Abstract Geological survey indicates that Thailand has reserves for gold, silver, potassium, coal... more Abstract Geological survey indicates that Thailand has reserves for gold, silver, potassium, coal, dolomite, gypsum, and quarry mining. Thailand has a long history of mining industry. Classic examples of abandoned mines are as follows: (1) Arsenic contamination at Ron Phibun District and Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, (2) Lead contamination at Klity Creek and Kanchanaburi Province, and (3) Cadmium contamination at Mae Sot District and Tak Province. Mining in the past have affected the environment, health, and agriculture of local peoples for decades. Although modern mines have to be operated under Environment and Health Impact Assessment, Corporate Social Responsibility, tailings storage facilities, and environmental standards for mines, many mining and exploration industry in Thailand has ordered the shutdown by government due to environmental protests. If mining industries put their efforts to achieve mutual social benefit and a clean environment, the number of protestors against the mining and minerals industry will be reduced. In focusing scientific research about mining rehabilitation and remediation, both basic and apply, especially in field study, are needed as guidelines. This chapter would highlight sustainable utilization of metal polluted/contaminated lands, phytobiome and mycobiome approach for rehabilitation of mine waste, and scientific approaches for long-term monitoring of mine waste.
ABSTRACT Murdannia spectabilis (Kurz) Faden was identified as a Zn/Cd hyperaccumulative plant. Le... more ABSTRACT Murdannia spectabilis (Kurz) Faden was identified as a Zn/Cd hyperaccumulative plant. Leaf surface anatomy of the plant growing in non-contaminated soil (control) and Zn/Cd contaminated soil,was studied and compared by a light micros-copy and scanning electron microscopy combined with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The similarities were reticulate cuticle on epidermises, uniform polygonal cell, stomatal arrangement in six surrounding subsidiary cells, and submarginal sclerenchyma. The dissimilarities were uniserate trichomes spreading on both adaxial and abaxial epider-mis of the plants growing in non-contaminated soil, whereas the uniserate trichomes were only on the submarginal-adaxial epidermis of the control plants. The trichomes on leaves of the plants growing in non-contaminated soil were found to have both uniseriate non-glandular and uniseriate glandular trichomes; whereas, leaves of the plants growing in the contami-nated soil were merely non-glandular trichomes. The different shape and location of trichomes, the number of stomata and trichome indicated the effect of Zn and Cd on M. spectabilis. The higher percentages of Zn and Cd in the vascular bundle than in the cross section and epidermis areas showed both solutes could move along each route, with diffusion through the symplast and apoplast. The increase of Ca in M. spectabilis growing in Zn/Cd contaminated soil corresponded to the Zn and Cd distributed in the leaves. Zn K-edge and S K-edge XANES spectra proposed that Zn 2+ ions were accumulated and/ or adsorbed on the epidermis of the tuber, and then absorbed into the root and transport to the xylem. The double peaks of Zn-cysteine in the leaf samples proposed the metal sequestration was by sulphur proteins.
Abstract Herbaceous plants are plants that have no persistent woody stem above ground. They are c... more Abstract Herbaceous plants are plants that have no persistent woody stem above ground. They are classified following life-cycle classification as annuals, biennials or perennials. Native herbaceous species usually colonize on remediated soils with potential use in phytoremediation of heavy metals. In case of cadmium, many herbaceous species are suitable for phytoextraction and phytostabilization. Their mechanisms involving are immobilization, exclusion and compartimentalization. They can adapt and synthesize phytochelatins, metallothioneins, stress proteins and phenolic compounds to tolerate cadmium and other metals. In addition, endophytic microorganism also involves in the plants tolerant mechanism. Growing herbal plants to cover and remediate cadmium contaminated areas must be concerned. Especially shoot parts of hyperaccumulative plants, spreading of cadmium in top soil can be increased from falling leaves of their life cycles. The cadmium also enters the food chain via insects, birds, herbivores, etc. Moreover, application of herbal plants collected from contaminated area for folk medicines and raw materials of drug and food/feed should be prohibited or controlled base on reliable researches and knowledges. Finally, phytomanagement and harvesting processes for cadmium phytoremediation are depending on the tolerant mechanisms and life cycles of each herbal plant species.
Abstract Heavy metals, such as Cd, are contaminating soil and water bodies. Toxicity of Cd retard... more Abstract Heavy metals, such as Cd, are contaminating soil and water bodies. Toxicity of Cd retards the growth of microbes and plants. The entry of Cd into the cells occurs through transition metal transporters. Diminished cellular micronutrient stores, and a decrease in the activity of enzymes such as dehydrogenases, alkaline phosphatases, and so forth, are the immediate toxic effect of Cd on microbes. Green plants experience oxidative stress upon Cd exposure. The deleterious effects of Cd retard photosynthesis and biomass productivity in plants. However, there are Cd defense mechanisms in plants. These mechanisms are root exudation, Cd exclusion, and speciation of Cd with carboxylic acids, or metal binding peptides such as phytochelatins. Cadmium stress on bacteria and plants has ecological impacts, such as inhibition of organic matter decomposition and loss of biodiversity, respectively. Ecological assessment of Cd toxicity also helps determine Cd-tolerant plant species that can be used in the ecofriendly cleanup of Cd in the environment.
This research aimed to study siderophores secreted from Pseudomonas sp. PDMZnCd2003, a Zn/Cd tole... more This research aimed to study siderophores secreted from Pseudomonas sp. PDMZnCd2003, a Zn/Cd tolerant bacterium. The effects of Zn and/or Cd stress were examined in nutrient broth to achieve the actual environmental conditions. Acid and alkali supernatants and liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and butanol were carried out to obtain crude extracts containing different amounts of the metals. The bacterial growth, UV-visible spectra of the supernatants and siderophore production indicated that the production of siderophores tended to be linked to primary metabolites. Pyocyanin was produced in all treatments, while pyoverdine was induced by stress from the metals, especially Cd. FT-IR spectra showed C=O groups and sulfur functional groups that were involved in binding with the metals. LC-MS revealed that pyocyanin, 1-hydroxy phenazine, pyoverdine, and pyochelin were present in the crude extracts. S K-edge XANES spectra showed that the main sulfur species in the extracts were the reduced forms of sulfide, thiol, and disulfide, and their oxidation states were affected by coordination with Zn and/or Cd. In addition, Zn K-edge EXAFS spectra and Cd K-edge EXAFS spectra presented Zn-O and Cd-O as coordination in the first shell, in case the extracts contained less metal. Although the mix O/S ligands had chelation bonding with Zn and Cd in the other extracts. For the role of S groups in pyochelin binding with the metals, this was the first report. The results of these experiments could be extended to Pseudomonas that respond to metal contaminated environments.
Abstract Technogenic and anthropogenic activities are the major sources of heavy metals in the en... more Abstract Technogenic and anthropogenic activities are the major sources of heavy metals in the environment. Phytoremediation is the use of plants for environmental cleanup. Economically important plants with a short life cycle motivate local people provided they have phytoremediation application. In this context many ornamental plants have been evaluated for their potential in phytoremediation. As many ornamentals are not edible, the risk of contaminants entering the food chain is reduced. Ornamental plants have the added advantage of enhancing the environment’s esthetics besides cleaning up the environment and generating additional income, including additional employment opportunities. This chapter highlights the phytoremediation potential of terrestrial and aquatic ornamentals. Consequently, ornamental plants will add a new dimension to the field of phytoremediation and phytomanagement of contaminated aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Abstract Mining and smelting have a history of centuries. Once nature was predominant and human i... more Abstract Mining and smelting have a history of centuries. Once nature was predominant and human interference was negligible. Now, due to population explosion and increased demand for materials and energy, pollution from mine waste is glaringly visible. Coal and a variety of minerals are explored in different countries. Opencast mining generates large quantities of waste “overburden.” The intermediate layers of sandstone, shale, and gravel that are usually present between two coal seams constitute this overburden. Pollution monitoring of abandoned coal mine sites and their reclamation are some of the emerging areas of environmental science and pollution research. In this chapter two cases of phytostabilization are presented: (1) the overburdens in the West Bokaro Coalfields, India, using mulberry, and (2) the Mae Sot, Padaeng zinc mine waste stabilization using vetiver grass in Thailand. Morus alba (mulberry) cultivation on coal mine overburden and vetiver cultivation on zinc mine waste accelerated the natural attenuation processes. These two examples of plants for phytostabilization are beneficial to locals and environmental protection.
This research aims to study zinc accumulation by G. pseudochina (L) DC., a hyperaccumulative plan... more This research aims to study zinc accumulation by G. pseudochina (L) DC., a hyperaccumulative plant found in the zinc mining Padaeng-Industry Co., Tak, Thailand. Growth of G. pseudochina (L) DC was not significantly different when watered with deionised water (control) or zinc solutions with concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg l-1. The rate of zinc accumulation and the total amount of zinc in the plant increased with increasing zinc concentration. After 56 days, G. pseudochina (L) DC treated with 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg l-1 accumulated zinc to 2.31, 3.84, 13.46 and 23.10 mg-Zn g-1 dry weight, respectively. Transmission Electron Microscopy showed that there were increases in the number of ribosome and the cell wall thickness in treated plant cells. It is concluded that, G. pseudochina (L) DC. can tolerate high zinc concentrations and could be used in the phytoremediation of zinc contaminated land.
Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC. was a Zn/Cd hyperaccumulative plant growing in a zinc mining, Tak pro... more Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC. was a Zn/Cd hyperaccumulative plant growing in a zinc mining, Tak province, Thailand. The mechanism of heavy metals detoxification and tolerance involved with protein expression. The objective of this study was to establish the effect of protein extraction on the protein structure. To control environment, the plant samples were grown and treated with Zn and/or Cd in a tissue culture system. The commonly protein extraction protocol was extraction buffer/protein precipitation/washing process. We compared three methods of (1) phenol with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME)/ammonium acetate with 2-ME/acetone with 2-ME; (2) phenol with 2-ME / ammonium acetate/acetone; and (3) Tris-HCl/ammonium acetate/acetone, using leaves of G. pseudochina (L.) DC. The efficiency of three extraction methods was evaluated by comparison of protein yield, SDS-PAGE and secondary structure studied by ATR-FTIR. The amount of crude protein obtained from TrisHCl was higher than the phenol buffe...
... Patent 4,913,730. Deschenes et al., 1994 G. Deschenes, D. Bernard, PJH Prud'Homme and D.... more ... Patent 4,913,730. Deschenes et al., 1994 G. Deschenes, D. Bernard, PJH Prud'Homme and D. Laforest, A preliminary techno economic evaluation of the extraction of gold from a chalcopyrite concentrate using thiourea. Minerals Engineering, 7 4 (1994), pp. 435–448. ...
The history of mining for precious minerals dates back to several centuries. Mining is important ... more The history of mining for precious minerals dates back to several centuries. Mining is important for economy but causes environmental contamination. However, mine waste reclamation and mine environment cleanup are a subject of recent origin focusing various aspects of biogeotechnologies. In general, the subject of environmental remediation is about three decades old, and today the advances in this field are capable of handling a variety of toxic waste. Different strategies and approaches are employed to render mine waste less toxic. Mining had negative effects on natural resources (biotic and abiotic) and deteriorates the quality of environment. Different types of mine industries are implicated in promoting “industrial deserts” or “lunar scapes” which are overloaded with technogenic waste. Soil washing and cleaning in such situation is cost prohibitive. This chapter deals with reclamation of a zinc, lead, and tin (arsenic) mine waste with reference to Thailand (see graphic abstract Fig. 1).
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 2015
The entomopathogenic fungus Cod-MK1201 was isolated from a dead cicada nymph. Three regions of ri... more The entomopathogenic fungus Cod-MK1201 was isolated from a dead cicada nymph. Three regions of ribosomal nuclear DNA, the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA repeats (ITS), the partial small subunit of rDNA (nrSSU) , and the partial large subunit of rDNA (nrLSU), and two protein-coding regions, the elongation factor 1α (EF-1α), and the largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (rpb1) gene, were sequenced and used for fungal identification. The phylogenetic analysis of the ITS and the combined data set of the five genes indicated that the fungal isolate Cod-MK1201 is a new strain of Cordyceps sp. that is closely related to Cordyceps nipponica and C. kanzashiana. Crude extracts of mycelium-cultured Cod-MK1201 were obtained using distilled water and 50% (v/v) ethanol, and the antibacterial activity of each was determined. Both extracts had activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but the ethanol extract was the more potent of the two. The antibacterial activity of the protein fractions of these extracts was also determined. The protein fraction from the ethanol extract was more antibacterial than the protein fraction from the aqueous extract. Three antibacterial constituents including adenosine, the total phenolic content (TPC), and the total flavonoid content (TFC) was also determined. The results showed that the adenosine content, the TPC, and the TFC of the ethanol extract were more active than those of the aqueous extract. Moreover, synergism was detected between these antibacterial constituents. In conclusion, the entomopathogenic fungal isolate Cod-MK1201 represents a natural source of antibacterial agents.
Abstract Geological survey indicates that Thailand has reserves for gold, silver, potassium, coal... more Abstract Geological survey indicates that Thailand has reserves for gold, silver, potassium, coal, dolomite, gypsum, and quarry mining. Thailand has a long history of mining industry. Classic examples of abandoned mines are as follows: (1) Arsenic contamination at Ron Phibun District and Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, (2) Lead contamination at Klity Creek and Kanchanaburi Province, and (3) Cadmium contamination at Mae Sot District and Tak Province. Mining in the past have affected the environment, health, and agriculture of local peoples for decades. Although modern mines have to be operated under Environment and Health Impact Assessment, Corporate Social Responsibility, tailings storage facilities, and environmental standards for mines, many mining and exploration industry in Thailand has ordered the shutdown by government due to environmental protests. If mining industries put their efforts to achieve mutual social benefit and a clean environment, the number of protestors against the mining and minerals industry will be reduced. In focusing scientific research about mining rehabilitation and remediation, both basic and apply, especially in field study, are needed as guidelines. This chapter would highlight sustainable utilization of metal polluted/contaminated lands, phytobiome and mycobiome approach for rehabilitation of mine waste, and scientific approaches for long-term monitoring of mine waste.
ABSTRACT Murdannia spectabilis (Kurz) Faden was identified as a Zn/Cd hyperaccumulative plant. Le... more ABSTRACT Murdannia spectabilis (Kurz) Faden was identified as a Zn/Cd hyperaccumulative plant. Leaf surface anatomy of the plant growing in non-contaminated soil (control) and Zn/Cd contaminated soil,was studied and compared by a light micros-copy and scanning electron microscopy combined with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The similarities were reticulate cuticle on epidermises, uniform polygonal cell, stomatal arrangement in six surrounding subsidiary cells, and submarginal sclerenchyma. The dissimilarities were uniserate trichomes spreading on both adaxial and abaxial epider-mis of the plants growing in non-contaminated soil, whereas the uniserate trichomes were only on the submarginal-adaxial epidermis of the control plants. The trichomes on leaves of the plants growing in non-contaminated soil were found to have both uniseriate non-glandular and uniseriate glandular trichomes; whereas, leaves of the plants growing in the contami-nated soil were merely non-glandular trichomes. The different shape and location of trichomes, the number of stomata and trichome indicated the effect of Zn and Cd on M. spectabilis. The higher percentages of Zn and Cd in the vascular bundle than in the cross section and epidermis areas showed both solutes could move along each route, with diffusion through the symplast and apoplast. The increase of Ca in M. spectabilis growing in Zn/Cd contaminated soil corresponded to the Zn and Cd distributed in the leaves. Zn K-edge and S K-edge XANES spectra proposed that Zn 2+ ions were accumulated and/ or adsorbed on the epidermis of the tuber, and then absorbed into the root and transport to the xylem. The double peaks of Zn-cysteine in the leaf samples proposed the metal sequestration was by sulphur proteins.
Abstract Herbaceous plants are plants that have no persistent woody stem above ground. They are c... more Abstract Herbaceous plants are plants that have no persistent woody stem above ground. They are classified following life-cycle classification as annuals, biennials or perennials. Native herbaceous species usually colonize on remediated soils with potential use in phytoremediation of heavy metals. In case of cadmium, many herbaceous species are suitable for phytoextraction and phytostabilization. Their mechanisms involving are immobilization, exclusion and compartimentalization. They can adapt and synthesize phytochelatins, metallothioneins, stress proteins and phenolic compounds to tolerate cadmium and other metals. In addition, endophytic microorganism also involves in the plants tolerant mechanism. Growing herbal plants to cover and remediate cadmium contaminated areas must be concerned. Especially shoot parts of hyperaccumulative plants, spreading of cadmium in top soil can be increased from falling leaves of their life cycles. The cadmium also enters the food chain via insects, birds, herbivores, etc. Moreover, application of herbal plants collected from contaminated area for folk medicines and raw materials of drug and food/feed should be prohibited or controlled base on reliable researches and knowledges. Finally, phytomanagement and harvesting processes for cadmium phytoremediation are depending on the tolerant mechanisms and life cycles of each herbal plant species.
Abstract Heavy metals, such as Cd, are contaminating soil and water bodies. Toxicity of Cd retard... more Abstract Heavy metals, such as Cd, are contaminating soil and water bodies. Toxicity of Cd retards the growth of microbes and plants. The entry of Cd into the cells occurs through transition metal transporters. Diminished cellular micronutrient stores, and a decrease in the activity of enzymes such as dehydrogenases, alkaline phosphatases, and so forth, are the immediate toxic effect of Cd on microbes. Green plants experience oxidative stress upon Cd exposure. The deleterious effects of Cd retard photosynthesis and biomass productivity in plants. However, there are Cd defense mechanisms in plants. These mechanisms are root exudation, Cd exclusion, and speciation of Cd with carboxylic acids, or metal binding peptides such as phytochelatins. Cadmium stress on bacteria and plants has ecological impacts, such as inhibition of organic matter decomposition and loss of biodiversity, respectively. Ecological assessment of Cd toxicity also helps determine Cd-tolerant plant species that can be used in the ecofriendly cleanup of Cd in the environment.
This research aimed to study siderophores secreted from Pseudomonas sp. PDMZnCd2003, a Zn/Cd tole... more This research aimed to study siderophores secreted from Pseudomonas sp. PDMZnCd2003, a Zn/Cd tolerant bacterium. The effects of Zn and/or Cd stress were examined in nutrient broth to achieve the actual environmental conditions. Acid and alkali supernatants and liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and butanol were carried out to obtain crude extracts containing different amounts of the metals. The bacterial growth, UV-visible spectra of the supernatants and siderophore production indicated that the production of siderophores tended to be linked to primary metabolites. Pyocyanin was produced in all treatments, while pyoverdine was induced by stress from the metals, especially Cd. FT-IR spectra showed C=O groups and sulfur functional groups that were involved in binding with the metals. LC-MS revealed that pyocyanin, 1-hydroxy phenazine, pyoverdine, and pyochelin were present in the crude extracts. S K-edge XANES spectra showed that the main sulfur species in the extracts were the reduced forms of sulfide, thiol, and disulfide, and their oxidation states were affected by coordination with Zn and/or Cd. In addition, Zn K-edge EXAFS spectra and Cd K-edge EXAFS spectra presented Zn-O and Cd-O as coordination in the first shell, in case the extracts contained less metal. Although the mix O/S ligands had chelation bonding with Zn and Cd in the other extracts. For the role of S groups in pyochelin binding with the metals, this was the first report. The results of these experiments could be extended to Pseudomonas that respond to metal contaminated environments.
Abstract Technogenic and anthropogenic activities are the major sources of heavy metals in the en... more Abstract Technogenic and anthropogenic activities are the major sources of heavy metals in the environment. Phytoremediation is the use of plants for environmental cleanup. Economically important plants with a short life cycle motivate local people provided they have phytoremediation application. In this context many ornamental plants have been evaluated for their potential in phytoremediation. As many ornamentals are not edible, the risk of contaminants entering the food chain is reduced. Ornamental plants have the added advantage of enhancing the environment’s esthetics besides cleaning up the environment and generating additional income, including additional employment opportunities. This chapter highlights the phytoremediation potential of terrestrial and aquatic ornamentals. Consequently, ornamental plants will add a new dimension to the field of phytoremediation and phytomanagement of contaminated aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Abstract Mining and smelting have a history of centuries. Once nature was predominant and human i... more Abstract Mining and smelting have a history of centuries. Once nature was predominant and human interference was negligible. Now, due to population explosion and increased demand for materials and energy, pollution from mine waste is glaringly visible. Coal and a variety of minerals are explored in different countries. Opencast mining generates large quantities of waste “overburden.” The intermediate layers of sandstone, shale, and gravel that are usually present between two coal seams constitute this overburden. Pollution monitoring of abandoned coal mine sites and their reclamation are some of the emerging areas of environmental science and pollution research. In this chapter two cases of phytostabilization are presented: (1) the overburdens in the West Bokaro Coalfields, India, using mulberry, and (2) the Mae Sot, Padaeng zinc mine waste stabilization using vetiver grass in Thailand. Morus alba (mulberry) cultivation on coal mine overburden and vetiver cultivation on zinc mine waste accelerated the natural attenuation processes. These two examples of plants for phytostabilization are beneficial to locals and environmental protection.
This research aims to study zinc accumulation by G. pseudochina (L) DC., a hyperaccumulative plan... more This research aims to study zinc accumulation by G. pseudochina (L) DC., a hyperaccumulative plant found in the zinc mining Padaeng-Industry Co., Tak, Thailand. Growth of G. pseudochina (L) DC was not significantly different when watered with deionised water (control) or zinc solutions with concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg l-1. The rate of zinc accumulation and the total amount of zinc in the plant increased with increasing zinc concentration. After 56 days, G. pseudochina (L) DC treated with 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg l-1 accumulated zinc to 2.31, 3.84, 13.46 and 23.10 mg-Zn g-1 dry weight, respectively. Transmission Electron Microscopy showed that there were increases in the number of ribosome and the cell wall thickness in treated plant cells. It is concluded that, G. pseudochina (L) DC. can tolerate high zinc concentrations and could be used in the phytoremediation of zinc contaminated land.
Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC. was a Zn/Cd hyperaccumulative plant growing in a zinc mining, Tak pro... more Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC. was a Zn/Cd hyperaccumulative plant growing in a zinc mining, Tak province, Thailand. The mechanism of heavy metals detoxification and tolerance involved with protein expression. The objective of this study was to establish the effect of protein extraction on the protein structure. To control environment, the plant samples were grown and treated with Zn and/or Cd in a tissue culture system. The commonly protein extraction protocol was extraction buffer/protein precipitation/washing process. We compared three methods of (1) phenol with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME)/ammonium acetate with 2-ME/acetone with 2-ME; (2) phenol with 2-ME / ammonium acetate/acetone; and (3) Tris-HCl/ammonium acetate/acetone, using leaves of G. pseudochina (L.) DC. The efficiency of three extraction methods was evaluated by comparison of protein yield, SDS-PAGE and secondary structure studied by ATR-FTIR. The amount of crude protein obtained from TrisHCl was higher than the phenol buffe...
... Patent 4,913,730. Deschenes et al., 1994 G. Deschenes, D. Bernard, PJH Prud'Homme and D.... more ... Patent 4,913,730. Deschenes et al., 1994 G. Deschenes, D. Bernard, PJH Prud'Homme and D. Laforest, A preliminary techno economic evaluation of the extraction of gold from a chalcopyrite concentrate using thiourea. Minerals Engineering, 7 4 (1994), pp. 435–448. ...
The history of mining for precious minerals dates back to several centuries. Mining is important ... more The history of mining for precious minerals dates back to several centuries. Mining is important for economy but causes environmental contamination. However, mine waste reclamation and mine environment cleanup are a subject of recent origin focusing various aspects of biogeotechnologies. In general, the subject of environmental remediation is about three decades old, and today the advances in this field are capable of handling a variety of toxic waste. Different strategies and approaches are employed to render mine waste less toxic. Mining had negative effects on natural resources (biotic and abiotic) and deteriorates the quality of environment. Different types of mine industries are implicated in promoting “industrial deserts” or “lunar scapes” which are overloaded with technogenic waste. Soil washing and cleaning in such situation is cost prohibitive. This chapter deals with reclamation of a zinc, lead, and tin (arsenic) mine waste with reference to Thailand (see graphic abstract Fig. 1).
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 2015
The entomopathogenic fungus Cod-MK1201 was isolated from a dead cicada nymph. Three regions of ri... more The entomopathogenic fungus Cod-MK1201 was isolated from a dead cicada nymph. Three regions of ribosomal nuclear DNA, the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA repeats (ITS), the partial small subunit of rDNA (nrSSU) , and the partial large subunit of rDNA (nrLSU), and two protein-coding regions, the elongation factor 1α (EF-1α), and the largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (rpb1) gene, were sequenced and used for fungal identification. The phylogenetic analysis of the ITS and the combined data set of the five genes indicated that the fungal isolate Cod-MK1201 is a new strain of Cordyceps sp. that is closely related to Cordyceps nipponica and C. kanzashiana. Crude extracts of mycelium-cultured Cod-MK1201 were obtained using distilled water and 50% (v/v) ethanol, and the antibacterial activity of each was determined. Both extracts had activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but the ethanol extract was the more potent of the two. The antibacterial activity of the protein fractions of these extracts was also determined. The protein fraction from the ethanol extract was more antibacterial than the protein fraction from the aqueous extract. Three antibacterial constituents including adenosine, the total phenolic content (TPC), and the total flavonoid content (TFC) was also determined. The results showed that the adenosine content, the TPC, and the TFC of the ethanol extract were more active than those of the aqueous extract. Moreover, synergism was detected between these antibacterial constituents. In conclusion, the entomopathogenic fungal isolate Cod-MK1201 represents a natural source of antibacterial agents.
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