Imaging and Applied Optics 2018 (3D, AO, AIO, COSI, DH, IS, LACSEA, LS&C, MATH, pcAOP)
A multidirectional holographic microscopy setup using two illumination beams with a large angle o... more A multidirectional holographic microscopy setup using two illumination beams with a large angle of separation (90⁰) is proposed to image blood microcirculation in preclinical models. This setup allows an easier manipulation of the sample.
A new encryption technique based on single-pixel compressive sensing along with a Double Random-P... more A new encryption technique based on single-pixel compressive sensing along with a Double Random-Phase encoding (DRPE) is proposed. As compared with the conventional way of image compression where the image information is firstly capture and then compress, the single-pixel compressive sensing collects only a few large coefficients of the data information and throws out the remaining which gives scrambled effect on the image. Further, to enhance the complexity of the image data, the double random phase encoding along with a fractional Fourier transform is implemented to re-encrypt it. The single-pixel based compressive sensing, DRPE and fractional Fourier transform act as a secret keys. At the receiver end, the original image data is reconstructed by applying the inverse of double random phase process and an \(l_{1}\)-minimization approach. The peak-to-peak signal-to-noise ratio and the minimum number of compressive sensing measurements to reconstruct the image are used to analyze the...
Finger millet is one of the cereals grown in Uttarakhand which is known as mandua or koda in loca... more Finger millet is one of the cereals grown in Uttarakhand which is known as mandua or koda in local language .It is very much famous for some of the preparations like Mandua ki Roti (ragi Roti) served with Ghee and Gud (Jaggery). It is also eaten with Sarson (Mustard leaves) ki sabzi. Kode ku baadi and Pancake of finger millet flour are some of the local preparations practiced now days in parts of Uttarakhand. It is very rich in dietary fibres. It is known as food of the poor. In the olden days the rich people never used to have this cereal but Due to its high nutrient value its becoming every ones favourite these days. Any cereal crop in the state is cultivated once a year, so it is necessary to grow enough grain so that it lasts for sale through-out the year. Mandua is cultivated in rainy season and has its own technology for the same. After harvesting the plant, the Mandua left is a good animal feed; the value of the dried fodder becomes additional means of income. This is a kin...
An electroencephalogram (EEG) based image encryption combined with Quantum walks (QW) is encoded ... more An electroencephalogram (EEG) based image encryption combined with Quantum walks (QW) is encoded in Fresnel domain. The computational version of EEG randomizes the original plaintext whereas QW can serve as an excellent key generator due to its inherent nonlinear chaotic dynamic behavior. First, a spatially coherent monochromatic laser beam passes through an SLM, which introduces an arbitrary EEG phase-only mask. The modified beam is collected by a CCD. Further, the intensity is multiply with the QW digitally. EEG shows high sensitivity to system parameters and capable of encrypting and transmitting the data whereas QW has unpredictability, stability and non-periodicity. Only applying the correct keys, the original image can be retrieved successfully. Simulations and comparisons show the proposed method to be secure enough for image encryption and outperforms prior works. The proposed method opens the door towards introducing EEG and quantum computation into image encryption and pro...
ObjectivesConvalescent plasma (CP) as a passive source of neutralizing antibodies and immunomodul... more ObjectivesConvalescent plasma (CP) as a passive source of neutralizing antibodies and immunomodulators is a century-old therapeutic option used for the management of viral diseases. We investigated its effectiveness for the treatment of COVID-19.DesignOpen-label, parallel-arm, phase II, multicentre, randomized controlled trial.SettingThirty-nine public and private hospitals across India.ParticipantsHospitalized, moderately ill confirmed COVID-19 patients (PaO2/FiO2: 200-300 or respiratory rate > 24/min and SpO2 ≤ 93% on room air).InterventionParticipants were randomized to either control (best standard of care (BSC)) or intervention (CP + BSC) arm. Two doses of 200 mL CP was transfused 24 hours apart in the intervention arm.Main Outcome MeasureComposite of progression to severe disease (PaO2/FiO2< 100) or all-cause mortality at 28 days post-enrolment.ResultsBetween 22nd April to 14th July 2020, 464 participants were enrolled; 235 and 229 in intervention and control arm, respec...
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the current global public health threat with no specific, effec... more Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the current global public health threat with no specific, effective, and approved treatment available till date. The outbreak of COVID-19 has led the world into an unimagined and uncertain situation by disrupting the economies, claiming human lives, and leaving many into secondary mental health problems. As per the latest WHO report, approximately 8.2 million people are infected, and nearly 0.44 million lives are lost to COVID. The infection has spread to over 200 countries and territories around the world. The world is in search of efficient diagnostics and therapeutics, including vaccines, biologics and drugs. With the rapid increase in rates of infection and time constraints, drug repurposing seems to be a potential and viable option to find the promising anti-COVID therapeutics. In the wake of a rapid increase in the number of clinical trials involving drugs for repurposing, we aim to provide information on the safety concerns related to the dru...
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is the most important pulse crop across the Himalayan regions, charact... more Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is the most important pulse crop across the Himalayan regions, characterized with extreme as well as nutritionally deficient habitats. Considering the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers, bio-inoculants should be encouraged as natural “nutrient” resource. Two indigenous bio-inoculants i.e. psychrotolerant diazotroph Pseudomonas palleroniana strain N26 and phosphate solubilizer Pseudomonas jesenii strain MP1 were evaluated for their plant growth promoting potential against chickpea in organic and conventionally managed soils under natural net house conditions. Furthermore, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real-time PCR (qPCR) techniques were used to analyse the microbial diversity and dynamics during the experiment. Comparative agronomical and biochemical crop parameters revealed that organic soils co-inoculated with bio-inoculants have 24.69%, 37.42%, 100.65%, 83.33%, 60.86% and 103.05% improvement in plant shoot length, root length, dry weight, fresh weight, chlorophyll content and nitrate reductase activity, respectively, over the control. Similarly, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of co-inoculated soils was at par with their respective controls. Moreover, qPCR and DGGE-based soil bacterial dynamics unveiled the persistence of both the strains until the end of crop maturity without affecting the native micro-flora. Conclusively, bio-inoculants alone were found sufficient to fulfil crop nutritional requirement. Moreover, their co-inoculation showed significant potential for chickpea growth and development under organically managed soils, and therefore, additional incentive in their bio-formulation will be a step forward towards zero budget mountain farming.
A new blood flow imaging (BFI) technique using digital holography with double illumination of the... more A new blood flow imaging (BFI) technique using digital holography with double illumination of the sample is proposed. We imaged the moving red blood cells (RBCs) using a two microscope objective lenses setup. The setup consists in a larger angle of separation (90 °) between the two illumination beams, allowing a wider angular rotation at good z resolution. Moreover, the setup geometry allows an easier displacement of the sample in all directions. Results show that this technique is able to perform phase‐shifting reconstruction for the two beams at the same time which is more suitable for the future implementation of live 3D holography. Experimental results are carried out for the verification of the effectiveness of the proposed technique on a zebrafish larvae sample.
In this article, we report the synthesis of iron-oxide nanorods on silicon (Si) substrates. The n... more In this article, we report the synthesis of iron-oxide nanorods on silicon (Si) substrates. The nanorods were formed by annealing an iron chloride solution on the surface of a Si at 950 °C in the presence of a reducing gas (H2) and a diluting gas (Ar). The surface morphologies of the nanorods were investigated by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and their compositions and structural characterization were investigated by elemental using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), respectively. The HRTEM study shows a crystalline formation of the nanorods. The electron diffraction pattern along the viewing (111) direction and the HRTEM result shows an interplanar distance equal to 2.17 Å, which is nearly equal to the standard value 2.3 Å of FeO. The as-fabricated nanorods can be used for many technological applications.
A new digital image encryption method based on fast compressed sensing approach using structurall... more A new digital image encryption method based on fast compressed sensing approach using structurally random matrices and Arnold transform is proposed. Considering the natural images to be compressed in any domain, the fast compressed sensing based approach saves computational time, increases the quality of the image and reduces the dimension of the digital image by choosing even 25 % of the measurements. First, dimension reduction is utilized to compress the digital image with scrambling effect. Second, Arnold transformation is used to give the reduced digital image into more complex form. Then, the complex image is again encrypted by double random phase encoding process embedded with a host image; two random keys with fractional Fourier transform are been used as a secret keys. At the receiver, the decryption process is recovered by using TwIST algorithm. Experimental results including peak-to-peak signal-to-noise ratio between the original and reconstructed image are shown to analyze the validity of this technique and demonstrated our proposed method to be secure, fast, complex and robust.
Abstract Recently, we proposed a model of securing a ptychography-based monochromatic image encry... more Abstract Recently, we proposed a model of securing a ptychography-based monochromatic image encryption system via the classical Photon-counting imaging (PCI) technique. In this study, we examine a single-channel multispectral sparse-based photon-counting ptychography imaging (SMPI)-based cryptosystem. A ptychography-based cryptosystem creates a complex object wave field, which can be reconstructed by a series of diffraction intensity patterns through an aperture movement. The PCI sensor records only a few complex Bayer patterned samples that have been utilized in the decryption process. Sparse sensing and nonlinear properties of the classical PCI system, together with the scanning probes, enlarge the key space, and such a combination therefore enhances the system’s security. We demonstrate that the sparse samples have adequate information for image decryption, as well as information authentication by means of optical correlation.
Optics and Photonics for Information Processing IX, 2015
A compressive sensing (CS) based ptychography combined with an optical image encryption is propos... more A compressive sensing (CS) based ptychography combined with an optical image encryption is proposed. The diffraction pattern is recorded through ptychography technique further compressed by non-uniform sampling via CS framework. The system requires much less encrypted data and provides high security. The diffraction pattern as well as the lesser measurements of the encrypted samples serves as a secret key which make the intruder attacks more difficult. Furthermore, CS shows that the linearly projected few random samples have adequate information for decryption with a dramatic volume reduction. Experimental results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of our proposed technique compared with the existing techniques. The retrieved images do not reveal any information with the original information. In addition, the proposed system can be robust even with partial encryption and under brute-force attacks.
Imaging and Applied Optics 2018 (3D, AO, AIO, COSI, DH, IS, LACSEA, LS&C, MATH, pcAOP)
A multidirectional holographic microscopy setup using two illumination beams with a large angle o... more A multidirectional holographic microscopy setup using two illumination beams with a large angle of separation (90⁰) is proposed to image blood microcirculation in preclinical models. This setup allows an easier manipulation of the sample.
A new encryption technique based on single-pixel compressive sensing along with a Double Random-P... more A new encryption technique based on single-pixel compressive sensing along with a Double Random-Phase encoding (DRPE) is proposed. As compared with the conventional way of image compression where the image information is firstly capture and then compress, the single-pixel compressive sensing collects only a few large coefficients of the data information and throws out the remaining which gives scrambled effect on the image. Further, to enhance the complexity of the image data, the double random phase encoding along with a fractional Fourier transform is implemented to re-encrypt it. The single-pixel based compressive sensing, DRPE and fractional Fourier transform act as a secret keys. At the receiver end, the original image data is reconstructed by applying the inverse of double random phase process and an \(l_{1}\)-minimization approach. The peak-to-peak signal-to-noise ratio and the minimum number of compressive sensing measurements to reconstruct the image are used to analyze the...
Finger millet is one of the cereals grown in Uttarakhand which is known as mandua or koda in loca... more Finger millet is one of the cereals grown in Uttarakhand which is known as mandua or koda in local language .It is very much famous for some of the preparations like Mandua ki Roti (ragi Roti) served with Ghee and Gud (Jaggery). It is also eaten with Sarson (Mustard leaves) ki sabzi. Kode ku baadi and Pancake of finger millet flour are some of the local preparations practiced now days in parts of Uttarakhand. It is very rich in dietary fibres. It is known as food of the poor. In the olden days the rich people never used to have this cereal but Due to its high nutrient value its becoming every ones favourite these days. Any cereal crop in the state is cultivated once a year, so it is necessary to grow enough grain so that it lasts for sale through-out the year. Mandua is cultivated in rainy season and has its own technology for the same. After harvesting the plant, the Mandua left is a good animal feed; the value of the dried fodder becomes additional means of income. This is a kin...
An electroencephalogram (EEG) based image encryption combined with Quantum walks (QW) is encoded ... more An electroencephalogram (EEG) based image encryption combined with Quantum walks (QW) is encoded in Fresnel domain. The computational version of EEG randomizes the original plaintext whereas QW can serve as an excellent key generator due to its inherent nonlinear chaotic dynamic behavior. First, a spatially coherent monochromatic laser beam passes through an SLM, which introduces an arbitrary EEG phase-only mask. The modified beam is collected by a CCD. Further, the intensity is multiply with the QW digitally. EEG shows high sensitivity to system parameters and capable of encrypting and transmitting the data whereas QW has unpredictability, stability and non-periodicity. Only applying the correct keys, the original image can be retrieved successfully. Simulations and comparisons show the proposed method to be secure enough for image encryption and outperforms prior works. The proposed method opens the door towards introducing EEG and quantum computation into image encryption and pro...
ObjectivesConvalescent plasma (CP) as a passive source of neutralizing antibodies and immunomodul... more ObjectivesConvalescent plasma (CP) as a passive source of neutralizing antibodies and immunomodulators is a century-old therapeutic option used for the management of viral diseases. We investigated its effectiveness for the treatment of COVID-19.DesignOpen-label, parallel-arm, phase II, multicentre, randomized controlled trial.SettingThirty-nine public and private hospitals across India.ParticipantsHospitalized, moderately ill confirmed COVID-19 patients (PaO2/FiO2: 200-300 or respiratory rate > 24/min and SpO2 ≤ 93% on room air).InterventionParticipants were randomized to either control (best standard of care (BSC)) or intervention (CP + BSC) arm. Two doses of 200 mL CP was transfused 24 hours apart in the intervention arm.Main Outcome MeasureComposite of progression to severe disease (PaO2/FiO2< 100) or all-cause mortality at 28 days post-enrolment.ResultsBetween 22nd April to 14th July 2020, 464 participants were enrolled; 235 and 229 in intervention and control arm, respec...
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the current global public health threat with no specific, effec... more Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the current global public health threat with no specific, effective, and approved treatment available till date. The outbreak of COVID-19 has led the world into an unimagined and uncertain situation by disrupting the economies, claiming human lives, and leaving many into secondary mental health problems. As per the latest WHO report, approximately 8.2 million people are infected, and nearly 0.44 million lives are lost to COVID. The infection has spread to over 200 countries and territories around the world. The world is in search of efficient diagnostics and therapeutics, including vaccines, biologics and drugs. With the rapid increase in rates of infection and time constraints, drug repurposing seems to be a potential and viable option to find the promising anti-COVID therapeutics. In the wake of a rapid increase in the number of clinical trials involving drugs for repurposing, we aim to provide information on the safety concerns related to the dru...
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is the most important pulse crop across the Himalayan regions, charact... more Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is the most important pulse crop across the Himalayan regions, characterized with extreme as well as nutritionally deficient habitats. Considering the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers, bio-inoculants should be encouraged as natural “nutrient” resource. Two indigenous bio-inoculants i.e. psychrotolerant diazotroph Pseudomonas palleroniana strain N26 and phosphate solubilizer Pseudomonas jesenii strain MP1 were evaluated for their plant growth promoting potential against chickpea in organic and conventionally managed soils under natural net house conditions. Furthermore, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real-time PCR (qPCR) techniques were used to analyse the microbial diversity and dynamics during the experiment. Comparative agronomical and biochemical crop parameters revealed that organic soils co-inoculated with bio-inoculants have 24.69%, 37.42%, 100.65%, 83.33%, 60.86% and 103.05% improvement in plant shoot length, root length, dry weight, fresh weight, chlorophyll content and nitrate reductase activity, respectively, over the control. Similarly, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of co-inoculated soils was at par with their respective controls. Moreover, qPCR and DGGE-based soil bacterial dynamics unveiled the persistence of both the strains until the end of crop maturity without affecting the native micro-flora. Conclusively, bio-inoculants alone were found sufficient to fulfil crop nutritional requirement. Moreover, their co-inoculation showed significant potential for chickpea growth and development under organically managed soils, and therefore, additional incentive in their bio-formulation will be a step forward towards zero budget mountain farming.
A new blood flow imaging (BFI) technique using digital holography with double illumination of the... more A new blood flow imaging (BFI) technique using digital holography with double illumination of the sample is proposed. We imaged the moving red blood cells (RBCs) using a two microscope objective lenses setup. The setup consists in a larger angle of separation (90 °) between the two illumination beams, allowing a wider angular rotation at good z resolution. Moreover, the setup geometry allows an easier displacement of the sample in all directions. Results show that this technique is able to perform phase‐shifting reconstruction for the two beams at the same time which is more suitable for the future implementation of live 3D holography. Experimental results are carried out for the verification of the effectiveness of the proposed technique on a zebrafish larvae sample.
In this article, we report the synthesis of iron-oxide nanorods on silicon (Si) substrates. The n... more In this article, we report the synthesis of iron-oxide nanorods on silicon (Si) substrates. The nanorods were formed by annealing an iron chloride solution on the surface of a Si at 950 °C in the presence of a reducing gas (H2) and a diluting gas (Ar). The surface morphologies of the nanorods were investigated by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and their compositions and structural characterization were investigated by elemental using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), respectively. The HRTEM study shows a crystalline formation of the nanorods. The electron diffraction pattern along the viewing (111) direction and the HRTEM result shows an interplanar distance equal to 2.17 Å, which is nearly equal to the standard value 2.3 Å of FeO. The as-fabricated nanorods can be used for many technological applications.
A new digital image encryption method based on fast compressed sensing approach using structurall... more A new digital image encryption method based on fast compressed sensing approach using structurally random matrices and Arnold transform is proposed. Considering the natural images to be compressed in any domain, the fast compressed sensing based approach saves computational time, increases the quality of the image and reduces the dimension of the digital image by choosing even 25 % of the measurements. First, dimension reduction is utilized to compress the digital image with scrambling effect. Second, Arnold transformation is used to give the reduced digital image into more complex form. Then, the complex image is again encrypted by double random phase encoding process embedded with a host image; two random keys with fractional Fourier transform are been used as a secret keys. At the receiver, the decryption process is recovered by using TwIST algorithm. Experimental results including peak-to-peak signal-to-noise ratio between the original and reconstructed image are shown to analyze the validity of this technique and demonstrated our proposed method to be secure, fast, complex and robust.
Abstract Recently, we proposed a model of securing a ptychography-based monochromatic image encry... more Abstract Recently, we proposed a model of securing a ptychography-based monochromatic image encryption system via the classical Photon-counting imaging (PCI) technique. In this study, we examine a single-channel multispectral sparse-based photon-counting ptychography imaging (SMPI)-based cryptosystem. A ptychography-based cryptosystem creates a complex object wave field, which can be reconstructed by a series of diffraction intensity patterns through an aperture movement. The PCI sensor records only a few complex Bayer patterned samples that have been utilized in the decryption process. Sparse sensing and nonlinear properties of the classical PCI system, together with the scanning probes, enlarge the key space, and such a combination therefore enhances the system’s security. We demonstrate that the sparse samples have adequate information for image decryption, as well as information authentication by means of optical correlation.
Optics and Photonics for Information Processing IX, 2015
A compressive sensing (CS) based ptychography combined with an optical image encryption is propos... more A compressive sensing (CS) based ptychography combined with an optical image encryption is proposed. The diffraction pattern is recorded through ptychography technique further compressed by non-uniform sampling via CS framework. The system requires much less encrypted data and provides high security. The diffraction pattern as well as the lesser measurements of the encrypted samples serves as a secret key which make the intruder attacks more difficult. Furthermore, CS shows that the linearly projected few random samples have adequate information for decryption with a dramatic volume reduction. Experimental results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of our proposed technique compared with the existing techniques. The retrieved images do not reveal any information with the original information. In addition, the proposed system can be robust even with partial encryption and under brute-force attacks.
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Papers by Nitin Rawat