Our world has been urbanising rapidly in recent decades (United Nations, 2018). It is predicted ... more Our world has been urbanising rapidly in recent decades (United Nations, 2018). It is predicted that by 2050, 66% of the world’s population will live in urban centres, an increase of 36% compared to the 1950s (United Nations, 2019a). Papua New Guinea has also experienced an increase in its urban population. Currently, Papua New Guinea’s urban population is increasing at the rate of 2.7% and it is predicted that by 2030, the rate will increase to more than 3.31%, a rate higher than the world average (United Nations, 2015a). The country’s increasing urban population has exerted enormous pressure on limited resources available in urban areas. This has resulted in the development of informal settlements and residents being involved in illegal activities to sustain themselves. The urban lifestyle in Papua New Guinea’s informal settlements is a blend of Papua New Guinea’s 800 different cultures with Western culture. This often leads to ethnic conflicts, gender-based violence, crime, and other illegal activities, which affects socio-economic growth and the country’s development. In response, Papua New Guinea developed the National Urbanisation Policy 2010–2030, in order to address these issues (Office of Urbanisation, 2010). However, even though the National Urbanisation Policy is in place, the issues continue to persist. Therefore, this research is a comparative analysis between Papua New Guinea’s National Urbanisation Policy and Rwanda’s Urbanisation Policy, and practices and possible lessons Papua New Guinea can draw from Rwanda to improve its urbanisation challenges. The study found that Rwanda has clear policy goals and specific policy pillars that guide the country towards achieving its aims and objectives. Moreover, Rwanda’s policies and practices highly utilize information communication technology, which improves coordination, communication, transparency, and implementation of its agendas. The policy is also inclusive, catering to women’s needs in all areas of the development process. Branding and development of secondary cities has also contributed to Rwanda’s economic development and urbanisation processes. Therefore, in conclusion, it is believed that if Papua New Guinea adopts some of Rwanda’s practices, thus improving inclusiveness, coordination, communication and related urbanisation practices, it can improve its urban centres and its citizens’ standard of living.
A considerable amount of literature has been published about election studies around the world. A... more A considerable amount of literature has been published about election studies around the world. An area that interests many scholars in those studies is the influence of voters’ social-economic status on the party of choice they voted for in elections (Coffe, Voweles & Curtin, 2014). Therefore, this research intends to identify if the social-economic status of voters influenced their voted choice of party in New Zealand’s 2017 election. It is significant to conduct this study because all political parties present themselves as universal with policies that are beneficial to all citizens (Afnoso, 2016). However, an increasing gap between the rich and the poor should question those policies. It should concern the government, the bureaucrats, and the public because it can affect the social, political, and economic participation of disadvantage groups (Szewczyk, 2015). And because inequality affects all spheres of life, it can influence voters’ party choices. The party choice is so signi...
According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory, food is considered a basic physiological need an... more According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory, food is considered a basic physiological need and higher-ordered needs can only be achieved if the basic needs are met. In the education context, for learners to concentrate on learning and for educational institutions to achieve high-quality learning, learners’ physiological needs i.e. food and water must be met before delivering teaching and learning activities. Therefore, different countries introduced ‘Food for Education’ in a form of ‘School Feeding Programme’ and ‘Food For schooling Programme’ to achieve quality education and to redistribute food to poor families. While both programmes might have advantages, this essay argues that a ‘School Feeding Programme’, that practises ‘Onsite Feeding’ can achieve Sustainable Development Goal 4, i.e. quality equitable life long learning for all learners. Conversely, a ‘Food for School Programme’ can increase enrolment of both boys and girls, however, it might fail to achieve quality learni...
Global warming is a serious problem which requires an urgent solution. In economics context, econ... more Global warming is a serious problem which requires an urgent solution. In economics context, economists believe that carbon pricing, specifically carbon tax and its mirror image, cap and trade, are the best options and they suggest all countries should use it to address global warming (Goulder & Schein, 2013). However, advantages and disadvantages of carbon pricing have often resulted in some countries accepting the idea and some rejecting it. Therefore, this literature explains how the carbon tax, and cap-and trade work; the probability of their success, specifically in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and how to attract countries that resist the idea of carbon pricing into implementing it. And finally, this article explains why a carbon offset scheme, under cap and trade, best fits developing countries and which Papua New Guinea can use to improve the lives of its citizens while, at the same time, reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Since the ‘Education for All Agenda’ was ratified at the Jomtien conference in 1990, the world ha... more Since the ‘Education for All Agenda’ was ratified at the Jomtien conference in 1990, the world has moved to implementing the agenda. Papua New Guinea believes that education is the solution to its social, economic, and political problems, and in taking ownership of and working towards implementing the programme. However, Papua New Guinea’s education system concentrates on improving girls’, education and special education. This has resulted in improved enrolment numbers and higher retention rates nationwide but has failed to deliver quality education to all students specifically marginalised children of both genders. This essay argues that delivering quality education to all children should be addressed through an intersectionality approach. Firstly, intersectionality is defined and the ways that intersecting factors cause marginalisation and discrimination within different groups around the world and in Papua New Guinea are described. Secondly, the essay discusses how Papua New Guin...
Abstract
Our world has been urbanising rapidly in recent decades (United Nations, 2018). It is p... more Abstract
Our world has been urbanising rapidly in recent decades (United Nations, 2018). It is predicted that by 2050, 66% of the world’s population will live in urban centres, an increase of 36% compared to the 1950s (United Nations, 2019a). Papua New Guinea has also experienced an increase in its urban population. Currently, Papua New Guinea’s urban population is increasing at the rate of 2.7% and it is predicted that by 2030, the rate will increase to more than 3.31%, a rate higher than the world average (United Nations, 2015a). The country’s increasing urban population has exerted enormous pressure on limited resources available in urban areas. This has resulted in the development of informal settlements and residents being involved in illegal activities to sustain themselves.
The urban lifestyle in Papua New Guinea’s informal settlements is a blend of Papua New Guinea’s 800 different cultures with Western culture. This often leads to ethnic conflicts, gender-based violence, crime, and other illegal activities, which affects socio-economic growth and the country’s development. In response, Papua New Guinea developed the National Urbanisation Policy 2010–2030, in order to address these issues (Office of Urbanisation, 2010). However, even though the National Urbanisation Policy is in place, the issues continue to persist. Therefore, this research is a comparative analysis between Papua New Guinea’s National Urbanisation Policy and Rwanda’s Urbanisation Policy, and practices and possible lessons Papua New Guinea can draw from Rwanda to improve its urbanisation challenges.
The study found that Rwanda has clear policy goals and specific policy pillars that guide the country towards achieving its aims and objectives. Moreover, Rwanda’s policies and practices highly utilize information communication technology, which improves coordination, communication, transparency, and implementation of its agendas. The policy is also inclusive, catering to women’s needs in all areas of the development process. Branding and development of secondary cities has also contributed to Rwanda’s economic development and urbanisation processes. Therefore, in conclusion, it is believed that if Papua New Guinea adopts some of Rwanda’s practices, thus improving inclusiveness, coordination, communication and related urbanisation practices, it can improve its urban centres and its citizens’ standard of living.
Our world has been urbanising rapidly in recent decades (United Nations, 2018). It is predicted ... more Our world has been urbanising rapidly in recent decades (United Nations, 2018). It is predicted that by 2050, 66% of the world’s population will live in urban centres, an increase of 36% compared to the 1950s (United Nations, 2019a). Papua New Guinea has also experienced an increase in its urban population. Currently, Papua New Guinea’s urban population is increasing at the rate of 2.7% and it is predicted that by 2030, the rate will increase to more than 3.31%, a rate higher than the world average (United Nations, 2015a). The country’s increasing urban population has exerted enormous pressure on limited resources available in urban areas. This has resulted in the development of informal settlements and residents being involved in illegal activities to sustain themselves. The urban lifestyle in Papua New Guinea’s informal settlements is a blend of Papua New Guinea’s 800 different cultures with Western culture. This often leads to ethnic conflicts, gender-based violence, crime, and other illegal activities, which affects socio-economic growth and the country’s development. In response, Papua New Guinea developed the National Urbanisation Policy 2010–2030, in order to address these issues (Office of Urbanisation, 2010). However, even though the National Urbanisation Policy is in place, the issues continue to persist. Therefore, this research is a comparative analysis between Papua New Guinea’s National Urbanisation Policy and Rwanda’s Urbanisation Policy, and practices and possible lessons Papua New Guinea can draw from Rwanda to improve its urbanisation challenges. The study found that Rwanda has clear policy goals and specific policy pillars that guide the country towards achieving its aims and objectives. Moreover, Rwanda’s policies and practices highly utilize information communication technology, which improves coordination, communication, transparency, and implementation of its agendas. The policy is also inclusive, catering to women’s needs in all areas of the development process. Branding and development of secondary cities has also contributed to Rwanda’s economic development and urbanisation processes. Therefore, in conclusion, it is believed that if Papua New Guinea adopts some of Rwanda’s practices, thus improving inclusiveness, coordination, communication and related urbanisation practices, it can improve its urban centres and its citizens’ standard of living.
A considerable amount of literature has been published about election studies around the world. A... more A considerable amount of literature has been published about election studies around the world. An area that interests many scholars in those studies is the influence of voters’ social-economic status on the party of choice they voted for in elections (Coffe, Voweles & Curtin, 2014). Therefore, this research intends to identify if the social-economic status of voters influenced their voted choice of party in New Zealand’s 2017 election. It is significant to conduct this study because all political parties present themselves as universal with policies that are beneficial to all citizens (Afnoso, 2016). However, an increasing gap between the rich and the poor should question those policies. It should concern the government, the bureaucrats, and the public because it can affect the social, political, and economic participation of disadvantage groups (Szewczyk, 2015). And because inequality affects all spheres of life, it can influence voters’ party choices. The party choice is so signi...
According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory, food is considered a basic physiological need an... more According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory, food is considered a basic physiological need and higher-ordered needs can only be achieved if the basic needs are met. In the education context, for learners to concentrate on learning and for educational institutions to achieve high-quality learning, learners’ physiological needs i.e. food and water must be met before delivering teaching and learning activities. Therefore, different countries introduced ‘Food for Education’ in a form of ‘School Feeding Programme’ and ‘Food For schooling Programme’ to achieve quality education and to redistribute food to poor families. While both programmes might have advantages, this essay argues that a ‘School Feeding Programme’, that practises ‘Onsite Feeding’ can achieve Sustainable Development Goal 4, i.e. quality equitable life long learning for all learners. Conversely, a ‘Food for School Programme’ can increase enrolment of both boys and girls, however, it might fail to achieve quality learni...
Global warming is a serious problem which requires an urgent solution. In economics context, econ... more Global warming is a serious problem which requires an urgent solution. In economics context, economists believe that carbon pricing, specifically carbon tax and its mirror image, cap and trade, are the best options and they suggest all countries should use it to address global warming (Goulder & Schein, 2013). However, advantages and disadvantages of carbon pricing have often resulted in some countries accepting the idea and some rejecting it. Therefore, this literature explains how the carbon tax, and cap-and trade work; the probability of their success, specifically in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and how to attract countries that resist the idea of carbon pricing into implementing it. And finally, this article explains why a carbon offset scheme, under cap and trade, best fits developing countries and which Papua New Guinea can use to improve the lives of its citizens while, at the same time, reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Since the ‘Education for All Agenda’ was ratified at the Jomtien conference in 1990, the world ha... more Since the ‘Education for All Agenda’ was ratified at the Jomtien conference in 1990, the world has moved to implementing the agenda. Papua New Guinea believes that education is the solution to its social, economic, and political problems, and in taking ownership of and working towards implementing the programme. However, Papua New Guinea’s education system concentrates on improving girls’, education and special education. This has resulted in improved enrolment numbers and higher retention rates nationwide but has failed to deliver quality education to all students specifically marginalised children of both genders. This essay argues that delivering quality education to all children should be addressed through an intersectionality approach. Firstly, intersectionality is defined and the ways that intersecting factors cause marginalisation and discrimination within different groups around the world and in Papua New Guinea are described. Secondly, the essay discusses how Papua New Guin...
Abstract
Our world has been urbanising rapidly in recent decades (United Nations, 2018). It is p... more Abstract
Our world has been urbanising rapidly in recent decades (United Nations, 2018). It is predicted that by 2050, 66% of the world’s population will live in urban centres, an increase of 36% compared to the 1950s (United Nations, 2019a). Papua New Guinea has also experienced an increase in its urban population. Currently, Papua New Guinea’s urban population is increasing at the rate of 2.7% and it is predicted that by 2030, the rate will increase to more than 3.31%, a rate higher than the world average (United Nations, 2015a). The country’s increasing urban population has exerted enormous pressure on limited resources available in urban areas. This has resulted in the development of informal settlements and residents being involved in illegal activities to sustain themselves.
The urban lifestyle in Papua New Guinea’s informal settlements is a blend of Papua New Guinea’s 800 different cultures with Western culture. This often leads to ethnic conflicts, gender-based violence, crime, and other illegal activities, which affects socio-economic growth and the country’s development. In response, Papua New Guinea developed the National Urbanisation Policy 2010–2030, in order to address these issues (Office of Urbanisation, 2010). However, even though the National Urbanisation Policy is in place, the issues continue to persist. Therefore, this research is a comparative analysis between Papua New Guinea’s National Urbanisation Policy and Rwanda’s Urbanisation Policy, and practices and possible lessons Papua New Guinea can draw from Rwanda to improve its urbanisation challenges.
The study found that Rwanda has clear policy goals and specific policy pillars that guide the country towards achieving its aims and objectives. Moreover, Rwanda’s policies and practices highly utilize information communication technology, which improves coordination, communication, transparency, and implementation of its agendas. The policy is also inclusive, catering to women’s needs in all areas of the development process. Branding and development of secondary cities has also contributed to Rwanda’s economic development and urbanisation processes. Therefore, in conclusion, it is believed that if Papua New Guinea adopts some of Rwanda’s practices, thus improving inclusiveness, coordination, communication and related urbanisation practices, it can improve its urban centres and its citizens’ standard of living.
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Papers by Norris Wangina
The urban lifestyle in Papua New Guinea’s informal settlements is a blend of Papua New Guinea’s 800 different cultures with Western culture. This often leads to ethnic conflicts, gender-based violence, crime, and other illegal activities, which affects socio-economic growth and the country’s development. In response, Papua New Guinea developed the National Urbanisation Policy 2010–2030, in order to address these issues (Office of Urbanisation, 2010). However, even though the National Urbanisation Policy is in place, the issues continue to persist. Therefore, this research is a comparative analysis between Papua New Guinea’s National Urbanisation Policy and Rwanda’s Urbanisation Policy, and practices and possible lessons Papua New Guinea can draw from Rwanda to improve its urbanisation challenges.
The study found that Rwanda has clear policy goals and specific policy pillars that guide the country towards achieving its aims and objectives. Moreover, Rwanda’s policies and practices highly utilize information communication technology, which improves coordination, communication, transparency, and implementation of its agendas. The policy is also inclusive, catering to women’s needs in all areas of the development process. Branding and development of secondary cities has also contributed to Rwanda’s economic development and urbanisation processes. Therefore, in conclusion, it is believed that if Papua New Guinea adopts some of Rwanda’s practices, thus improving inclusiveness, coordination, communication and related urbanisation practices, it can improve its urban centres and its citizens’ standard of living.
Drafts by Norris Wangina
Our world has been urbanising rapidly in recent decades (United Nations, 2018). It is predicted that by 2050, 66% of the world’s population will live in urban centres, an increase of 36% compared to the 1950s (United Nations, 2019a). Papua New Guinea has also experienced an increase in its urban population. Currently, Papua New Guinea’s urban population is increasing at the rate of 2.7% and it is predicted that by 2030, the rate will increase to more than 3.31%, a rate higher than the world average (United Nations, 2015a). The country’s increasing urban population has exerted enormous pressure on limited resources available in urban areas. This has resulted in the development of informal settlements and residents being involved in illegal activities to sustain themselves.
The urban lifestyle in Papua New Guinea’s informal settlements is a blend of Papua New Guinea’s 800 different cultures with Western culture. This often leads to ethnic conflicts, gender-based violence, crime, and other illegal activities, which affects socio-economic growth and the country’s development. In response, Papua New Guinea developed the National Urbanisation Policy 2010–2030, in order to address these issues (Office of Urbanisation, 2010). However, even though the National Urbanisation Policy is in place, the issues continue to persist. Therefore, this research is a comparative analysis between Papua New Guinea’s National Urbanisation Policy and Rwanda’s Urbanisation Policy, and practices and possible lessons Papua New Guinea can draw from Rwanda to improve its urbanisation challenges.
The study found that Rwanda has clear policy goals and specific policy pillars that guide the country towards achieving its aims and objectives. Moreover, Rwanda’s policies and practices highly utilize information communication technology, which improves coordination, communication, transparency, and implementation of its agendas. The policy is also inclusive, catering to women’s needs in all areas of the development process. Branding and development of secondary cities has also contributed to Rwanda’s economic development and urbanisation processes. Therefore, in conclusion, it is believed that if Papua New Guinea adopts some of Rwanda’s practices, thus improving inclusiveness, coordination, communication and related urbanisation practices, it can improve its urban centres and its citizens’ standard of living.
The urban lifestyle in Papua New Guinea’s informal settlements is a blend of Papua New Guinea’s 800 different cultures with Western culture. This often leads to ethnic conflicts, gender-based violence, crime, and other illegal activities, which affects socio-economic growth and the country’s development. In response, Papua New Guinea developed the National Urbanisation Policy 2010–2030, in order to address these issues (Office of Urbanisation, 2010). However, even though the National Urbanisation Policy is in place, the issues continue to persist. Therefore, this research is a comparative analysis between Papua New Guinea’s National Urbanisation Policy and Rwanda’s Urbanisation Policy, and practices and possible lessons Papua New Guinea can draw from Rwanda to improve its urbanisation challenges.
The study found that Rwanda has clear policy goals and specific policy pillars that guide the country towards achieving its aims and objectives. Moreover, Rwanda’s policies and practices highly utilize information communication technology, which improves coordination, communication, transparency, and implementation of its agendas. The policy is also inclusive, catering to women’s needs in all areas of the development process. Branding and development of secondary cities has also contributed to Rwanda’s economic development and urbanisation processes. Therefore, in conclusion, it is believed that if Papua New Guinea adopts some of Rwanda’s practices, thus improving inclusiveness, coordination, communication and related urbanisation practices, it can improve its urban centres and its citizens’ standard of living.
Our world has been urbanising rapidly in recent decades (United Nations, 2018). It is predicted that by 2050, 66% of the world’s population will live in urban centres, an increase of 36% compared to the 1950s (United Nations, 2019a). Papua New Guinea has also experienced an increase in its urban population. Currently, Papua New Guinea’s urban population is increasing at the rate of 2.7% and it is predicted that by 2030, the rate will increase to more than 3.31%, a rate higher than the world average (United Nations, 2015a). The country’s increasing urban population has exerted enormous pressure on limited resources available in urban areas. This has resulted in the development of informal settlements and residents being involved in illegal activities to sustain themselves.
The urban lifestyle in Papua New Guinea’s informal settlements is a blend of Papua New Guinea’s 800 different cultures with Western culture. This often leads to ethnic conflicts, gender-based violence, crime, and other illegal activities, which affects socio-economic growth and the country’s development. In response, Papua New Guinea developed the National Urbanisation Policy 2010–2030, in order to address these issues (Office of Urbanisation, 2010). However, even though the National Urbanisation Policy is in place, the issues continue to persist. Therefore, this research is a comparative analysis between Papua New Guinea’s National Urbanisation Policy and Rwanda’s Urbanisation Policy, and practices and possible lessons Papua New Guinea can draw from Rwanda to improve its urbanisation challenges.
The study found that Rwanda has clear policy goals and specific policy pillars that guide the country towards achieving its aims and objectives. Moreover, Rwanda’s policies and practices highly utilize information communication technology, which improves coordination, communication, transparency, and implementation of its agendas. The policy is also inclusive, catering to women’s needs in all areas of the development process. Branding and development of secondary cities has also contributed to Rwanda’s economic development and urbanisation processes. Therefore, in conclusion, it is believed that if Papua New Guinea adopts some of Rwanda’s practices, thus improving inclusiveness, coordination, communication and related urbanisation practices, it can improve its urban centres and its citizens’ standard of living.