affects gene expression in plants. Variation in CpG methylation behavior was studied in two natural horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum [Lam.] Verdc.) genotypes, HPKC2 (drought-sensitive) and HPK4 (drought-tolerant). The methylation pattern in both genotypes was studied through methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism. The results revealed that methylation was higher in HPKC2 (10.1%) than in HPK4 (8.6%). Sequencing demonstrated sequence homology with the DRE binding factor (cbf1), the POZ/BTB protein, and the Ty1-copia retrotransposon among some of the polymorphic fragments showing alteration in methylation behavior. Differences in DNA methylation patterns could explain the differential drought tolerance and the epigenetic signature of these two horse gram genotypes.
Abiotic stresses have been considered as the growth-limiting factors affecting plants. Nutrient d... more Abiotic stresses have been considered as the growth-limiting factors affecting plants. Nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, cold, submergence, and hypoxia are some of the severe types of abiotic stresses. Interdisciplinary research has been carried out to find ...
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