Extensive use of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections has led to a challenge of a... more Extensive use of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections has led to a challenge of antibiotic resistance, contributing to morbidity and mortality. Herein, evaluation of bacterial isolates from patients with wound discharge was performed and drug susceptibility patterns examined, with a goal of deciphering antibacterial resistance. A cross-sectional study was conducted between May to August 2022, in which samples were collected from patients with chronic wounds and were inoculated into appropriate media for identification and characterization. The bacterial pathogens were identified using standard microbiological methods. The majority of wound isolates showed positive growth in microbial analysis with high prevalence in male candidates. Further, Staphylococcus aureus 28 (20.7%) was identified as the most predominant pathogen followed by Klebsiella spp. 20 (14.8%), P. aeruginosa spp. 10 (14.8%) and lastly E. coli 6 (4.4%) bacteria in the wound isolates while cotrimoxazol...
ABSTRACTCandidiasis is the most common fungal infection in hospitalized patients with acquired im... more ABSTRACTCandidiasis is the most common fungal infection in hospitalized patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome resulting to morbidity and mortality. This study aimed at characterizing, incidence, susceptibility, resistance genes, antibiofilm activity, and virulence traits ofCandidaspecies isolated from HIV-Infected patients. One hundred and eighty-one samples were collected and cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, biochemical tests and confirmed using automated Vitek-2®Compact bioMérieux followed by susceptibility tests. were done by use of various conventional antifungals against the isolates using standard procedures. Virulence factors, biofilm formations and resistance genes of Candida strains were determined. Out of the 181 samples, 46 were identified asCandida spp., 20C. albicans(43.5%), 6C. tropicalis(13.0%), 8C. krusei(17.4%), 4C. glabrata(8.7%), 3C. famata(6.5%), 3C. parapsilosis(6.5%), and2 C. guilliermondii(4.3%). All theCandida albicansisolated were both Gram p...
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2022
Background: E-coli, a gram-negative entero-bacteria has been associated with urinary tract infect... more Background: E-coli, a gram-negative entero-bacteria has been associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) and antimicrobial resistances in human and animals. This study aimed at establishing the prevalence of E. coli among other bacteria causing UTIs in pregnant women seeking Medicare at Kisii teaching and referral hospital (KTRH), Kenya and to establish the drug susceptibility patterns of the isolated E. coli. Setting-The project was done at Kisii teaching and referral hospital, Kenya.Methods: This hospital based experimental and cross-sectional study conducted in 3 months between March and June 2020 involved 119 pregnant women whose urine samples were cultured on Cysteine Leucine Electrolyte deficiency media (CLED) at 370C overnight and sub-cultured on Mueller Hinton media. Bacterial identification was done by Gram stain and biochemical characterization using indole, methyl-red, Voges-Proskaur and citrate tests while susceptibility tests were conducted by Kirby Bauer disc diffu...
Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) have been used by many countries using platforms ado... more Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) have been used by many countries using platforms adopted or own-designed. It's implemented by integrating all healthcare services and gives service providers the ability to collect, store and use health data. The System is able to provide information on all aspects of the organization from billing to patient care and beyond. Despite its significance, lack of specificity and clarity hamper systematic understanding, successful implementation, and evaluation of its functional factors. The study is aimed at assessing the functional factors for Health Management Information System (HMIS) performance in Elgeiyo-Marakwet County (EMC). The specific objective to: determine technical factors for HMIS performance in the County. Quantitative research method was used and data gathered through administration of questionnaires to 52 respondents across the county. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer sof...
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infections are common as the tw... more Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infections are common as the two viruses use same routes of transmission. Studies show that HIV infection modifies the natural course of chronic HBV infection, leading to more severe and progressive liver disease, and a higher incidence of cirrhosis, liver cancer and mortality. Therefore, determining HBV status and genotypes among HIV co-infected patients would improve their therapeutic management. This article reviewed the HBV genetic multiplicity and the associated HBV Lamivudine resistance mutations in HBV/HIV co-infection in western Kenya. Comprehensive literature searches and analysis were performed in peer-reviewed journals in the National council for biotechnology information (NCBI), PubMed, and Web of science using key words of HIV, Hepatitis B genotypes, HBV/HIV co-infection and Lamivudine resistance. HBV genotype A is predominant. D and E are also present in Kenya and neighboring countries in the region. HBV polymerase rtV173L, rtL180M, and rtM204V major substitutional mutations were identified. Currently, TDF + 3TC + DTG are recommended for treatment of HBV/HIV co-infection. Evidence shows that HBV/HIV co-infection places a heavy burden to the society. Along with ART regimen, HBV genotype is a major factor determining the course of disease and treatment outcome. Treating HIV in HBV/HIV co-infection with antiretroviral agents may result in a very high prevalence of HBV 3TC-resistance mutations. Therefore, improved screening for HBV and extended follow-up of HBV/HIV co-infected individuals is needed to better understand the impact of different ART regimens on clinical outcomes.
Journal of Clinical Images and Medical Case Reports, 2021
Background: The World Health Organization recommends that malaria treatment should begin with par... more Background: The World Health Organization recommends that malaria treatment should begin with parasitological diagnosis. This will help to regulate misuse of anti-malarial drugs in areas with high transmission. Aim: Aim was to assess the prevalence of parasitological confirmed malaria among under five years children presenting with fever or history of fever attending medication at Masogo sub-county hospital. Setting: The study was conducted in Masogo Sub County, Kisumu County, Kenya. Data and methodology: The study used 2020 dataset from the laboratory MOH 706 reporting tool with a total number of 6787 children under five years old tested in the lab. Result: Of the 6787 test performed in the year 2020, 2225 (32.8%) turn positive to malaria parasite where there was high prevalence in female children at 1141 (51.3%) than male children 1084 (48.7%) of the total positive examined. Prevalence of the malaria among the age group bracket was high at 48-59 months old at 625 (28.1%) followed ...
Blood specimens are used to study the aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention ... more Blood specimens are used to study the aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood diseases that includes research purposes. The primary health care worldwide calls for ideal systems that can provide accurate results but it is challenging to analyse the samples immediately. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to determine the changes in the red cell indices when stored at room temperatures. To accept such samples that have delayed after collections for some time as from zero (0) hours, at 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours requires testing and confirming the results validations. Therefore, this research analysed samples of blood to validate the results after storage at room temperature in different hours within 48 hours of storage at room temperature. Samples collected from donors aged 16-65 years at Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kisii County, Western Kenya were tested in this study. The technique of Flow cytometry was used to analyse...
International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2019
Immune responses during pregnancy are specifically regulated to allow fight against infections an... more Immune responses during pregnancy are specifically regulated to allow fight against infections and prevent any damage to the growing fetus. HIV infections, a pro-inflammatory infection, present a challenge to the enhancement of pregnancy specific immuno-modulation of pro-inflammatory immunity. HIV Infection during pregnancy remains a health concern in regard to immune response and status. The immunological outcome of HIVinfected pregnant mothers and their effect on the health status and pregnancy outcome are areas of paramount importance in public health. In the current article, we review current data about the characteristic progesterone and immune responses in conjoint cases of HIV infection and pregnancy and present an immunological hypothesis to explain the findings. In conclusion HIV infection in pregnant women is associated with lower progesterone and increased cellular immunity compared to HIV-non-infected women. There is a clear indication that HIV infection may cause lower ...
International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2016
Complications of Staphylococcus aureus infection have greatly increased in recent past because of... more Complications of Staphylococcus aureus infection have greatly increased in recent past because of the many invasive procedures, increased cases of immunocompromised individuals, and the uprising trends in increased antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus strains. Despite of these available information and by contrast with developed countries, S. aureus associated disease are ranked low on the public-health agenda in Kenya and other developing countries. Therefore there is due reason to undertake an investigation and report the trends and patterns in a thorough manner, majorly and especially regarding the antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was thus to determine the levels of drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to various classes of antibiotics. This data is of significance in improving baseline data on antibiotic resistance of S. aureus isolated from human clinical specimens for the prudent use of antibiotics and the coming up with policies on control programs. All cu...
Background: The Jua kali industry relies on a steady stream of incoming scrap metal from industri... more Background: The Jua kali industry relies on a steady stream of incoming scrap metal from industrial operations and individual scrap peddlers. Despite the progress made in the scrap metal industry, workers are still potentially exposed to hazards from ergonomic, noise, dusts, fumes, and powerful machinery especially those working in upcoming towns Objective: The main objective of the study was to assess factors associated with welders’ exposure to occupational hazards during their duties Study Setting: The study was conducted at the North Rift Jua Kali Enterprises in Eldoret town. Study Subjects: The study targeted 140 welders who were already working in the North Rift Jua Kali Enterprises in Eldoret town , key informants including, official from NRJKE, labour officer and public health officer in charge of occupational safety and health (OSH). Methods: The study utilized a cross sec tional study design. Simple random sampling technique was employed to recruit the workers based on th...
Background: A better understanding of the baseline characteristics of elderly people living with ... more Background: A better understanding of the baseline characteristics of elderly people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is relevant because the world’s HIV population is ageing. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the baseline characteristics of PLWHA aged ≥ 50years at recruitment to HIV/ AIDS clinic compared against the viral load (VL) and CD4 count among patients attending Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital (KTRH), Kenya. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated temporal inclinations of CD4 levels, viral load change and baseline demographic characteristics in the electronic records at the hospital using a mixed error-component model for 1329 PLWHA attending clinic between January 2008 and December 2019. Results: Findings showed a significant difference in the comparison between baseline VL and WHO AIDS staging (p=0.026). Overall VL levels decreased over the period significantly by WHO AIDS staging (p<0.0001). Significant difference was ob- served by gender (p<0.0001), across a...
BackgroundAnaemia during childhood adversely affects mental, physical and social development of t... more BackgroundAnaemia during childhood adversely affects mental, physical and social development of the children, therefore morphological patterns of anaemia in under-five children are considered essential for classification, diagnosis and management.AimThis study aimed at assessing morphological patterns, the prevalence and associated factors of anaemia among under-five children on Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) programmes in Masogo sub-county hospital, Kisumu County, Kenya.MethodA cross-sectional health facility-based study was conducted among 175 children aged 6 to 59 months who attended clinic for the PMTCT programme for the period of January 2020 to December 2020. Pretested and structured questionnaires were used to collect socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the family and child. Capillary blood sample was collected from each child for malaria parasite and Peripheral Blood Film (PBF) examination.ResultComplete blood counts indicate that microcytic ...
Extensive use of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections has led to a challenge of a... more Extensive use of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections has led to a challenge of antibiotic resistance, contributing to morbidity and mortality. Herein, evaluation of bacterial isolates from patients with wound discharge was performed and drug susceptibility patterns examined, with a goal of deciphering antibacterial resistance. A cross-sectional study was conducted between May to August 2022, in which samples were collected from patients with chronic wounds and were inoculated into appropriate media for identification and characterization. The bacterial pathogens were identified using standard microbiological methods. The majority of wound isolates showed positive growth in microbial analysis with high prevalence in male candidates. Further, Staphylococcus aureus 28 (20.7%) was identified as the most predominant pathogen followed by Klebsiella spp. 20 (14.8%), P. aeruginosa spp. 10 (14.8%) and lastly E. coli 6 (4.4%) bacteria in the wound isolates while cotrimoxazol...
ABSTRACTCandidiasis is the most common fungal infection in hospitalized patients with acquired im... more ABSTRACTCandidiasis is the most common fungal infection in hospitalized patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome resulting to morbidity and mortality. This study aimed at characterizing, incidence, susceptibility, resistance genes, antibiofilm activity, and virulence traits ofCandidaspecies isolated from HIV-Infected patients. One hundred and eighty-one samples were collected and cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, biochemical tests and confirmed using automated Vitek-2®Compact bioMérieux followed by susceptibility tests. were done by use of various conventional antifungals against the isolates using standard procedures. Virulence factors, biofilm formations and resistance genes of Candida strains were determined. Out of the 181 samples, 46 were identified asCandida spp., 20C. albicans(43.5%), 6C. tropicalis(13.0%), 8C. krusei(17.4%), 4C. glabrata(8.7%), 3C. famata(6.5%), 3C. parapsilosis(6.5%), and2 C. guilliermondii(4.3%). All theCandida albicansisolated were both Gram p...
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2022
Background: E-coli, a gram-negative entero-bacteria has been associated with urinary tract infect... more Background: E-coli, a gram-negative entero-bacteria has been associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) and antimicrobial resistances in human and animals. This study aimed at establishing the prevalence of E. coli among other bacteria causing UTIs in pregnant women seeking Medicare at Kisii teaching and referral hospital (KTRH), Kenya and to establish the drug susceptibility patterns of the isolated E. coli. Setting-The project was done at Kisii teaching and referral hospital, Kenya.Methods: This hospital based experimental and cross-sectional study conducted in 3 months between March and June 2020 involved 119 pregnant women whose urine samples were cultured on Cysteine Leucine Electrolyte deficiency media (CLED) at 370C overnight and sub-cultured on Mueller Hinton media. Bacterial identification was done by Gram stain and biochemical characterization using indole, methyl-red, Voges-Proskaur and citrate tests while susceptibility tests were conducted by Kirby Bauer disc diffu...
Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) have been used by many countries using platforms ado... more Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) have been used by many countries using platforms adopted or own-designed. It's implemented by integrating all healthcare services and gives service providers the ability to collect, store and use health data. The System is able to provide information on all aspects of the organization from billing to patient care and beyond. Despite its significance, lack of specificity and clarity hamper systematic understanding, successful implementation, and evaluation of its functional factors. The study is aimed at assessing the functional factors for Health Management Information System (HMIS) performance in Elgeiyo-Marakwet County (EMC). The specific objective to: determine technical factors for HMIS performance in the County. Quantitative research method was used and data gathered through administration of questionnaires to 52 respondents across the county. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer sof...
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infections are common as the tw... more Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infections are common as the two viruses use same routes of transmission. Studies show that HIV infection modifies the natural course of chronic HBV infection, leading to more severe and progressive liver disease, and a higher incidence of cirrhosis, liver cancer and mortality. Therefore, determining HBV status and genotypes among HIV co-infected patients would improve their therapeutic management. This article reviewed the HBV genetic multiplicity and the associated HBV Lamivudine resistance mutations in HBV/HIV co-infection in western Kenya. Comprehensive literature searches and analysis were performed in peer-reviewed journals in the National council for biotechnology information (NCBI), PubMed, and Web of science using key words of HIV, Hepatitis B genotypes, HBV/HIV co-infection and Lamivudine resistance. HBV genotype A is predominant. D and E are also present in Kenya and neighboring countries in the region. HBV polymerase rtV173L, rtL180M, and rtM204V major substitutional mutations were identified. Currently, TDF + 3TC + DTG are recommended for treatment of HBV/HIV co-infection. Evidence shows that HBV/HIV co-infection places a heavy burden to the society. Along with ART regimen, HBV genotype is a major factor determining the course of disease and treatment outcome. Treating HIV in HBV/HIV co-infection with antiretroviral agents may result in a very high prevalence of HBV 3TC-resistance mutations. Therefore, improved screening for HBV and extended follow-up of HBV/HIV co-infected individuals is needed to better understand the impact of different ART regimens on clinical outcomes.
Journal of Clinical Images and Medical Case Reports, 2021
Background: The World Health Organization recommends that malaria treatment should begin with par... more Background: The World Health Organization recommends that malaria treatment should begin with parasitological diagnosis. This will help to regulate misuse of anti-malarial drugs in areas with high transmission. Aim: Aim was to assess the prevalence of parasitological confirmed malaria among under five years children presenting with fever or history of fever attending medication at Masogo sub-county hospital. Setting: The study was conducted in Masogo Sub County, Kisumu County, Kenya. Data and methodology: The study used 2020 dataset from the laboratory MOH 706 reporting tool with a total number of 6787 children under five years old tested in the lab. Result: Of the 6787 test performed in the year 2020, 2225 (32.8%) turn positive to malaria parasite where there was high prevalence in female children at 1141 (51.3%) than male children 1084 (48.7%) of the total positive examined. Prevalence of the malaria among the age group bracket was high at 48-59 months old at 625 (28.1%) followed ...
Blood specimens are used to study the aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention ... more Blood specimens are used to study the aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood diseases that includes research purposes. The primary health care worldwide calls for ideal systems that can provide accurate results but it is challenging to analyse the samples immediately. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to determine the changes in the red cell indices when stored at room temperatures. To accept such samples that have delayed after collections for some time as from zero (0) hours, at 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours requires testing and confirming the results validations. Therefore, this research analysed samples of blood to validate the results after storage at room temperature in different hours within 48 hours of storage at room temperature. Samples collected from donors aged 16-65 years at Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kisii County, Western Kenya were tested in this study. The technique of Flow cytometry was used to analyse...
International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2019
Immune responses during pregnancy are specifically regulated to allow fight against infections an... more Immune responses during pregnancy are specifically regulated to allow fight against infections and prevent any damage to the growing fetus. HIV infections, a pro-inflammatory infection, present a challenge to the enhancement of pregnancy specific immuno-modulation of pro-inflammatory immunity. HIV Infection during pregnancy remains a health concern in regard to immune response and status. The immunological outcome of HIVinfected pregnant mothers and their effect on the health status and pregnancy outcome are areas of paramount importance in public health. In the current article, we review current data about the characteristic progesterone and immune responses in conjoint cases of HIV infection and pregnancy and present an immunological hypothesis to explain the findings. In conclusion HIV infection in pregnant women is associated with lower progesterone and increased cellular immunity compared to HIV-non-infected women. There is a clear indication that HIV infection may cause lower ...
International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2016
Complications of Staphylococcus aureus infection have greatly increased in recent past because of... more Complications of Staphylococcus aureus infection have greatly increased in recent past because of the many invasive procedures, increased cases of immunocompromised individuals, and the uprising trends in increased antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus strains. Despite of these available information and by contrast with developed countries, S. aureus associated disease are ranked low on the public-health agenda in Kenya and other developing countries. Therefore there is due reason to undertake an investigation and report the trends and patterns in a thorough manner, majorly and especially regarding the antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was thus to determine the levels of drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to various classes of antibiotics. This data is of significance in improving baseline data on antibiotic resistance of S. aureus isolated from human clinical specimens for the prudent use of antibiotics and the coming up with policies on control programs. All cu...
Background: The Jua kali industry relies on a steady stream of incoming scrap metal from industri... more Background: The Jua kali industry relies on a steady stream of incoming scrap metal from industrial operations and individual scrap peddlers. Despite the progress made in the scrap metal industry, workers are still potentially exposed to hazards from ergonomic, noise, dusts, fumes, and powerful machinery especially those working in upcoming towns Objective: The main objective of the study was to assess factors associated with welders’ exposure to occupational hazards during their duties Study Setting: The study was conducted at the North Rift Jua Kali Enterprises in Eldoret town. Study Subjects: The study targeted 140 welders who were already working in the North Rift Jua Kali Enterprises in Eldoret town , key informants including, official from NRJKE, labour officer and public health officer in charge of occupational safety and health (OSH). Methods: The study utilized a cross sec tional study design. Simple random sampling technique was employed to recruit the workers based on th...
Background: A better understanding of the baseline characteristics of elderly people living with ... more Background: A better understanding of the baseline characteristics of elderly people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is relevant because the world’s HIV population is ageing. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the baseline characteristics of PLWHA aged ≥ 50years at recruitment to HIV/ AIDS clinic compared against the viral load (VL) and CD4 count among patients attending Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital (KTRH), Kenya. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated temporal inclinations of CD4 levels, viral load change and baseline demographic characteristics in the electronic records at the hospital using a mixed error-component model for 1329 PLWHA attending clinic between January 2008 and December 2019. Results: Findings showed a significant difference in the comparison between baseline VL and WHO AIDS staging (p=0.026). Overall VL levels decreased over the period significantly by WHO AIDS staging (p<0.0001). Significant difference was ob- served by gender (p<0.0001), across a...
BackgroundAnaemia during childhood adversely affects mental, physical and social development of t... more BackgroundAnaemia during childhood adversely affects mental, physical and social development of the children, therefore morphological patterns of anaemia in under-five children are considered essential for classification, diagnosis and management.AimThis study aimed at assessing morphological patterns, the prevalence and associated factors of anaemia among under-five children on Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) programmes in Masogo sub-county hospital, Kisumu County, Kenya.MethodA cross-sectional health facility-based study was conducted among 175 children aged 6 to 59 months who attended clinic for the PMTCT programme for the period of January 2020 to December 2020. Pretested and structured questionnaires were used to collect socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the family and child. Capillary blood sample was collected from each child for malaria parasite and Peripheral Blood Film (PBF) examination.ResultComplete blood counts indicate that microcytic ...
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Papers by Stanslaus Musyoki