Introduction: Design of a health/fitness facility is a crucial element in managing risks to its o... more Introduction: Design of a health/fitness facility is a crucial element in managing risks to its operators, users and others. Improper location of treadmills not compliant with industry recommendations can increase the risk of injuries, adverse events and subsequent legal liability for health/fitness facility operators. The aim of our study was to analyse the location (spacing and placement) of treadmills in health/fitness facilities in Australia. Methods: An on-site observational audit was conducted at regional and metropolitan health/fitness facilities (n = 11) in New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Queensland. The spacing surrounding the treadmills was measured in centimetres (cm). Placement was assessed by the objects within two metres behind the treadmills. Results: In all health/fitness facilities the distances surrounding the treadmills on the sides, and behind were less than the recommended minimum distances (0.5 - 1m on the sides, 2m behind) by the manufacturers. ...
The purpose of this article is to assess the independence of stipendiary magistrates in the North... more The purpose of this article is to assess the independence of stipendiary magistrates in the Northern Territory, an issue which was the subject of a recent decision of the High Court in North Australian Aboriginal Legal Aid Service v Bradley (2004). This case raises very important questions about the construction of the Commonwealth Constitution, the strength and ambit of constitutional
Introduction: Fitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity; how... more Introduction: Fitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity; however, it is important that these facilities have effective strategies to reduce the risk of injuries to their customers. The attitudes of fitness industry employees with respect to safety can influence the implementation of risk management practices that can then impact on the success of such strategies. The aim of this study was to identify views of nationwide fitness industry employees about safety hazards associated with equipment, training practices and the physical environments within fitness facilities. Methods: A 6-week nationwide online cross-sectional self-report survey consisting of 13 basic demographic questions and 10 questions relating to equipment, training practices and physical environment of fitness facilities, extracted from a 45 item questionnaire, answered on a 6-point Likert scale. Results: The majority of the 1178 respondents believed their premises were safe (94.9%...
In 2007-08, fitness facilities contributed $872.9 million to the Australian economy and provided ... more In 2007-08, fitness facilities contributed $872.9 million to the Australian economy and provided savings in direct health care costs estimated up to $107.9 million through their positive impact on physical inactivity and associated diseases. In 2011-12, more than 4.3 million Australians participated in sport and physical recreation at indoor sports or fitness facilities. However, research across Queensland and in Victoria showed low compliance with emergency plans and safety practices in fitness facilities. The aim of this study was to analyse emergency plans and procedures in fitness facilities in Australia. A nationwide online risk management survey of fitness professionals (n=1178, mean age=39.9), and observational audits at randomly selected regional and metropolitan fitness facilities (n=11) in New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Queensland were conducted. The findings indicated that most of the fitness professionals (68.1%) rated the emergency evacuation plans and other emergency procedures in their facilities as extremely/very good (n=640). Yet, more than one fourth (27.4%) of fitness professionals were somewhat aware (n=152), or very unaware/not at all aware (n=49) of the emergency evacuation plans and other emergency procedures in their facilities. The observational audits showed that most of the fitness facilities did not clearly display their emergency response plans (73%, n=8), emergency evacuation procedures (55%, n=6) or emergency telephone numbers (91%, n=10). Many fitness facilities (36.4%, n=4) did not have an appropriate first aid kit accessible by all staff. Our study shows a lack of emergency preparedness in many fitness facilities in Australia. Emergency response capability is crucial for fitness facility managers to satisfy their duty of care to manage risks of medical emergencies and disasters such as fire, explosion, and floods. Our study has implications for policy development and education of fitness facility managers to improve emergency plans and procedures in fitness facilities in Australia.
Background The Australian Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS) was developed as the nationa... more Background The Australian Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS) was developed as the national standard to promote quality control, consistency of practices across the industry and use of pre-exercise screening as a risk management tool to identify and manage health and injury risks associated with fitness activities. Stage 1 of APSS is compulsory and aims to identify those at high-risk of cardiovascular, metabolic or respiratory diseases and refer to medical/allied health professionals for clearance. Stage 2 and 3 are optional and screen for moderate or low risk individuals. Objective To evaluate awareness and use of the APSS across the Australia-wide fitness industry. Design A nationwide online self-report survey completed by fitness professionals. Setting Australia-wide Fitness Industry using snowball sampling. Participants 1178 adults, who own, manage or work in a registered/unregistered fitness business. Main outcome measurements 1) Awareness and frequency of use of APSS, and 2) frequency of pre-exercise screening of any form and satisfaction of the pre-exercise screening being used. Results 24% of respondents were insufficiently aware of the APSS, 47% aware and 29% were fully aware of APSS. Only 20% of respondents used APSS extremely frequently, 35% used APSS frequently and 45% used APSS infrequently. 65% of survey respondents always conducted a pre-exercise screening with their clients. 66% believed that their pre-exercise medical screenings of customers were good; 22% reported extremely good and 12% reported it was poor. Chi-squared tests identified significant relationships between conducting any pre-exercise screening and frequency of use of APSS (P<.001), satisfaction of pre-exercise screening and frequency of APSS use (P<.001), and awareness of APSS and the frequency of its use (P<.001). Conclusions Frequency of use of APSS as a risk management tool by fitness professionals is strongly correlated with their awareness of it, their level of satisfaction of pre-exercising screening being used.
A recent comprehensive survey of fitness industry professionals shows that there is a lack of con... more A recent comprehensive survey of fitness industry professionals shows that there is a lack of confidence amongst members of the fitness industry about the quality of training necessary to obtain fitness qualifications. This is concerning given that legal liability in negligence is determined by reference to the standards of a reasonably competent person possessing particular qualifications. Injuries incurred during fitness activities may lead to legal liability if the standard of reasonable care is not met. Fitness professionals who are not adequately trained are more likely to fail to meet standards of reasonable competence. Case law demonstrates the importance of fitness professionals being knowledgeable and well-trained in their field of expertise to avoid legal liability arising.
Sekendiz, B ORCiD: 0000-0002-5657-0008The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Pro... more Sekendiz, B ORCiD: 0000-0002-5657-0008The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Project was developed to explore the operation of rules and regulations for the delivery of safe fitness services. This involved promoting an understanding of ‘risk’, identifying risks, and reviewing principles, legislation, processes and frameworks to be considered in order to effectively manage risk in the sector. The project also explored the processes involved in pre-exercise screening when new clients begin exercise programs or signifi- cantly upgrade their exercise habits
Sekendiz, B ORCiD: 0000-0002-5657-0008There is incontrovertible evidence that involvement in safe... more Sekendiz, B ORCiD: 0000-0002-5657-0008There is incontrovertible evidence that involvement in safe physical activities within a person’s zone of proximal development helps reduce the risk of disease and morbidity. However, as the Australian fitness industry grows and attracts new clientele, there is a risk that habitually sedentary people may injure themselves by participating in overly vigorous exercise. The competency of fitness professionals and the adequacy of their training to handle this growing clientele of potentially high risk individuals are important. Fitness professionals are perceived a source of knowledge by their clients and this places them in a position of responsibility and trust which they must be careful not to exceed by going beyond the scope of their training
B. Sekendiz1,∗, P. Keyzer2, J. Dietrich3, K. Norton4, V. Jones3, S. Gray5, C. Finch6 1 School of ... more B. Sekendiz1,∗, P. Keyzer2, J. Dietrich3, K. Norton4, V. Jones3, S. Gray5, C. Finch6 1 School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Australia 2 School of Law, La Trobe University, Australia 3 Faculty of Law, Bond University, Australia 4 School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia 5 Monash Injury Research Institute, Monash University, Australia 6 Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and it’s Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University, Australia
The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Project was set up to explore the operati... more The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Project was set up to explore the operation of rules and regulations for the delivery of safe fitness services. This article summarises the results of recent focus group research and a national survey of risk management practices by the AFIRM Project. Our focus group research in four States identified the following most important concerns: (1) the competency of fitness professionals; (2) the effectiveness of pre-exercise screening and the management of de-conditioned clients; (3) poor supervision of fitness service users and incorrect use of equipment; (4) fitness trainers failing to remain within their scope of practice; (5) equipment misuse (as distinct from incorrect use); and (6) poor fitness training environments. This information was then used to develop 45 specific items for a questionnaire that was disseminated throughout the fitness industry. The survey, which is the largest ever conducted in the Australian fitness ind...
ABSTRACT The AFIRM Project is designed to consider, firstly, how does Australian regulation curre... more ABSTRACT The AFIRM Project is designed to consider, firstly, how does Australian regulation currently control risk management in the fitness industry and thereby prevent adverse health outcomes and injury, and the legal liability associated with those risks? Secondly, what sustainable changes could be made to Australian regulation for more effective risk management in the health and fitness industry in order to prevent the risk of adverse health outcomes and injury, and the legal liability associated with those risks?. Our objective is to develop new best practice benchmarks to improve safety in the fitness industry and reduce the risk of adverse health and injury outcomes. After conducting focus groups in four States of Australia using nominal group technique, we developed a survey that was administered to 1178 people. We also conducted observational audits of fitness facilities. See &quot;Design&quot;. Of the 1 178 survey respondents, 62% were female, the mean age was 40, 46% were self-employed or sole traders and 32% were part-time employees of a fitness facility. Focus group respondents reported (lack of) education, (lack of) supervision, (poor) technique, (defective) equipment, (unsuitable) environment and overcrowding as principal issues in the focus group sessions, while also raising the issues of scope of practice, defective pre-exercise screening, medical risks associated with de-conditioned clients, poor or inappropriate nutritional advice, inadequacy of qualifications and unrealistic expectations of clients as key risks, from their perspective. The survey was designed around these themes and was conducted online in May and June 2013 and promoted through a communications strategy of social media, direct e-marketing and (minor) traditional media. It used 45×6-point Likert scale items (e.g. &quot;How frequently do you observe customers using weights that are too heavy?&quot;) that were then factor analysed. The results will be provided.
ABSTRACT Fitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity, however ... more ABSTRACT Fitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity, however it is important that these facilities do all in their power to reduce the likelihood of injuries occurring. The attitudes and practices of those employed in the fitness industry with respect to risk management are important for implementation of injury prevention measures, as are risk management procedures currently in place. To identify views of the fitness industry employees about injury risks and hazards associated with equipment and training environments within fitness facilities and their risk management and hazard identification practices in relation to them. A 6-week nationwide online survey. Australia-wide fitness industry. 1 178 adults across Australia who own, manage or work in the fitness industry. Responses to 6-point Likert scale questions. 79.1% of survey respondents held the safety of the fitness premises in high importance, and 80.2% stated that the location and condition of their facility (access, lighting, floor surfaces etc.) was very/extremely safe. The layout of equipment in the facility was very/extremely good in 61.9% of cases, and fitness equipment maintenance was reported to have been conducted frequently by 68.5% of the respondents. Fitness employees frequently observed hazardous conditions of the exercise areas with respect to objects lying around (43.8% of cases), equipment misuse (41.9% of cases), and facility users lifting weights that were considered too heavy (47.8% of cases). The findings suggest that facility users should be provided with further education regarding their physical activity programs and behaviours that could reduce injury risk, and that guidelines for using the facility should be made more obvious. The findings also indicate that fitness industry employees should be given risk management training, and that in facilities where hazards were observed and hazardous practices are engaged in, that risk analysis and management protocols need to be implemented.
This legal and technical report on Spent Convictions modelling summarises the findings and result... more This legal and technical report on Spent Convictions modelling summarises the findings and results already presented in Deliverables DC3.1 - DC3.6 and provides concluding perspectives. This report includes a brief overview of the preliminary conceptual work and notes on the Spent Convictions Scheme solution prior to its semi-automated modelling. This report should ideally be read in conjunction with the earlier project deliverables: DC3.1 introduces the subject; DC3.2 presents the clustering for the survey on legal compliance; DC3.3 presents the roadmap towards publishing law as data using Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools; DC3.4 describes in more detail the Spent Convictions Scheme; DC3.5 elaborates on the potential interpretative issues and impact of Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) (Part VIIC – Division 3: Sections 85ZV, 85ZW and Associated Definitions); and DC3.6 analyses the case law perspective. This report briefly discusses (i) the survey on legal compliance in which the differenc...
Introduction: Design of a health/fitness facility is a crucial element in managing risks to its o... more Introduction: Design of a health/fitness facility is a crucial element in managing risks to its operators, users and others. Improper location of treadmills not compliant with industry recommendations can increase the risk of injuries, adverse events and subsequent legal liability for health/fitness facility operators. The aim of our study was to analyse the location (spacing and placement) of treadmills in health/fitness facilities in Australia. Methods: An on-site observational audit was conducted at regional and metropolitan health/fitness facilities (n = 11) in New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Queensland. The spacing surrounding the treadmills was measured in centimetres (cm). Placement was assessed by the objects within two metres behind the treadmills. Results: In all health/fitness facilities the distances surrounding the treadmills on the sides, and behind were less than the recommended minimum distances (0.5 - 1m on the sides, 2m behind) by the manufacturers. ...
The purpose of this article is to assess the independence of stipendiary magistrates in the North... more The purpose of this article is to assess the independence of stipendiary magistrates in the Northern Territory, an issue which was the subject of a recent decision of the High Court in North Australian Aboriginal Legal Aid Service v Bradley (2004). This case raises very important questions about the construction of the Commonwealth Constitution, the strength and ambit of constitutional
Introduction: Fitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity; how... more Introduction: Fitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity; however, it is important that these facilities have effective strategies to reduce the risk of injuries to their customers. The attitudes of fitness industry employees with respect to safety can influence the implementation of risk management practices that can then impact on the success of such strategies. The aim of this study was to identify views of nationwide fitness industry employees about safety hazards associated with equipment, training practices and the physical environments within fitness facilities. Methods: A 6-week nationwide online cross-sectional self-report survey consisting of 13 basic demographic questions and 10 questions relating to equipment, training practices and physical environment of fitness facilities, extracted from a 45 item questionnaire, answered on a 6-point Likert scale. Results: The majority of the 1178 respondents believed their premises were safe (94.9%...
In 2007-08, fitness facilities contributed $872.9 million to the Australian economy and provided ... more In 2007-08, fitness facilities contributed $872.9 million to the Australian economy and provided savings in direct health care costs estimated up to $107.9 million through their positive impact on physical inactivity and associated diseases. In 2011-12, more than 4.3 million Australians participated in sport and physical recreation at indoor sports or fitness facilities. However, research across Queensland and in Victoria showed low compliance with emergency plans and safety practices in fitness facilities. The aim of this study was to analyse emergency plans and procedures in fitness facilities in Australia. A nationwide online risk management survey of fitness professionals (n=1178, mean age=39.9), and observational audits at randomly selected regional and metropolitan fitness facilities (n=11) in New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Queensland were conducted. The findings indicated that most of the fitness professionals (68.1%) rated the emergency evacuation plans and other emergency procedures in their facilities as extremely/very good (n=640). Yet, more than one fourth (27.4%) of fitness professionals were somewhat aware (n=152), or very unaware/not at all aware (n=49) of the emergency evacuation plans and other emergency procedures in their facilities. The observational audits showed that most of the fitness facilities did not clearly display their emergency response plans (73%, n=8), emergency evacuation procedures (55%, n=6) or emergency telephone numbers (91%, n=10). Many fitness facilities (36.4%, n=4) did not have an appropriate first aid kit accessible by all staff. Our study shows a lack of emergency preparedness in many fitness facilities in Australia. Emergency response capability is crucial for fitness facility managers to satisfy their duty of care to manage risks of medical emergencies and disasters such as fire, explosion, and floods. Our study has implications for policy development and education of fitness facility managers to improve emergency plans and procedures in fitness facilities in Australia.
Background The Australian Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS) was developed as the nationa... more Background The Australian Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS) was developed as the national standard to promote quality control, consistency of practices across the industry and use of pre-exercise screening as a risk management tool to identify and manage health and injury risks associated with fitness activities. Stage 1 of APSS is compulsory and aims to identify those at high-risk of cardiovascular, metabolic or respiratory diseases and refer to medical/allied health professionals for clearance. Stage 2 and 3 are optional and screen for moderate or low risk individuals. Objective To evaluate awareness and use of the APSS across the Australia-wide fitness industry. Design A nationwide online self-report survey completed by fitness professionals. Setting Australia-wide Fitness Industry using snowball sampling. Participants 1178 adults, who own, manage or work in a registered/unregistered fitness business. Main outcome measurements 1) Awareness and frequency of use of APSS, and 2) frequency of pre-exercise screening of any form and satisfaction of the pre-exercise screening being used. Results 24% of respondents were insufficiently aware of the APSS, 47% aware and 29% were fully aware of APSS. Only 20% of respondents used APSS extremely frequently, 35% used APSS frequently and 45% used APSS infrequently. 65% of survey respondents always conducted a pre-exercise screening with their clients. 66% believed that their pre-exercise medical screenings of customers were good; 22% reported extremely good and 12% reported it was poor. Chi-squared tests identified significant relationships between conducting any pre-exercise screening and frequency of use of APSS (P<.001), satisfaction of pre-exercise screening and frequency of APSS use (P<.001), and awareness of APSS and the frequency of its use (P<.001). Conclusions Frequency of use of APSS as a risk management tool by fitness professionals is strongly correlated with their awareness of it, their level of satisfaction of pre-exercising screening being used.
A recent comprehensive survey of fitness industry professionals shows that there is a lack of con... more A recent comprehensive survey of fitness industry professionals shows that there is a lack of confidence amongst members of the fitness industry about the quality of training necessary to obtain fitness qualifications. This is concerning given that legal liability in negligence is determined by reference to the standards of a reasonably competent person possessing particular qualifications. Injuries incurred during fitness activities may lead to legal liability if the standard of reasonable care is not met. Fitness professionals who are not adequately trained are more likely to fail to meet standards of reasonable competence. Case law demonstrates the importance of fitness professionals being knowledgeable and well-trained in their field of expertise to avoid legal liability arising.
Sekendiz, B ORCiD: 0000-0002-5657-0008The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Pro... more Sekendiz, B ORCiD: 0000-0002-5657-0008The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Project was developed to explore the operation of rules and regulations for the delivery of safe fitness services. This involved promoting an understanding of ‘risk’, identifying risks, and reviewing principles, legislation, processes and frameworks to be considered in order to effectively manage risk in the sector. The project also explored the processes involved in pre-exercise screening when new clients begin exercise programs or signifi- cantly upgrade their exercise habits
Sekendiz, B ORCiD: 0000-0002-5657-0008There is incontrovertible evidence that involvement in safe... more Sekendiz, B ORCiD: 0000-0002-5657-0008There is incontrovertible evidence that involvement in safe physical activities within a person’s zone of proximal development helps reduce the risk of disease and morbidity. However, as the Australian fitness industry grows and attracts new clientele, there is a risk that habitually sedentary people may injure themselves by participating in overly vigorous exercise. The competency of fitness professionals and the adequacy of their training to handle this growing clientele of potentially high risk individuals are important. Fitness professionals are perceived a source of knowledge by their clients and this places them in a position of responsibility and trust which they must be careful not to exceed by going beyond the scope of their training
B. Sekendiz1,∗, P. Keyzer2, J. Dietrich3, K. Norton4, V. Jones3, S. Gray5, C. Finch6 1 School of ... more B. Sekendiz1,∗, P. Keyzer2, J. Dietrich3, K. Norton4, V. Jones3, S. Gray5, C. Finch6 1 School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Australia 2 School of Law, La Trobe University, Australia 3 Faculty of Law, Bond University, Australia 4 School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia 5 Monash Injury Research Institute, Monash University, Australia 6 Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and it’s Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University, Australia
The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Project was set up to explore the operati... more The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Project was set up to explore the operation of rules and regulations for the delivery of safe fitness services. This article summarises the results of recent focus group research and a national survey of risk management practices by the AFIRM Project. Our focus group research in four States identified the following most important concerns: (1) the competency of fitness professionals; (2) the effectiveness of pre-exercise screening and the management of de-conditioned clients; (3) poor supervision of fitness service users and incorrect use of equipment; (4) fitness trainers failing to remain within their scope of practice; (5) equipment misuse (as distinct from incorrect use); and (6) poor fitness training environments. This information was then used to develop 45 specific items for a questionnaire that was disseminated throughout the fitness industry. The survey, which is the largest ever conducted in the Australian fitness ind...
ABSTRACT The AFIRM Project is designed to consider, firstly, how does Australian regulation curre... more ABSTRACT The AFIRM Project is designed to consider, firstly, how does Australian regulation currently control risk management in the fitness industry and thereby prevent adverse health outcomes and injury, and the legal liability associated with those risks? Secondly, what sustainable changes could be made to Australian regulation for more effective risk management in the health and fitness industry in order to prevent the risk of adverse health outcomes and injury, and the legal liability associated with those risks?. Our objective is to develop new best practice benchmarks to improve safety in the fitness industry and reduce the risk of adverse health and injury outcomes. After conducting focus groups in four States of Australia using nominal group technique, we developed a survey that was administered to 1178 people. We also conducted observational audits of fitness facilities. See &quot;Design&quot;. Of the 1 178 survey respondents, 62% were female, the mean age was 40, 46% were self-employed or sole traders and 32% were part-time employees of a fitness facility. Focus group respondents reported (lack of) education, (lack of) supervision, (poor) technique, (defective) equipment, (unsuitable) environment and overcrowding as principal issues in the focus group sessions, while also raising the issues of scope of practice, defective pre-exercise screening, medical risks associated with de-conditioned clients, poor or inappropriate nutritional advice, inadequacy of qualifications and unrealistic expectations of clients as key risks, from their perspective. The survey was designed around these themes and was conducted online in May and June 2013 and promoted through a communications strategy of social media, direct e-marketing and (minor) traditional media. It used 45×6-point Likert scale items (e.g. &quot;How frequently do you observe customers using weights that are too heavy?&quot;) that were then factor analysed. The results will be provided.
ABSTRACT Fitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity, however ... more ABSTRACT Fitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity, however it is important that these facilities do all in their power to reduce the likelihood of injuries occurring. The attitudes and practices of those employed in the fitness industry with respect to risk management are important for implementation of injury prevention measures, as are risk management procedures currently in place. To identify views of the fitness industry employees about injury risks and hazards associated with equipment and training environments within fitness facilities and their risk management and hazard identification practices in relation to them. A 6-week nationwide online survey. Australia-wide fitness industry. 1 178 adults across Australia who own, manage or work in the fitness industry. Responses to 6-point Likert scale questions. 79.1% of survey respondents held the safety of the fitness premises in high importance, and 80.2% stated that the location and condition of their facility (access, lighting, floor surfaces etc.) was very/extremely safe. The layout of equipment in the facility was very/extremely good in 61.9% of cases, and fitness equipment maintenance was reported to have been conducted frequently by 68.5% of the respondents. Fitness employees frequently observed hazardous conditions of the exercise areas with respect to objects lying around (43.8% of cases), equipment misuse (41.9% of cases), and facility users lifting weights that were considered too heavy (47.8% of cases). The findings suggest that facility users should be provided with further education regarding their physical activity programs and behaviours that could reduce injury risk, and that guidelines for using the facility should be made more obvious. The findings also indicate that fitness industry employees should be given risk management training, and that in facilities where hazards were observed and hazardous practices are engaged in, that risk analysis and management protocols need to be implemented.
This legal and technical report on Spent Convictions modelling summarises the findings and result... more This legal and technical report on Spent Convictions modelling summarises the findings and results already presented in Deliverables DC3.1 - DC3.6 and provides concluding perspectives. This report includes a brief overview of the preliminary conceptual work and notes on the Spent Convictions Scheme solution prior to its semi-automated modelling. This report should ideally be read in conjunction with the earlier project deliverables: DC3.1 introduces the subject; DC3.2 presents the clustering for the survey on legal compliance; DC3.3 presents the roadmap towards publishing law as data using Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools; DC3.4 describes in more detail the Spent Convictions Scheme; DC3.5 elaborates on the potential interpretative issues and impact of Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) (Part VIIC – Division 3: Sections 85ZV, 85ZW and Associated Definitions); and DC3.6 analyses the case law perspective. This report briefly discusses (i) the survey on legal compliance in which the differenc...
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