Emamectin benzoate, a semisynthetic bioinsecticide, has been used frequently for the management o... more Emamectin benzoate, a semisynthetic bioinsecticide, has been used frequently for the management of lepidopteran pests of cotton worldwide. To assess the resistance risk and design strategy for resistance management, life history traits were established for emamectin benzoate-resistant, unselected and susceptible S. litura strains based on the laboratory observations. Bioassay results showed that the emamectin benzoate-selected strain developed a resistance ratio of 911-fold compared with that of the susceptible strain. The emamectin-selected strain had a relative fitness of 0.37 and lower prepupal and pupal weights, prolonged larval duration and development time, lower fecundity and hatchability compared with the susceptible strain. Mean population growth rates, such as intrinsic rate of population increase and biotic potential, were lower for the emamectin-selected strain compared with the susceptible strain. Development of resistance can cost considerable fitness for the emamectin-selected strain. The present study provided useful information for determining potential management strategies to overcome development of resistance.
In this study, methyl 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy) acetate (2) obtained by reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline... more In this study, methyl 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy) acetate (2) obtained by reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline (1) with methyl chloroacetate was condensed with hydrazine hydrate to afford the carbohydrazide (3). Thio/semicarbazide derivatives (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g) were obtained by treatment of the 3 with substituted phenyl iso/thioisocyanates. The 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g on acidic and basic intramolecular cyclization led to N-(aryl)-5-((quinolin-8-yloxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxa/thiadiazol-2-amines (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g) and 4-aryl-5-((quinolin-8-yloxy)methyl)-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3(4H)-thiones (6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g), respectively. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and elemental analyses. The thiosemicarbazide (4c) was also confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Jun 5, 2021
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa is a polyphagous insect pest and can develop insecticide resistanc... more Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa is a polyphagous insect pest and can develop insecticide resistance. The resistance of O. hyalinipennis to neonicotinoids (clothianidin and dinotefuran), flonicamid, and conventional insecticides; carbamates (methomyl and carbosulfon), organophosphates (chlorpyrifos and malathion), and pyrethroids (cypermethrin and zeta-cypermethrin) was evaluated. The O. hyalinipennis populations were sampled from four locations in Pakistan and performed bioassays against the insecticides by leaf dip protocol. The O. hyalinipennis’ populations showed low resistance to carbosulfan (resistance ratio (RR) = 2.06–6.34) and methomyl (RR = 2.78–7.27), moderate to high resistance to chlorpyrifos (RR = 30–45), malathion (RR = 20.29–88.19), and flonicamid (RR = 14.24–46.97), in comparison with the susceptible strain. Susceptibility to low resistance against cypermethrin (RR = 1.27–2.82), zeta-cypermethrin (RR = 2.62–3.38), and clothianidin (RR = 1.74–3.40), and low to moderate resistance to dinotefuran (RR = 3.84–13.43) in the field populations, was observed compared to the susceptible strain. A rotational usage of carbamates and pyrethroids with an integrated pest management tool should be considered to deal with O. hyalinipennis’ insecticide resistance.
Emamectin benzoate, a semisynthetic bioinsecticide, has been used frequently for the management o... more Emamectin benzoate, a semisynthetic bioinsecticide, has been used frequently for the management of lepidopteran pests of cotton worldwide. To assess the resistance risk and design strategy for resistance management, life history traits were established for emamectin benzoate-resistant, unselected and susceptible S. litura strains based on the laboratory observations. Bioassay results showed that the emamectin benzoate-selected strain developed a resistance ratio of 911-fold compared with that of the susceptible strain. The emamectin-selected strain had a relative fitness of 0.37 and lower prepupal and pupal weights, prolonged larval duration and development time, lower fecundity and hatchability compared with the susceptible strain. Mean population growth rates, such as intrinsic rate of population increase and biotic potential, were lower for the emamectin-selected strain compared with the susceptible strain. Development of resistance can cost considerable fitness for the emamectin-selected strain. The present study provided useful information for determining potential management strategies to overcome development of resistance.
In this study, methyl 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy) acetate (2) obtained by reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline... more In this study, methyl 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy) acetate (2) obtained by reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline (1) with methyl chloroacetate was condensed with hydrazine hydrate to afford the carbohydrazide (3). Thio/semicarbazide derivatives (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g) were obtained by treatment of the 3 with substituted phenyl iso/thioisocyanates. The 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g on acidic and basic intramolecular cyclization led to N-(aryl)-5-((quinolin-8-yloxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxa/thiadiazol-2-amines (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g) and 4-aryl-5-((quinolin-8-yloxy)methyl)-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3(4H)-thiones (6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g), respectively. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and elemental analyses. The thiosemicarbazide (4c) was also confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Jun 5, 2021
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa is a polyphagous insect pest and can develop insecticide resistanc... more Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa is a polyphagous insect pest and can develop insecticide resistance. The resistance of O. hyalinipennis to neonicotinoids (clothianidin and dinotefuran), flonicamid, and conventional insecticides; carbamates (methomyl and carbosulfon), organophosphates (chlorpyrifos and malathion), and pyrethroids (cypermethrin and zeta-cypermethrin) was evaluated. The O. hyalinipennis populations were sampled from four locations in Pakistan and performed bioassays against the insecticides by leaf dip protocol. The O. hyalinipennis’ populations showed low resistance to carbosulfan (resistance ratio (RR) = 2.06–6.34) and methomyl (RR = 2.78–7.27), moderate to high resistance to chlorpyrifos (RR = 30–45), malathion (RR = 20.29–88.19), and flonicamid (RR = 14.24–46.97), in comparison with the susceptible strain. Susceptibility to low resistance against cypermethrin (RR = 1.27–2.82), zeta-cypermethrin (RR = 2.62–3.38), and clothianidin (RR = 1.74–3.40), and low to moderate resistance to dinotefuran (RR = 3.84–13.43) in the field populations, was observed compared to the susceptible strain. A rotational usage of carbamates and pyrethroids with an integrated pest management tool should be considered to deal with O. hyalinipennis’ insecticide resistance.
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