Metadata for cleaning and diet. The table shows detailed metadata for cleaning and diet. The data... more Metadata for cleaning and diet. The table shows detailed metadata for cleaning and diet. The data are self-reported. (DOC 619 kb)
Out-of-bag evaluation of OTU importance by Random Forest for (A) mothers and (B) 2-year children.... more Out-of-bag evaluation of OTU importance by Random Forest for (A) mothers and (B) 2-year children. The models were based leave sizes of 10 for ensembles of 100 trees. The leave size was determined by the criterion of minimum mean squared error. (DOC 51 kb)
Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening, Nov 6, 2008
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been under-diagnosed and the patients are common... more Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been under-diagnosed and the patients are commonly misdiagnosed as having asthma. Due to the lack of recent data on Norwegian COPD diagnoses, we wished to assess the development of diagnosing and treating COPD and asthma in Norway. We identified patients with an ICPC-diagnosis of COPD and/or asthma at eight primary health care centres in Norway, 1995 - 2004. Data on prescription of medical drugs, spirometry testing, visits to casualty/outpatient clinics, and hospitalization were retrieved from electronic sources. The diagnosis COPD was used increasingly over the study period, while the the use of the asthma diagnosis declined in the oldest age-groups. The proportion of COPD patients tested with spirometry increased from 24 % (68/288) in 1995 - 96, to 41 % in 2003 - 04. 16 % of COPD patients were in contact with out-of-hours services, 19 % had an outpatient consultation, and 24 % were hospitalized the same calendar year as the diagnosi...
Background: A maternal line of inheritance regarding eczema has been described in several studies... more Background: A maternal line of inheritance regarding eczema has been described in several studies, whereas others find associations to both a maternal as well as a paternal line of inheritance. When studying family history of eczema symptoms, cohort studies including siblings are rare. Time point for assessing family eczema-history could be of importance when studying the associations between family eczema-history and children with eczema, as parents with unaffected children may not recall mild symptoms in other siblings or their own disease history. We therefore aimed to study the associations between reported eczema in mother, father and siblings and reported eczema in index child where information on family history was collected at two different ages of index child. Methods: Parents/children participating in The Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim (PACT) study were given questionnaires on reported eczema symptoms in mother, father and siblings at 6 weeks and 1 year....
Research article The impact of a minimal smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women and th... more Research article The impact of a minimal smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women and their partners on perinatal smoking behaviour in primary health care: A real-life controlled study
Results. The study shows a notable increase in the number of patients diagnosed with COPD. The pr... more Results. The study shows a notable increase in the number of patients diagnosed with COPD. The proportion of COPD patients who had been tested with spirometry increased from 24 % (68/288) in 1995–96, to 41 % in 2003–04. 16 % of COPD patients were in contact with out-of-hours services, 19 % had an outpatient consultation, and 24 % were hospitalised the same calendar year as they had received the diagnosis in general practice. Corresponding numbers for asthma patients were substantially lower.
We present a novel liquid array diagnostics (LAD) method, which enables rapid and inexpensive det... more We present a novel liquid array diagnostics (LAD) method, which enables rapid and inexpensive detection of microbial markers in a single-tube multiplex reaction. We evaluated LAD both on pure cultures, and on infant gut microbiota for a 15-plex reaction. LAD showed more than 80% accuracy of classification and a detection limit lower than 2% of the Illumina reads per sample. The results on the clinical dataset showed that there was a rapid decrease of staphylococci from 10-day- to 4-month-old children, a peak of bifidobacteria at 4 months, and a peak of Bacteroides in 2-year-old children, which is in accordance with findings described in the literature. Being able to detect up to 50 biomarkers, LAD is a suitable method for assays where high throughput is essential.
Spore forming bacteria comprise a large part of the human gut microbiota. However, study of the e... more Spore forming bacteria comprise a large part of the human gut microbiota. However, study of the endospores in gut microbiota is limited due to difficulties of culturing and numerous unknown germination factors. In this study we propose a new method for culture-independent characterization of endospores in stool samples. We have enriched DNA of spore-forming bacterial species from stool samples of 40 mother-child pairs from a previously described mother-child cohort. The samples were exposed to a two-step purification process comprising ethanol and ethidium monoazide (EMA) treatment to first kill vegetative cells and to subsequently eliminate their DNA from the samples. The composition of the ethanol-EMA resistant DNA was characterized by 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the Clostridia class (OTU1: Romboutsia, OTU5: Peptostreptococcaceae and OTU14: Clostridium senso stricto) and one belonging to the Bacillus class (OTU20: Turicibacter) ...
The maternal microbiota plays an important role in infant gut colonization. In this work we have ... more The maternal microbiota plays an important role in infant gut colonization. In this work we have investigated which bacterial species are shared across the breast milk, vaginal and stool microbiotas of 109 women shortly before and after giving birth using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and a novel reduced metagenomic sequencing (RMS) approach in a subgroup of 16 women. All the species predicted by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing were also detected by RMS analysis and there was good correspondence between their relative abundances estimated by both approaches. Both approaches also demonstrate a low level of maternal microbiota sharing across the population and RMS analysis identified only two species common to most women and in all sample types ( and ). Breast milk was the only sample type that had significantly higher intra- than inter- individual similarity towards both vaginal and stool samples. We also searched our RMS dataset against an in silico generated reference database derived from...
Breastfeeding is one of the major factors affecting the early development of the infant gut micro... more Breastfeeding is one of the major factors affecting the early development of the infant gut microbiota, and weaning is associated with a shift in the gut microbiota toward a more adult composition. Through breastfeeding, infants receive bioactive components that shape their microbiota while also being exposed to the breast milk and breast surface microbial communities. Recent studies have suggested the possibility of an entero-mammary route of microbial transfer, opening the possibility of infant gut microbiota modulation through maternal probiotic supplementation. In this study, we have analyzed breast milk samples collected at 10 d and 3 mo postpartum from women participating in the Probiotics in the Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim placebo controlled trial. Women who were randomized to the probiotic arm of the Probiotics in the Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim trial received a fermented milk supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobaci...
Vaginal microbiota is an important early source of bacterial colonization for newborns. However, ... more Vaginal microbiota is an important early source of bacterial colonization for newborns. However, only a few small studies have investigated the composition of vaginal microbiota during labor. In this work, we analyzed vaginal swabs collected at 36 weeks gestation and at the onset of labor from 256 women participating in a randomized placebo-controlled study of probiotic supplementation for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in offspring. Although individuals' vaginal microbiota was stable over time, several bacterial families, which are characteristic of mixed community state type (CST) IV, were overrepresented in vaginal swabs sampled at labor. Alpha-diversity also tended to increase by between 36 weeks gestation and the onset of birth. In the majority of women, CST remained the same throughout the study. Among the women who switched their vaginal microbiota from one CST to another, approximately half shifted towards CST IV. Although CST IV is often associated with bacterial v...
Metadata for cleaning and diet. The table shows detailed metadata for cleaning and diet. The data... more Metadata for cleaning and diet. The table shows detailed metadata for cleaning and diet. The data are self-reported. (DOC 619 kb)
Out-of-bag evaluation of OTU importance by Random Forest for (A) mothers and (B) 2-year children.... more Out-of-bag evaluation of OTU importance by Random Forest for (A) mothers and (B) 2-year children. The models were based leave sizes of 10 for ensembles of 100 trees. The leave size was determined by the criterion of minimum mean squared error. (DOC 51 kb)
Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening, Nov 6, 2008
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been under-diagnosed and the patients are common... more Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been under-diagnosed and the patients are commonly misdiagnosed as having asthma. Due to the lack of recent data on Norwegian COPD diagnoses, we wished to assess the development of diagnosing and treating COPD and asthma in Norway. We identified patients with an ICPC-diagnosis of COPD and/or asthma at eight primary health care centres in Norway, 1995 - 2004. Data on prescription of medical drugs, spirometry testing, visits to casualty/outpatient clinics, and hospitalization were retrieved from electronic sources. The diagnosis COPD was used increasingly over the study period, while the the use of the asthma diagnosis declined in the oldest age-groups. The proportion of COPD patients tested with spirometry increased from 24 % (68/288) in 1995 - 96, to 41 % in 2003 - 04. 16 % of COPD patients were in contact with out-of-hours services, 19 % had an outpatient consultation, and 24 % were hospitalized the same calendar year as the diagnosi...
Background: A maternal line of inheritance regarding eczema has been described in several studies... more Background: A maternal line of inheritance regarding eczema has been described in several studies, whereas others find associations to both a maternal as well as a paternal line of inheritance. When studying family history of eczema symptoms, cohort studies including siblings are rare. Time point for assessing family eczema-history could be of importance when studying the associations between family eczema-history and children with eczema, as parents with unaffected children may not recall mild symptoms in other siblings or their own disease history. We therefore aimed to study the associations between reported eczema in mother, father and siblings and reported eczema in index child where information on family history was collected at two different ages of index child. Methods: Parents/children participating in The Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim (PACT) study were given questionnaires on reported eczema symptoms in mother, father and siblings at 6 weeks and 1 year....
Research article The impact of a minimal smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women and th... more Research article The impact of a minimal smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women and their partners on perinatal smoking behaviour in primary health care: A real-life controlled study
Results. The study shows a notable increase in the number of patients diagnosed with COPD. The pr... more Results. The study shows a notable increase in the number of patients diagnosed with COPD. The proportion of COPD patients who had been tested with spirometry increased from 24 % (68/288) in 1995–96, to 41 % in 2003–04. 16 % of COPD patients were in contact with out-of-hours services, 19 % had an outpatient consultation, and 24 % were hospitalised the same calendar year as they had received the diagnosis in general practice. Corresponding numbers for asthma patients were substantially lower.
We present a novel liquid array diagnostics (LAD) method, which enables rapid and inexpensive det... more We present a novel liquid array diagnostics (LAD) method, which enables rapid and inexpensive detection of microbial markers in a single-tube multiplex reaction. We evaluated LAD both on pure cultures, and on infant gut microbiota for a 15-plex reaction. LAD showed more than 80% accuracy of classification and a detection limit lower than 2% of the Illumina reads per sample. The results on the clinical dataset showed that there was a rapid decrease of staphylococci from 10-day- to 4-month-old children, a peak of bifidobacteria at 4 months, and a peak of Bacteroides in 2-year-old children, which is in accordance with findings described in the literature. Being able to detect up to 50 biomarkers, LAD is a suitable method for assays where high throughput is essential.
Spore forming bacteria comprise a large part of the human gut microbiota. However, study of the e... more Spore forming bacteria comprise a large part of the human gut microbiota. However, study of the endospores in gut microbiota is limited due to difficulties of culturing and numerous unknown germination factors. In this study we propose a new method for culture-independent characterization of endospores in stool samples. We have enriched DNA of spore-forming bacterial species from stool samples of 40 mother-child pairs from a previously described mother-child cohort. The samples were exposed to a two-step purification process comprising ethanol and ethidium monoazide (EMA) treatment to first kill vegetative cells and to subsequently eliminate their DNA from the samples. The composition of the ethanol-EMA resistant DNA was characterized by 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the Clostridia class (OTU1: Romboutsia, OTU5: Peptostreptococcaceae and OTU14: Clostridium senso stricto) and one belonging to the Bacillus class (OTU20: Turicibacter) ...
The maternal microbiota plays an important role in infant gut colonization. In this work we have ... more The maternal microbiota plays an important role in infant gut colonization. In this work we have investigated which bacterial species are shared across the breast milk, vaginal and stool microbiotas of 109 women shortly before and after giving birth using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and a novel reduced metagenomic sequencing (RMS) approach in a subgroup of 16 women. All the species predicted by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing were also detected by RMS analysis and there was good correspondence between their relative abundances estimated by both approaches. Both approaches also demonstrate a low level of maternal microbiota sharing across the population and RMS analysis identified only two species common to most women and in all sample types ( and ). Breast milk was the only sample type that had significantly higher intra- than inter- individual similarity towards both vaginal and stool samples. We also searched our RMS dataset against an in silico generated reference database derived from...
Breastfeeding is one of the major factors affecting the early development of the infant gut micro... more Breastfeeding is one of the major factors affecting the early development of the infant gut microbiota, and weaning is associated with a shift in the gut microbiota toward a more adult composition. Through breastfeeding, infants receive bioactive components that shape their microbiota while also being exposed to the breast milk and breast surface microbial communities. Recent studies have suggested the possibility of an entero-mammary route of microbial transfer, opening the possibility of infant gut microbiota modulation through maternal probiotic supplementation. In this study, we have analyzed breast milk samples collected at 10 d and 3 mo postpartum from women participating in the Probiotics in the Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim placebo controlled trial. Women who were randomized to the probiotic arm of the Probiotics in the Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim trial received a fermented milk supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobaci...
Vaginal microbiota is an important early source of bacterial colonization for newborns. However, ... more Vaginal microbiota is an important early source of bacterial colonization for newborns. However, only a few small studies have investigated the composition of vaginal microbiota during labor. In this work, we analyzed vaginal swabs collected at 36 weeks gestation and at the onset of labor from 256 women participating in a randomized placebo-controlled study of probiotic supplementation for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in offspring. Although individuals' vaginal microbiota was stable over time, several bacterial families, which are characteristic of mixed community state type (CST) IV, were overrepresented in vaginal swabs sampled at labor. Alpha-diversity also tended to increase by between 36 weeks gestation and the onset of birth. In the majority of women, CST remained the same throughout the study. Among the women who switched their vaginal microbiota from one CST to another, approximately half shifted towards CST IV. Although CST IV is often associated with bacterial v...
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