A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of three high yielding forage berseem (Trifoliu... more A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of three high yielding forage berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) varieties under agro climatic conditions of Juglote Gilgit, Pakistan. High yielding varieties as Agaiti and Pachaiti were tested along with the Juglote local as check. Results revealed that there were significant differences among the varieties for plant height. Maximum plant height of 79.83cm was recorded in Agaiti berseem, 79.80cm in Juglote local and 71.16 cm in Pachaiti. Differences among fresh forage yield of 3 berseem varieties were significant, ranging from 32.36 t ha-1of Pachaiti, 41.03t ha-1from Agaiti and 45.48 t ha-1of Juglote local. Differences in dry forage yield of the varieties were significant and their range was from 5.9 tonnes/ha to 8.15tonnes/ha with a same trend. Differences in number of tillers of the varieties were significant. The maximum number of tillers was obtained by Juglote local with 175 while the lowest was attained by Pachaiti with 149....
Background: Ziarat juniper ( Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb) is an evergreen and dominant species of Ba... more Background: Ziarat juniper ( Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb) is an evergreen and dominant species of Balochistan juniper forests. This forest is providing many benefits to regional ecosystems and surrounding populations. No functional genomics study is reported for this important juniper plant. This research is aimed to characterize the Ziarat juniper functional genome based on the analyses of 1500 transcripts. Methods: Total RNA from shoot of Juniperus excelsa was extracted and subjected for transcriptome sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 2000 with the service from Macrogen, Inc., South Korea. The Illumina sequenced data was subjected to bioinformatics analysis. Quality assessment and data filtration was performed for the removal of low-quality reads, ambiguous reads and adaptor sequences. The high-quality clean reads data was deposited in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) at NCBI, and used for downstream processes. Fifteen hundred transcripts were randomly chosen and used for functional cha...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2017
This study entitled “Problems in the Construction of Sentence at HSSC Level in Pakistan” strives ... more This study entitled “Problems in the Construction of Sentence at HSSC Level in Pakistan” strives to unearth the problems faced by the students in learning sentence structure through literature and the facts regarding the role of literature as a teaching tool in teaching English as a second/foreign language with reference to the construction of sentence at Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC) level in Pakistan. This study also investigates how much the students learn English sentence structure through literature. To achieve the set objectives of this study, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of 30 items encompassing the different aspects of sentence structure was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of HSSC (Higher Secondary School Certificate) level. The researcher has also conducted an achievement test so that a correlation might be drawn between their attitude towards “teaching English sentence st...
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-protein coding regulatory RNAs. These are small and endogenous in natu... more MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-protein coding regulatory RNAs. These are small and endogenous in nature. Their length ranges from 18-26 nucleotides (nt) and they show conserved nature in plants. The conserved nature of miRNAs becomes a logical approach for the hunt of new miRNAs in other organisms by comparative genomics. The miRNAs are reported in large number of plants but very limited number is reported in an important fruit; apricot (Prunus armeniaca L). The current study dealt with the identification and characterization of miRNAs and their targeted proteins in apricot. Consequently 25 miRNAs belonging to 24 miRNA families were identified and characterized in Prunus armeniaca. All of the identified miRNA families (miR-159, 160, 162,164,166, 167, 172, 390, 393, 394, 395, 396, 408, 477, 482, 535, 3627, 6034, 6266, 6271, 6286, 6482, 6485 and 8123) are being reported for the first time in Prunus armeniaca. The precursor miRNAs lengths of newly identified miRNAs range from 51 to 238 nt ...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2018
This study brings to light the fact how much teaching English through literature renders any pay ... more This study brings to light the fact how much teaching English through literature renders any pay off in developing and honing the EFL/ESL learners’ lexical competence. This study strives to investigate the role of literature in developing the ESL/EFL learners’ lexical competence, find out the ESL/EFL learners’ attitude towards teaching lexical competence through literature, know the lexical competence level of the ESL learners, examine ESL/EFL learners’ vocabulary knowledge and get insight into the difference between the ESL/EFL learners’ receptive and productive knowledge of vocabulary. In the Pakistani context, literature seems to be inadequate language teaching tool at HSSC level. To achieve the set objectives, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of 15 items encompassing the different aspects of vocabulary was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of intermediate level. The researcher has also conducted ...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2019
Inference means the process of deriving a conclusion from a set of premises, including a conclusi... more Inference means the process of deriving a conclusion from a set of premises, including a conclusion that is probably in relation to the premises. This study has aimed to evaluate university students’ inference making ability. To explore this aim, the present study has set five research objectives which include to understand university students’ attitude towards critical thinking subset of making inferences, find out the relationship between university students’ attitude towards making inferences and their ability in making inferences, know whether critical thinking is a positive predictor for the overall score of critical thinking test (CTT), evaluate university students’ performance in exhibiting their attitude towards critical thinking and in critical thinking test (CTT) taken by them and understand the variance based on university students’ gender, location and medium of instruction in their attitude towards critical thinking inference and their ability of making inferences. To a...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2017
This sociolinguistic study strives to bring to light the linguistic changes that seem to have occ... more This sociolinguistic study strives to bring to light the linguistic changes that seem to have occurred over a few decades in the Punjabi lexicon in Pakistan. The researchers have adopted two research strategies for underlining the assumed changes. This study has tried to get insight into the diminishing features of Punjabi lexicon by juxtaposing the current Punjabi lexicon with the lexicon used in the old Punjabi movies and songs. This has involved gleaning lexical items which are no longer used in the current public discourses from the old and famous Punjabi movies (Heer & MirzaSahiba) and their songs. To further substantiate the findings of the study, the researchers got a questionnaire filled by 110 educated Punjabi speakers who aged 40-50. In the questionnaire, the respondents were asked about their opinion regarding the perceived changes in Punjabi lexicon of public discourses that have occurred over the past few decades. The findings of the study reveal that there have occurre...
2017 14th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST), 2017
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to small RNA world are involve in posttranslational gene regulation. Th... more MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to small RNA world are involve in posttranslational gene regulation. They are small in size (18–26 nt), non-coding and endogenously produced by cell. Recently, some evidence showing cross gene regulation of plants miRNAs targeting animal genes is attracting the researchers to do research in this interesting area of regulatory RNAs. This research is aimed to initially screen the role of plant most conserved miRNAs against the hepatitis B and C viruses causing an infectious diseases that affect the human liver. Combinations of various bioinformatics tools were applied to predict the cross-kingdom interactions of plant miRNAs targeting HBV and HCV. For this purpose six most conserved plant miRNAs miR156/157, 166, 169, 172 390 and 399 were subjected to find targets in the reported nucleic acid sequences of HBV and HCV in GenBank. This initial screening is resulted a total of 12 HBC and HCV genes as potential targets by plant conserved miRNAs. These findings provide a baseline data of plant based miRNAs and their targets in HBV and HCV. This initial baseline data would be helpful to elucidate in detail the link between plant miRNAs against animal and human infectious viruses such as; HBV and HCV.
Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous and non-protein coding RNAs that are 18–26 nucl... more Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous and non-protein coding RNAs that are 18–26 nucleotides (nt) in length. The main function of the miRNAs is to negatively control the protein coding sequences at post-transcriptional level. By nature, majority of the miRNAs are evolutionarily conserved. This conserved nature provides the logic to predict the new miRNAs orthologus in a number of plant species. In plants, miRNAs are involved in almost all biological processes from growth and development to biotic and abiotic stresses with metabolism and cell signaling. In the current research, various computational tools were used for the profiling and characterization of new conserved miRNAs and their targets in chilli ( Capsicum annuum L.). Consequently, a total of 88 miRNAs (belonging to 81 miRNA families) were discovered from the mining of 118,572 express sequence tags (ESTs). In this study, two miRNA genes were also found as pre-miRNA clusters (can-mir8019 and can-mir8036). In addition, nine miRNAs are randomly selected and experimentally validated through RT-PCR. Furthermore, a total of 409 protein targets were also predicted for these newly profiled miRNAs. These predicted protein targets were classified as: transcription factor, stress related, disease related, growth and development, hypothetical protein, transporters, signaling pathways, metabolism and structural protein. All of these newly identified miRNAs were reported in chilli for the first time. These results will serve as reference data to improve the regulation, management, and modification of this economically important plant at the molecular level. This will also help us to improve the chilli plant for production and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in the near future.
The effect of sowing date on the growth and yield of cauliflower was studied under the Agro clima... more The effect of sowing date on the growth and yield of cauliflower was studied under the Agro climatic conditions of Juglote, Gilgit, Northern Areas of Pakistan during 2003. Five sowing dates were used in this study. Significant variations were observed in different growth and yield parameters among the sowing dates. Second sowing date (16 th June) statistically showed maximum fresh plant weight (2.6 kg plant-1), head weight (1.4 kg plant-1), number of marketable heads (27.00 plot-1
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-protein coding and functional RNAs. They play negative regulato... more MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-protein coding and functional RNAs. They play negative regulatory role in gene regulation. They are endogenous in nature and are ~21 nucleotides in length. They are reported in many plant species, but still missing and need to be identified in other important plants like; eggplant. The comparative genomic methodology due to their conserved nature is a reasonable approach for the novel miRNAs discovery. In this research, total 76 novel miRNAs from 67 families were identified in the important vegetable eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). All precursor miRNAs form stable minimum free energy secondary structures and the mature miRNAs reside in the stem regions. Furthermore, eight miRNAs were randomly selected and experimentally validated through RT-PCR. A total of 345 putative targets were also identified for the novel 76 eggplant miRNAs. Their targets are involved in regulation, metabolism, transcription factors, growth and development and other physiological processes. These findings provide a baseline to unravel the miRNAs role in eggplant and utilize them for the improvement of the plant biology.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules of 22 nucleotides in length that have been ... more MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules of 22 nucleotides in length that have been characterized as regulators of messenger RNA (mRNA) regulating a number of developmental processes in plants and animals by silencing genes using multiple mechanisms. miRNAs have been extensively studied in various plant species; however, few information are available about miRNAs in perennial ryegrass, animal feed, and industrial raw materials. In this study, the 12 potential perennial ryegrass miRNAs were identified for the first time by computational approach. Using the newly identified miRNA sequences, the perennial ryegrass mRNA database was further used for BLAST search and detected 33 potential targets of miRNAs. Prediction of potential miRNA target genes revealed their functions involved in various important plant biological processes. Our result should be useful for further investigation into the biological functions of miRNAs in perennial ryegrass. The selected miRNAs representing four families were verified by RT-PCR experiment, indicating that the prediction method that we used to identify the miRNAs was effective.
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2017
Creative writing means the ESL/EFL learners’ capacity to respond vividly and spontaneously, and t... more Creative writing means the ESL/EFL learners’ capacity to respond vividly and spontaneously, and to convey responses freely in their writing. This study brings to light the fact that teaching English through literature does not render any positive pay off in developing and honing the EFL/ESL learners’ creative writing. In the Pakistani context, literature seems to be inadequate and improper language teaching tool at HSSC level. To achieve the set objectives of this study, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of 15 items encompassing the different aspects of creative writing was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of intermediate level. The researcher also conducted an achievement test so that a correlation might be drawn between their attitude towards “developing creative writing through literature” and the score of their achievement test. The collected data were analyzed through software package (SPSS XX)....
A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of three high yielding forage berseem (Trifoliu... more A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of three high yielding forage berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) varieties under agro climatic conditions of Juglote Gilgit, Pakistan. High yielding varieties as Agaiti and Pachaiti were tested along with the Juglote local as check. Results revealed that there were significant differences among the varieties for plant height. Maximum plant height of 79.83cm was recorded in Agaiti berseem, 79.80cm in Juglote local and 71.16 cm in Pachaiti. Differences among fresh forage yield of 3 berseem varieties were significant, ranging from 32.36 t ha-1of Pachaiti, 41.03t ha-1from Agaiti and 45.48 t ha-1of Juglote local. Differences in dry forage yield of the varieties were significant and their range was from 5.9 tonnes/ha to 8.15tonnes/ha with a same trend. Differences in number of tillers of the varieties were significant. The maximum number of tillers was obtained by Juglote local with 175 while the lowest was attained by Pachaiti with 149....
Background: Ziarat juniper ( Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb) is an evergreen and dominant species of Ba... more Background: Ziarat juniper ( Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb) is an evergreen and dominant species of Balochistan juniper forests. This forest is providing many benefits to regional ecosystems and surrounding populations. No functional genomics study is reported for this important juniper plant. This research is aimed to characterize the Ziarat juniper functional genome based on the analyses of 1500 transcripts. Methods: Total RNA from shoot of Juniperus excelsa was extracted and subjected for transcriptome sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 2000 with the service from Macrogen, Inc., South Korea. The Illumina sequenced data was subjected to bioinformatics analysis. Quality assessment and data filtration was performed for the removal of low-quality reads, ambiguous reads and adaptor sequences. The high-quality clean reads data was deposited in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) at NCBI, and used for downstream processes. Fifteen hundred transcripts were randomly chosen and used for functional cha...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2017
This study entitled “Problems in the Construction of Sentence at HSSC Level in Pakistan” strives ... more This study entitled “Problems in the Construction of Sentence at HSSC Level in Pakistan” strives to unearth the problems faced by the students in learning sentence structure through literature and the facts regarding the role of literature as a teaching tool in teaching English as a second/foreign language with reference to the construction of sentence at Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC) level in Pakistan. This study also investigates how much the students learn English sentence structure through literature. To achieve the set objectives of this study, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of 30 items encompassing the different aspects of sentence structure was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of HSSC (Higher Secondary School Certificate) level. The researcher has also conducted an achievement test so that a correlation might be drawn between their attitude towards “teaching English sentence st...
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-protein coding regulatory RNAs. These are small and endogenous in natu... more MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-protein coding regulatory RNAs. These are small and endogenous in nature. Their length ranges from 18-26 nucleotides (nt) and they show conserved nature in plants. The conserved nature of miRNAs becomes a logical approach for the hunt of new miRNAs in other organisms by comparative genomics. The miRNAs are reported in large number of plants but very limited number is reported in an important fruit; apricot (Prunus armeniaca L). The current study dealt with the identification and characterization of miRNAs and their targeted proteins in apricot. Consequently 25 miRNAs belonging to 24 miRNA families were identified and characterized in Prunus armeniaca. All of the identified miRNA families (miR-159, 160, 162,164,166, 167, 172, 390, 393, 394, 395, 396, 408, 477, 482, 535, 3627, 6034, 6266, 6271, 6286, 6482, 6485 and 8123) are being reported for the first time in Prunus armeniaca. The precursor miRNAs lengths of newly identified miRNAs range from 51 to 238 nt ...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2018
This study brings to light the fact how much teaching English through literature renders any pay ... more This study brings to light the fact how much teaching English through literature renders any pay off in developing and honing the EFL/ESL learners’ lexical competence. This study strives to investigate the role of literature in developing the ESL/EFL learners’ lexical competence, find out the ESL/EFL learners’ attitude towards teaching lexical competence through literature, know the lexical competence level of the ESL learners, examine ESL/EFL learners’ vocabulary knowledge and get insight into the difference between the ESL/EFL learners’ receptive and productive knowledge of vocabulary. In the Pakistani context, literature seems to be inadequate language teaching tool at HSSC level. To achieve the set objectives, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of 15 items encompassing the different aspects of vocabulary was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of intermediate level. The researcher has also conducted ...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2019
Inference means the process of deriving a conclusion from a set of premises, including a conclusi... more Inference means the process of deriving a conclusion from a set of premises, including a conclusion that is probably in relation to the premises. This study has aimed to evaluate university students’ inference making ability. To explore this aim, the present study has set five research objectives which include to understand university students’ attitude towards critical thinking subset of making inferences, find out the relationship between university students’ attitude towards making inferences and their ability in making inferences, know whether critical thinking is a positive predictor for the overall score of critical thinking test (CTT), evaluate university students’ performance in exhibiting their attitude towards critical thinking and in critical thinking test (CTT) taken by them and understand the variance based on university students’ gender, location and medium of instruction in their attitude towards critical thinking inference and their ability of making inferences. To a...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2017
This sociolinguistic study strives to bring to light the linguistic changes that seem to have occ... more This sociolinguistic study strives to bring to light the linguistic changes that seem to have occurred over a few decades in the Punjabi lexicon in Pakistan. The researchers have adopted two research strategies for underlining the assumed changes. This study has tried to get insight into the diminishing features of Punjabi lexicon by juxtaposing the current Punjabi lexicon with the lexicon used in the old Punjabi movies and songs. This has involved gleaning lexical items which are no longer used in the current public discourses from the old and famous Punjabi movies (Heer & MirzaSahiba) and their songs. To further substantiate the findings of the study, the researchers got a questionnaire filled by 110 educated Punjabi speakers who aged 40-50. In the questionnaire, the respondents were asked about their opinion regarding the perceived changes in Punjabi lexicon of public discourses that have occurred over the past few decades. The findings of the study reveal that there have occurre...
2017 14th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST), 2017
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to small RNA world are involve in posttranslational gene regulation. Th... more MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to small RNA world are involve in posttranslational gene regulation. They are small in size (18–26 nt), non-coding and endogenously produced by cell. Recently, some evidence showing cross gene regulation of plants miRNAs targeting animal genes is attracting the researchers to do research in this interesting area of regulatory RNAs. This research is aimed to initially screen the role of plant most conserved miRNAs against the hepatitis B and C viruses causing an infectious diseases that affect the human liver. Combinations of various bioinformatics tools were applied to predict the cross-kingdom interactions of plant miRNAs targeting HBV and HCV. For this purpose six most conserved plant miRNAs miR156/157, 166, 169, 172 390 and 399 were subjected to find targets in the reported nucleic acid sequences of HBV and HCV in GenBank. This initial screening is resulted a total of 12 HBC and HCV genes as potential targets by plant conserved miRNAs. These findings provide a baseline data of plant based miRNAs and their targets in HBV and HCV. This initial baseline data would be helpful to elucidate in detail the link between plant miRNAs against animal and human infectious viruses such as; HBV and HCV.
Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous and non-protein coding RNAs that are 18–26 nucl... more Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous and non-protein coding RNAs that are 18–26 nucleotides (nt) in length. The main function of the miRNAs is to negatively control the protein coding sequences at post-transcriptional level. By nature, majority of the miRNAs are evolutionarily conserved. This conserved nature provides the logic to predict the new miRNAs orthologus in a number of plant species. In plants, miRNAs are involved in almost all biological processes from growth and development to biotic and abiotic stresses with metabolism and cell signaling. In the current research, various computational tools were used for the profiling and characterization of new conserved miRNAs and their targets in chilli ( Capsicum annuum L.). Consequently, a total of 88 miRNAs (belonging to 81 miRNA families) were discovered from the mining of 118,572 express sequence tags (ESTs). In this study, two miRNA genes were also found as pre-miRNA clusters (can-mir8019 and can-mir8036). In addition, nine miRNAs are randomly selected and experimentally validated through RT-PCR. Furthermore, a total of 409 protein targets were also predicted for these newly profiled miRNAs. These predicted protein targets were classified as: transcription factor, stress related, disease related, growth and development, hypothetical protein, transporters, signaling pathways, metabolism and structural protein. All of these newly identified miRNAs were reported in chilli for the first time. These results will serve as reference data to improve the regulation, management, and modification of this economically important plant at the molecular level. This will also help us to improve the chilli plant for production and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in the near future.
The effect of sowing date on the growth and yield of cauliflower was studied under the Agro clima... more The effect of sowing date on the growth and yield of cauliflower was studied under the Agro climatic conditions of Juglote, Gilgit, Northern Areas of Pakistan during 2003. Five sowing dates were used in this study. Significant variations were observed in different growth and yield parameters among the sowing dates. Second sowing date (16 th June) statistically showed maximum fresh plant weight (2.6 kg plant-1), head weight (1.4 kg plant-1), number of marketable heads (27.00 plot-1
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-protein coding and functional RNAs. They play negative regulato... more MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-protein coding and functional RNAs. They play negative regulatory role in gene regulation. They are endogenous in nature and are ~21 nucleotides in length. They are reported in many plant species, but still missing and need to be identified in other important plants like; eggplant. The comparative genomic methodology due to their conserved nature is a reasonable approach for the novel miRNAs discovery. In this research, total 76 novel miRNAs from 67 families were identified in the important vegetable eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). All precursor miRNAs form stable minimum free energy secondary structures and the mature miRNAs reside in the stem regions. Furthermore, eight miRNAs were randomly selected and experimentally validated through RT-PCR. A total of 345 putative targets were also identified for the novel 76 eggplant miRNAs. Their targets are involved in regulation, metabolism, transcription factors, growth and development and other physiological processes. These findings provide a baseline to unravel the miRNAs role in eggplant and utilize them for the improvement of the plant biology.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules of 22 nucleotides in length that have been ... more MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules of 22 nucleotides in length that have been characterized as regulators of messenger RNA (mRNA) regulating a number of developmental processes in plants and animals by silencing genes using multiple mechanisms. miRNAs have been extensively studied in various plant species; however, few information are available about miRNAs in perennial ryegrass, animal feed, and industrial raw materials. In this study, the 12 potential perennial ryegrass miRNAs were identified for the first time by computational approach. Using the newly identified miRNA sequences, the perennial ryegrass mRNA database was further used for BLAST search and detected 33 potential targets of miRNAs. Prediction of potential miRNA target genes revealed their functions involved in various important plant biological processes. Our result should be useful for further investigation into the biological functions of miRNAs in perennial ryegrass. The selected miRNAs representing four families were verified by RT-PCR experiment, indicating that the prediction method that we used to identify the miRNAs was effective.
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2017
Creative writing means the ESL/EFL learners’ capacity to respond vividly and spontaneously, and t... more Creative writing means the ESL/EFL learners’ capacity to respond vividly and spontaneously, and to convey responses freely in their writing. This study brings to light the fact that teaching English through literature does not render any positive pay off in developing and honing the EFL/ESL learners’ creative writing. In the Pakistani context, literature seems to be inadequate and improper language teaching tool at HSSC level. To achieve the set objectives of this study, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of 15 items encompassing the different aspects of creative writing was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of intermediate level. The researcher also conducted an achievement test so that a correlation might be drawn between their attitude towards “developing creative writing through literature” and the score of their achievement test. The collected data were analyzed through software package (SPSS XX)....
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