Females of many Drosophila species will usually not remate for some time after an insemination. I... more Females of many Drosophila species will usually not remate for some time after an insemination. In D. pseudoobscura and D. obscura unreceptivity may continue for several days (Dobzhansky and Pavlovsky, 1967; Maynard Smith, 1956). Highly variable unreceptive periods have been reported for D. melanogaster, but experimental procedures have also varied widely (Merrell, 1949; Manning, 1962; Lefevre and Jonsson, 1962; Faugeres et al., 1971). Knowledge of the length of the unreceptive period and of factors affecting it is essential in studies of sexual isolation, sexual selection, and sexual behavior. The varied and to some extent conflicting reports, coupled with observations made during an experimental study of selection for increased sexual isolation between two lines of D. melanogaster, prompted us to conduct an experiment designed to estimate the unreceptive period under some conditions frequently encountered in laboratory experiments.
As a part of the Multinational Andean Genetic and Health Program, the Bolivian Health Survey soug... more As a part of the Multinational Andean Genetic and Health Program, the Bolivian Health Survey sought to compare the anatomic, physiologic and biochemical characteristics of Aymara of the Bolivian altiplano (3700-4000 m) to those of Aymara of the Chilean altiplano (4000-4500 m). Presented here are the anthropometric age changes and differences that accompany sex, ethnicity and permanence of residence. Our objective is to assess what physical growth differences, if any, obtain among populations residing in high regions. In height, weight and chest morphology, the two high altitude populations were more similar to each other than either was to a lowland control from the Chilean coast. The high altitude samples tended to exceed coastal controls in some of the chest measurements in spite of a generally smaller body size. This provides support for the idea that hypoxia may induce growth of anatomic features associated with oxygen transport. The two high altitude groups differed in some soft tissue measurements, and this difference was greatest among adults of the samples. These anthropometric differences probably reflect socioeconomic variation among populations at high altitude. Regional differences in environmental factors on the altiplano could influence the outcome of comparisons made between altitudes, and may account for a lack of consistent results among previous studies of the effects of hypoxia on human development. The effect of hypoxic environment on human growth has been studied in high altitude (over 3000 m) populations in South America (Hurtado, 1932; Frisancho and Baker, 1970; Mueller et al. 1978a), Ethiopia (Clegg et al. 1972) and the Himalayan region (Pawson, 1976; Malik and Singh, 1978). A basic requirement of such studies has been to identify a control population at low altitude of similar ancestry, environmental circumxThis work was supported by grants HL 15614, GM 19513 and CA 19311 from the National Institutes of Health. 2University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 20186, Houston, Texas 77025. 3University of San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia. 4Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Biologia Celular y Genetica, Casilla 6556, Santiago 7, Chile. 5University of Texas Health Science Center, Center for Demographic and Population Genetics, P.O. Box 20334, Houston, Texas 77025. Human Biology, September 1980, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 529-546. ® Wayne State University Press, 1980 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.128 on Wed, 07 Sep 2016 04:24:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 530 W. H. Mueller et al stances (excepting hypoxia) and historical antecedents. Also the effects of altitude on measurements of interest must be judged statistically against an appropriate error variance, usually taken to be the within-altitude variation. The latter has not really been evaluated in previous growthhypoxia studies by comparisons of populations residing at the same altitude. This would provide baseline information on biologic variation within altitude and help us evaluate the biologic significance of changes in physical growth between altitudes. Data on high altitude populations would be particularly important, because if hypoxia has an effect on human development, patterns of growth of high altitude populations should be similar. Frisancho et al. (1970) investigated this problem in Peruvian Quechua boys. Nunoa boys from the south (4000 m) were taller and had greater cortical bone areas (second metacarpal) than Vicos boys from central Peru (3000 m). Frisancho et al. (1970) interpret these differences as indicating better diet and living conditions in Nunoa. However, they point out the Nunoa data were collected eight years after the Vicos materials. Thus, whether the observed changes are due to regional differences or to secular changes in the environment over this time period is unclear. During the course of a multidisciplinary study of the health of the Aymara of northern Chile and western Bolivia, data were collected at various sites on both the Bolivian and Chilean altiplano region (3700-4500 m). It is the purpose of this paper to compare the physical growth of Bolivian and Chilean Aymara populations at high altitude to assess what differences, if any, obtain among populations residing in high regions. Materials and Methods The investigation described here is part of a larger study, the Multinational Andean Genetic and Health Program, initiated in Chile in 1973 (Schull and Rothhammer, 1977). Broadly stated, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of environmental differences, particularly oxygen tension, on pulmonary function, cardio-pulmonary relationships and degenerative cardiac disease in the Aymara; and to assess the genetic contribution to their anatomic, biochemical and physiologic responses. It became apparent in the implementation of these objectives that the Chilean altiplano was somewhat different from much of that in Bolivia and Peru. It…
The gene for autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has been mapped to an 850... more The gene for autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has been mapped to an 850-kb interval on 5q11.2-q13.3, between the centromeric D5S823 and telomeric D5S557 markers. We report a new complex marker, Ag1-CA, that lies in this interval, whose primers produce one, two, or rarely three amplification-fragment-length variants (AFLVs) per allele. Class I chromosomes are those which amplify a single AFLV allele, and class II chromosomes are those which amplify an allele with two or three AFLVs. Ag1-CA shows highly significant allelic association with type I SMA in both the French Canadian (Hôpital Sainte-Justine [HSJ]) and American (Ohio State University [OSU]) populations (P < .0001). Significant association between the Ag1-CA genotype and disease severity was also observed. Type I patients were predominantly homozygous for class I chromosomes (P = .0003 OSU; P = .0012 HSJ), whereas the majority of type II patients were heterozygous for class I and II chromosomes (P = .0014 OSU; P = .001 HSJ). There was no significant difference in Ag1-CA genotype frequencies between type III patients (P = .5 OSU; P = .25 HSJ) and the paired normal chromosomes from both carrier parents. Our results indicate that Ag1-CA is the most closely linked marker to SMA and defines the critical candidate-gene region. Finally, we have proposed a model that should be taken into consideration when screening candidate SMA genes.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, Mar 1, 2008
There is continuing interest in the longer term effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (... more There is continuing interest in the longer term effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the risk of cardiopulmonary events. We assessed this using updated administrative data from an open retrospective cohort of HIV-infected persons receiving care from the US Veterans Affairs (VA). Information on 41,213 HIV-infected patients receiving VA care between January 1993 and December 2003 was included. Patients were followed for an average of 4 years or 168,213 person-years of follow-up. The death rate fell from 20.9 deaths per 100 patient-years of observation in 1995 to 5.2 deaths per 100 patient-years in 2003. In patient-level analysis, adjusted hazard ratios for death dropped precipitously for all races to a low of 0.18 (95% confidence interval: 0.15 to 0.23) at 72 months of exposure to HAART. Hazards for serious cardiovascular events remained near 1.0 for exposure to HAART, and hazards for serious cardiovascular events, stroke, or death were only slightly higher than for death alone. No selection effects or secular trends were found. The benefits of HAART continued to increase in the 8 years after introduction and with 6 years of individual use. The risk of serious cardiovascular events should be factored into individual patient management but does not pose an important public health risk.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Dec 1, 2005
... Responding to cases of tick-borne Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), the Ohio Department of... more ... Responding to cases of tick-borne Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), the Ohio Department of Health (ODH) Vector-Borne Disease Unit (VBDU) initiated a tick testing program in 1964. ... Before 2004, ODH-VBDU did not screen A. americanum for rickettsiae. ...
Females of many Drosophila species will usually not remate for some time after an insemination. I... more Females of many Drosophila species will usually not remate for some time after an insemination. In D. pseudoobscura and D. obscura unreceptivity may continue for several days (Dobzhansky and Pavlovsky, 1967; Maynard Smith, 1956). Highly variable unreceptive periods have been reported for D. melanogaster, but experimental procedures have also varied widely (Merrell, 1949; Manning, 1962; Lefevre and Jonsson, 1962; Faugeres et al., 1971). Knowledge of the length of the unreceptive period and of factors affecting it is essential in studies of sexual isolation, sexual selection, and sexual behavior. The varied and to some extent conflicting reports, coupled with observations made during an experimental study of selection for increased sexual isolation between two lines of D. melanogaster, prompted us to conduct an experiment designed to estimate the unreceptive period under some conditions frequently encountered in laboratory experiments.
As a part of the Multinational Andean Genetic and Health Program, the Bolivian Health Survey soug... more As a part of the Multinational Andean Genetic and Health Program, the Bolivian Health Survey sought to compare the anatomic, physiologic and biochemical characteristics of Aymara of the Bolivian altiplano (3700-4000 m) to those of Aymara of the Chilean altiplano (4000-4500 m). Presented here are the anthropometric age changes and differences that accompany sex, ethnicity and permanence of residence. Our objective is to assess what physical growth differences, if any, obtain among populations residing in high regions. In height, weight and chest morphology, the two high altitude populations were more similar to each other than either was to a lowland control from the Chilean coast. The high altitude samples tended to exceed coastal controls in some of the chest measurements in spite of a generally smaller body size. This provides support for the idea that hypoxia may induce growth of anatomic features associated with oxygen transport. The two high altitude groups differed in some soft tissue measurements, and this difference was greatest among adults of the samples. These anthropometric differences probably reflect socioeconomic variation among populations at high altitude. Regional differences in environmental factors on the altiplano could influence the outcome of comparisons made between altitudes, and may account for a lack of consistent results among previous studies of the effects of hypoxia on human development. The effect of hypoxic environment on human growth has been studied in high altitude (over 3000 m) populations in South America (Hurtado, 1932; Frisancho and Baker, 1970; Mueller et al. 1978a), Ethiopia (Clegg et al. 1972) and the Himalayan region (Pawson, 1976; Malik and Singh, 1978). A basic requirement of such studies has been to identify a control population at low altitude of similar ancestry, environmental circumxThis work was supported by grants HL 15614, GM 19513 and CA 19311 from the National Institutes of Health. 2University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 20186, Houston, Texas 77025. 3University of San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia. 4Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Biologia Celular y Genetica, Casilla 6556, Santiago 7, Chile. 5University of Texas Health Science Center, Center for Demographic and Population Genetics, P.O. Box 20334, Houston, Texas 77025. Human Biology, September 1980, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 529-546. ® Wayne State University Press, 1980 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.128 on Wed, 07 Sep 2016 04:24:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 530 W. H. Mueller et al stances (excepting hypoxia) and historical antecedents. Also the effects of altitude on measurements of interest must be judged statistically against an appropriate error variance, usually taken to be the within-altitude variation. The latter has not really been evaluated in previous growthhypoxia studies by comparisons of populations residing at the same altitude. This would provide baseline information on biologic variation within altitude and help us evaluate the biologic significance of changes in physical growth between altitudes. Data on high altitude populations would be particularly important, because if hypoxia has an effect on human development, patterns of growth of high altitude populations should be similar. Frisancho et al. (1970) investigated this problem in Peruvian Quechua boys. Nunoa boys from the south (4000 m) were taller and had greater cortical bone areas (second metacarpal) than Vicos boys from central Peru (3000 m). Frisancho et al. (1970) interpret these differences as indicating better diet and living conditions in Nunoa. However, they point out the Nunoa data were collected eight years after the Vicos materials. Thus, whether the observed changes are due to regional differences or to secular changes in the environment over this time period is unclear. During the course of a multidisciplinary study of the health of the Aymara of northern Chile and western Bolivia, data were collected at various sites on both the Bolivian and Chilean altiplano region (3700-4500 m). It is the purpose of this paper to compare the physical growth of Bolivian and Chilean Aymara populations at high altitude to assess what differences, if any, obtain among populations residing in high regions. Materials and Methods The investigation described here is part of a larger study, the Multinational Andean Genetic and Health Program, initiated in Chile in 1973 (Schull and Rothhammer, 1977). Broadly stated, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of environmental differences, particularly oxygen tension, on pulmonary function, cardio-pulmonary relationships and degenerative cardiac disease in the Aymara; and to assess the genetic contribution to their anatomic, biochemical and physiologic responses. It became apparent in the implementation of these objectives that the Chilean altiplano was somewhat different from much of that in Bolivia and Peru. It…
The gene for autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has been mapped to an 850... more The gene for autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has been mapped to an 850-kb interval on 5q11.2-q13.3, between the centromeric D5S823 and telomeric D5S557 markers. We report a new complex marker, Ag1-CA, that lies in this interval, whose primers produce one, two, or rarely three amplification-fragment-length variants (AFLVs) per allele. Class I chromosomes are those which amplify a single AFLV allele, and class II chromosomes are those which amplify an allele with two or three AFLVs. Ag1-CA shows highly significant allelic association with type I SMA in both the French Canadian (Hôpital Sainte-Justine [HSJ]) and American (Ohio State University [OSU]) populations (P < .0001). Significant association between the Ag1-CA genotype and disease severity was also observed. Type I patients were predominantly homozygous for class I chromosomes (P = .0003 OSU; P = .0012 HSJ), whereas the majority of type II patients were heterozygous for class I and II chromosomes (P = .0014 OSU; P = .001 HSJ). There was no significant difference in Ag1-CA genotype frequencies between type III patients (P = .5 OSU; P = .25 HSJ) and the paired normal chromosomes from both carrier parents. Our results indicate that Ag1-CA is the most closely linked marker to SMA and defines the critical candidate-gene region. Finally, we have proposed a model that should be taken into consideration when screening candidate SMA genes.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, Mar 1, 2008
There is continuing interest in the longer term effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (... more There is continuing interest in the longer term effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the risk of cardiopulmonary events. We assessed this using updated administrative data from an open retrospective cohort of HIV-infected persons receiving care from the US Veterans Affairs (VA). Information on 41,213 HIV-infected patients receiving VA care between January 1993 and December 2003 was included. Patients were followed for an average of 4 years or 168,213 person-years of follow-up. The death rate fell from 20.9 deaths per 100 patient-years of observation in 1995 to 5.2 deaths per 100 patient-years in 2003. In patient-level analysis, adjusted hazard ratios for death dropped precipitously for all races to a low of 0.18 (95% confidence interval: 0.15 to 0.23) at 72 months of exposure to HAART. Hazards for serious cardiovascular events remained near 1.0 for exposure to HAART, and hazards for serious cardiovascular events, stroke, or death were only slightly higher than for death alone. No selection effects or secular trends were found. The benefits of HAART continued to increase in the 8 years after introduction and with 6 years of individual use. The risk of serious cardiovascular events should be factored into individual patient management but does not pose an important public health risk.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Dec 1, 2005
... Responding to cases of tick-borne Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), the Ohio Department of... more ... Responding to cases of tick-borne Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), the Ohio Department of Health (ODH) Vector-Borne Disease Unit (VBDU) initiated a tick testing program in 1964. ... Before 2004, ODH-VBDU did not screen A. americanum for rickettsiae. ...
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