<p>First and second axes and corresponding eigenvalues (inset) are shown. SEE—south-eastern... more <p>First and second axes and corresponding eigenvalues (inset) are shown. SEE—south-eastern Europe; CAU—Caucasus; BAL—Baltics; GRE-P—Greece, Peloponnese; GRE-S—Greece, Samos Island.</p
<p>(A) Frequency distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH). This figure has different scal... more <p>(A) Frequency distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH). This figure has different scales in the vertical axis for the Caucasus (left, marked in red) and other populations (right) because of differences in the number of SNPs analysed; (B) Extent of linkage disequilibrium, represented as changes in an average genotypic association coefficient <i>r<sup>2</sup></i> with an increasing inter-SNP distance. (C) Temporal changes of effective population size (<i>N<sub>E</sub></i>). We present the data for the populations representing extremes of the range (see Figure 5 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0093828#pone.0093828-Pilot1" target="_blank">[15]</a>), as well as the data for the Balkan and Spanish populations that were compared with the Caucasian population in other parts of this study. The Carpathian population is only presented in part A, because it had extreme values of ROH, but average values for other parameters.</p
<p>(A) Geographical location of the grey wolf population from the Caucasus in relation to B... more <p>(A) Geographical location of the grey wolf population from the Caucasus in relation to Bulgarian and Spanish populations analysed for the comparative purposes; (B) Distribution of the samples in the Caucasus; (C) Distribution of closely related individuals identified in among wolves sampled in Georgia and (D) in Nagorno-Karabakh. Each colour represents one group of kin, and individuals without sampled kin are marked in black.</p
<p>The length of each line between two circles is proportional to the number of mutations.&... more <p>The length of each line between two circles is proportional to the number of mutations.</p
<p>For admixed individuals, mtDNA haplotypes, the species they match with (see the comment ... more <p>For admixed individuals, mtDNA haplotypes, the species they match with (see the comment in the Supplementary Information) and GenBank accession numbers, as well as probable admixture status are also provided. Haplotype w4 was found in both grey wolves and domestic dogs. ‘Misidentified jackal’ is an individual sampled as a grey wolf that clusters with golden jackals and carries a golden jackal mtDNA haplotype.</p
<p>Frequency in the region and overall frequencies are reported. SEE—south-eastern Europe; ... more <p>Frequency in the region and overall frequencies are reported. SEE—south-eastern Europe; CAU—Caucasus; BAL—Baltics; GRE-P—Greece, Peloponnese; GRE-S—Greece, Samos Island.</p
<p>Genetic diversity in the Caucasian wolves in comparison with wolf populations from South... more <p>Genetic diversity in the Caucasian wolves in comparison with wolf populations from Southern Europe.</p
<p>(A, C) Distribution of the Caucasian haplotypes (red) in the haplotype network; (B, D) D... more <p>(A, C) Distribution of the Caucasian haplotypes (red) in the haplotype network; (B, D) Distribution of the haplotypes from Europe and Asia in the haplotype network. New haplotypes from the Caucasus are distinguished with different colour (red).</p
<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0093828#po... more <p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0093828#pone.0093828-Mech3" target="_blank">[77]</a><b>.</b> Samples from known localities are marked as circles, the origin of samples marked as squares is limited to the country range. Based on 230 bp sequence data.</p
We studied the distribution of the mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and microsatellite genotypes at e... more We studied the distribution of the mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and microsatellite genotypes at eight loci in 102 grey wolves, 57 livestock guarding dogs, and 9 mongrel dogs from Georgia (Caucasus). Most of the studied dogs had mitochondrial haplotypes clustered with presumably East Asian dog lineages, and most of the studied wolves had the haplotypes clustered with European wolves, but 20% of wolves and 37% of dogs shared the same mitochondrial haplotypes. Bayesian inference with STRUCTURE software suggested that over 13% of the studied wolves had detectable dog ancestry and over 10% of the dogs had detectable wolf ancestry. 2-3% of the sampled wolves and dogs were identified, with a high probability, as first generation hybrids. These results were supported by the relatedness analysis which showed that 10% of wolves and 20% of dogs had closest relatives from an opposite group. The results of the study suggest that wolf-dog hybridization is a common event in the areas where large livestock guarding dogs are held in a traditional way, and that gene flow between dogs and grey wolves was an important force influencing gene pool of dogs for millennia since early domestication events. This process may have been terminated (1) in areas outside the natural range of grey wolves and (2) since very recent time, when humans started to more tightly control contacts of purebred dogs
This entry contains the SNP data and sample information used in the publication: Pilot M., Moura ... more This entry contains the SNP data and sample information used in the publication: Pilot M., Moura A.E., Okhlopkov I.M., Mamaev N., Alagaili A.N., Mohammed O.B., Yavruyan E.G., Manaseryan N.H., Hayrapetyan V., Kopaliani N., Tsingarska E., Krofel M., Skoglund P., Bogdanowicz W. (2019). Global phylogeographic and admixture patterns in grey wolves and genetic legacy of an ancient Siberian lineage. Scientific Reports. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53492-9.
<p>First and second axes and corresponding eigenvalues (inset) are shown. SEE—south-eastern... more <p>First and second axes and corresponding eigenvalues (inset) are shown. SEE—south-eastern Europe; CAU—Caucasus; BAL—Baltics; GRE-P—Greece, Peloponnese; GRE-S—Greece, Samos Island.</p
<p>(A) Frequency distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH). This figure has different scal... more <p>(A) Frequency distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH). This figure has different scales in the vertical axis for the Caucasus (left, marked in red) and other populations (right) because of differences in the number of SNPs analysed; (B) Extent of linkage disequilibrium, represented as changes in an average genotypic association coefficient <i>r<sup>2</sup></i> with an increasing inter-SNP distance. (C) Temporal changes of effective population size (<i>N<sub>E</sub></i>). We present the data for the populations representing extremes of the range (see Figure 5 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0093828#pone.0093828-Pilot1" target="_blank">[15]</a>), as well as the data for the Balkan and Spanish populations that were compared with the Caucasian population in other parts of this study. The Carpathian population is only presented in part A, because it had extreme values of ROH, but average values for other parameters.</p
<p>(A) Geographical location of the grey wolf population from the Caucasus in relation to B... more <p>(A) Geographical location of the grey wolf population from the Caucasus in relation to Bulgarian and Spanish populations analysed for the comparative purposes; (B) Distribution of the samples in the Caucasus; (C) Distribution of closely related individuals identified in among wolves sampled in Georgia and (D) in Nagorno-Karabakh. Each colour represents one group of kin, and individuals without sampled kin are marked in black.</p
<p>The length of each line between two circles is proportional to the number of mutations.&... more <p>The length of each line between two circles is proportional to the number of mutations.</p
<p>For admixed individuals, mtDNA haplotypes, the species they match with (see the comment ... more <p>For admixed individuals, mtDNA haplotypes, the species they match with (see the comment in the Supplementary Information) and GenBank accession numbers, as well as probable admixture status are also provided. Haplotype w4 was found in both grey wolves and domestic dogs. ‘Misidentified jackal’ is an individual sampled as a grey wolf that clusters with golden jackals and carries a golden jackal mtDNA haplotype.</p
<p>Frequency in the region and overall frequencies are reported. SEE—south-eastern Europe; ... more <p>Frequency in the region and overall frequencies are reported. SEE—south-eastern Europe; CAU—Caucasus; BAL—Baltics; GRE-P—Greece, Peloponnese; GRE-S—Greece, Samos Island.</p
<p>Genetic diversity in the Caucasian wolves in comparison with wolf populations from South... more <p>Genetic diversity in the Caucasian wolves in comparison with wolf populations from Southern Europe.</p
<p>(A, C) Distribution of the Caucasian haplotypes (red) in the haplotype network; (B, D) D... more <p>(A, C) Distribution of the Caucasian haplotypes (red) in the haplotype network; (B, D) Distribution of the haplotypes from Europe and Asia in the haplotype network. New haplotypes from the Caucasus are distinguished with different colour (red).</p
<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0093828#po... more <p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0093828#pone.0093828-Mech3" target="_blank">[77]</a><b>.</b> Samples from known localities are marked as circles, the origin of samples marked as squares is limited to the country range. Based on 230 bp sequence data.</p
We studied the distribution of the mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and microsatellite genotypes at e... more We studied the distribution of the mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and microsatellite genotypes at eight loci in 102 grey wolves, 57 livestock guarding dogs, and 9 mongrel dogs from Georgia (Caucasus). Most of the studied dogs had mitochondrial haplotypes clustered with presumably East Asian dog lineages, and most of the studied wolves had the haplotypes clustered with European wolves, but 20% of wolves and 37% of dogs shared the same mitochondrial haplotypes. Bayesian inference with STRUCTURE software suggested that over 13% of the studied wolves had detectable dog ancestry and over 10% of the dogs had detectable wolf ancestry. 2-3% of the sampled wolves and dogs were identified, with a high probability, as first generation hybrids. These results were supported by the relatedness analysis which showed that 10% of wolves and 20% of dogs had closest relatives from an opposite group. The results of the study suggest that wolf-dog hybridization is a common event in the areas where large livestock guarding dogs are held in a traditional way, and that gene flow between dogs and grey wolves was an important force influencing gene pool of dogs for millennia since early domestication events. This process may have been terminated (1) in areas outside the natural range of grey wolves and (2) since very recent time, when humans started to more tightly control contacts of purebred dogs
This entry contains the SNP data and sample information used in the publication: Pilot M., Moura ... more This entry contains the SNP data and sample information used in the publication: Pilot M., Moura A.E., Okhlopkov I.M., Mamaev N., Alagaili A.N., Mohammed O.B., Yavruyan E.G., Manaseryan N.H., Hayrapetyan V., Kopaliani N., Tsingarska E., Krofel M., Skoglund P., Bogdanowicz W. (2019). Global phylogeographic and admixture patterns in grey wolves and genetic legacy of an ancient Siberian lineage. Scientific Reports. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53492-9.
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