For decades, policy-makers in government, development banks and foundations, NGOs, researchers an... more For decades, policy-makers in government, development banks and foundations, NGOs, researchers and students have struggled with the problem of how to protect people who are displaced from their homes and livelihoods by development projects. This book addresses these concerns and explores how debates often become deadlocked between 'managerial' and 'movementist' perspectives. Using development ethics to determine the rights and responsibilities of various stakeholders, the authors find that displaced people must be empowered so as to share equitably in benefits rather than being victimized. They propose a governance model for development projects that would transform conflict over displacement into a more manageable collective bargaining process and would empower displaced people to achieve equitable results. Their book will be valuable for readers in a wide range of fields including ethics, development studies, politics and international relations as well as policy m...
This collection is drawn from a recent Global Political conference held to mark the centenary of ... more This collection is drawn from a recent Global Political conference held to mark the centenary of the birth of Harold Innis, Canada’s most important political economist. Throughout his life, Innis was concerned with topics which remain central to political ecology today, and these essays explore the main issues in the field under the following headings: • the new global order and the environment • economics, society and ecology • planetary management • environment, gender and development • consumption • ecology and politics. Vital political and ethical questions, such as the nature of the new global order, the future of work and population growth are discussed throughout with a view to possible developments in the future. The contributors are an international group of scholars, a number of whom are recognized leaders in their respective fields. Offering many fresh perspectives and a multidisciplinary approach, this volume will be of central interest to students interested in this inc...
The purpose of this thesis is to develop a theoretical framework which could then be used to meas... more The purpose of this thesis is to develop a theoretical framework which could then be used to measure structural unemployment. This i s done by f i r s t surveying the relevant literature, then developing a theoretical model for the measurement of structural unemployment, and f i n a l l y applying this model to Canadian data. In the survey of the relevant literature the various approaches are categorized into the causal, the structural maladjustment and the policy approaches. The causal approach involves explaining structural unemployment in terms of the causes of labour displacement. This i s considered inadequate because i t ignores problems in the labour market adjustment process, whose function i s to wipe out the imbalances created by structural dislocations. These problems are considered by the structural maladjustment approach, together with the symptoms of structural maladjustment. It analyzes the forces promoting and impeding the labour market adjustment process. However, t...
Introduction TODAY'S WORLD IS CHARACTERIZED BY DRAMATIC INSTANCES OF PEOPLE BEING poisoned by... more Introduction TODAY'S WORLD IS CHARACTERIZED BY DRAMATIC INSTANCES OF PEOPLE BEING poisoned by radiation (Chernobyl in the Ukraine), deadly industrial gases (Bhopal in India), industrial pollution of water (Minamata Bay in Japan), and toxic land-dumps (Love Canal in the United States). Less dramatic but more pervasive are the persistent forms of poisoning by industrial pollution (industrial cities in Eastern Europe, the cotton fields of Central Asia, the "petrochemical corridor" along the Mississippi in Louisiana in the United States) and disease caused by untreated sewage. More than one million people are displaced every year from their environment by development projects that put these environments to new uses, such as valleys flooded by dams and forests exclusively reserved for commercial logging (Cernea and Guggenheim, 1993: 2). Slower, but at least as extensive in impact, are environmental processes that are undermining the livelihood of people and displacing them:...
Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Questions concerning the ethics of development-induced displacement ... more Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Questions concerning the ethics of development-induced displacement 3. A brief overview of ethics and its relation to development 4. Ethical assessment and its methodology 5. The conceptualization of displacement and its moral significance 6. Causality and responsibility 7. The relationship between development strategies and population displacement 8. Implications for normative analysis, dialogue, and prescriptions 9. Implications for empirical research 10. Conclusion: the relationship between the philosophical and social-scientific aspects of the projects Acknowledgements References
*TΉE conquest of the lands of peoples with less developed technology by A peoples with more advan... more *TΉE conquest of the lands of peoples with less developed technology by A peoples with more advanced technology has been going on since the beginning of warfare. The biggest wave of this process occurred with the global ascendancy and expansion of European civilization from the late 1400s, leading to the European colonizing conquest of America and Aus- tralia and the primarily extractive conquest of Africa and much of Asia. That particular process has largely been pushed to its logical conclusion in the industrially advanced regions of Anglo-America and Anglo-Oceania, although there are still some political struggles of indigenous peoples2 in these regions. This process has consisted of a combination of the outright eradication of indigenous populations and the geographic and economic marginalization of the remnants. (Socio-economic assimilation, a third alternative, has, in fact, not been a predominant feature of the finalization of the conquest of these regions.) Just as this process is coming to an end for these global regions, the adoption of rapid industrialization in other parts of the world is leading to a similar process in those countries where significant stretches of land are occupied by indigenous peoples.3 While the brutality involved in the pro- cess may not be as extensive as it was in the European wave (the current displacement of indigenous peoples in Latin America is, of course, still part of the European wave) and while medical advances, somewhat greater anthropological sensitivity and human-rights advocacy temper the process in important ways, the dispossession of land and resources, usually with considerable violence, and the displacement of people, which turns those people into intra- or inter-national refugees, is not untypical.4
As Rwanda and Yugoslavia indicate, atrocities policing ("humanitarian intervention") is... more As Rwanda and Yugoslavia indicate, atrocities policing ("humanitarian intervention") is, in our currentglobal polity, unreliable and carried out crudely. This becomes apparent when it is compared with domestic policing. It is the result of the system of sovereign states, into which atrocities policing does not readily fit. Even innovation to accommodate it leads to the haphazard interventions we have seen in this decade. But the sovereign state system, which developed in Europe in the context of a particular historical contingency and was then endowed to the rest of the world through decolonization, is not the only possible way of organizing the global polity. Thus, the author offers as an alternative the concept of a democratic global federation in which atrocities policing - including preventative policing - can be conducted in a much more reliable and responsible manner. While such a global political organization may seem utopian, in the long term it is not, given how r...
This concluding piece on the ethics of development-induced displacement notes how all of the prec... more This concluding piece on the ethics of development-induced displacement notes how all of the preceding articles find the displacement of people by development policies and projects morally objectionable and that it should be prevented. The question of why it is morally objectionable, how states attempt to justify it nevertheless, and how acceptable such justifications are, is addressed in some detail. This is a discussion that falls into the terrain of the new field of development ethics. Development's promise to reduce poverty and inequality have been used to justify large projects and disruptive policies. In assessing these justifications, three lines of ethical argument are explored, one in terms of the public interest, a second in terms of self-determination, and third in terms of distributive justice. The conclusion is that, while forced migration cannot be categorically declared unjustifiable, the conditions that must be met for its justifiability are considerable.
This chapter is a small part of a larger project: to develop a conception of global environmental... more This chapter is a small part of a larger project: to develop a conception of global environmental justice. It deals with the intersection of the fields of global environment and development, international political economy, and, most of all, political philosophy. The concern is with the application of the notion of social justice to such issues as global warming and the sharing of common waters; the impact of economic globalization on environmental sustainability and on people’s livelihood; the implications of historical land distributions for obligations of international redistribution; and the protection of biodiversity and the sharing of burdens connected with it.1
For decades, policy-makers in government, development banks and foundations, NGOs, researchers an... more For decades, policy-makers in government, development banks and foundations, NGOs, researchers and students have struggled with the problem of how to protect people who are displaced from their homes and livelihoods by development projects. This book addresses these concerns and explores how debates often become deadlocked between 'managerial' and 'movementist' perspectives. Using development ethics to determine the rights and responsibilities of various stakeholders, the authors find that displaced people must be empowered so as to share equitably in benefits rather than being victimized. They propose a governance model for development projects that would transform conflict over displacement into a more manageable collective bargaining process and would empower displaced people to achieve equitable results. Their book will be valuable for readers in a wide range of fields including ethics, development studies, politics and international relations as well as policy m...
This collection is drawn from a recent Global Political conference held to mark the centenary of ... more This collection is drawn from a recent Global Political conference held to mark the centenary of the birth of Harold Innis, Canada’s most important political economist. Throughout his life, Innis was concerned with topics which remain central to political ecology today, and these essays explore the main issues in the field under the following headings: • the new global order and the environment • economics, society and ecology • planetary management • environment, gender and development • consumption • ecology and politics. Vital political and ethical questions, such as the nature of the new global order, the future of work and population growth are discussed throughout with a view to possible developments in the future. The contributors are an international group of scholars, a number of whom are recognized leaders in their respective fields. Offering many fresh perspectives and a multidisciplinary approach, this volume will be of central interest to students interested in this inc...
The purpose of this thesis is to develop a theoretical framework which could then be used to meas... more The purpose of this thesis is to develop a theoretical framework which could then be used to measure structural unemployment. This i s done by f i r s t surveying the relevant literature, then developing a theoretical model for the measurement of structural unemployment, and f i n a l l y applying this model to Canadian data. In the survey of the relevant literature the various approaches are categorized into the causal, the structural maladjustment and the policy approaches. The causal approach involves explaining structural unemployment in terms of the causes of labour displacement. This i s considered inadequate because i t ignores problems in the labour market adjustment process, whose function i s to wipe out the imbalances created by structural dislocations. These problems are considered by the structural maladjustment approach, together with the symptoms of structural maladjustment. It analyzes the forces promoting and impeding the labour market adjustment process. However, t...
Introduction TODAY'S WORLD IS CHARACTERIZED BY DRAMATIC INSTANCES OF PEOPLE BEING poisoned by... more Introduction TODAY'S WORLD IS CHARACTERIZED BY DRAMATIC INSTANCES OF PEOPLE BEING poisoned by radiation (Chernobyl in the Ukraine), deadly industrial gases (Bhopal in India), industrial pollution of water (Minamata Bay in Japan), and toxic land-dumps (Love Canal in the United States). Less dramatic but more pervasive are the persistent forms of poisoning by industrial pollution (industrial cities in Eastern Europe, the cotton fields of Central Asia, the "petrochemical corridor" along the Mississippi in Louisiana in the United States) and disease caused by untreated sewage. More than one million people are displaced every year from their environment by development projects that put these environments to new uses, such as valleys flooded by dams and forests exclusively reserved for commercial logging (Cernea and Guggenheim, 1993: 2). Slower, but at least as extensive in impact, are environmental processes that are undermining the livelihood of people and displacing them:...
Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Questions concerning the ethics of development-induced displacement ... more Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Questions concerning the ethics of development-induced displacement 3. A brief overview of ethics and its relation to development 4. Ethical assessment and its methodology 5. The conceptualization of displacement and its moral significance 6. Causality and responsibility 7. The relationship between development strategies and population displacement 8. Implications for normative analysis, dialogue, and prescriptions 9. Implications for empirical research 10. Conclusion: the relationship between the philosophical and social-scientific aspects of the projects Acknowledgements References
*TΉE conquest of the lands of peoples with less developed technology by A peoples with more advan... more *TΉE conquest of the lands of peoples with less developed technology by A peoples with more advanced technology has been going on since the beginning of warfare. The biggest wave of this process occurred with the global ascendancy and expansion of European civilization from the late 1400s, leading to the European colonizing conquest of America and Aus- tralia and the primarily extractive conquest of Africa and much of Asia. That particular process has largely been pushed to its logical conclusion in the industrially advanced regions of Anglo-America and Anglo-Oceania, although there are still some political struggles of indigenous peoples2 in these regions. This process has consisted of a combination of the outright eradication of indigenous populations and the geographic and economic marginalization of the remnants. (Socio-economic assimilation, a third alternative, has, in fact, not been a predominant feature of the finalization of the conquest of these regions.) Just as this process is coming to an end for these global regions, the adoption of rapid industrialization in other parts of the world is leading to a similar process in those countries where significant stretches of land are occupied by indigenous peoples.3 While the brutality involved in the pro- cess may not be as extensive as it was in the European wave (the current displacement of indigenous peoples in Latin America is, of course, still part of the European wave) and while medical advances, somewhat greater anthropological sensitivity and human-rights advocacy temper the process in important ways, the dispossession of land and resources, usually with considerable violence, and the displacement of people, which turns those people into intra- or inter-national refugees, is not untypical.4
As Rwanda and Yugoslavia indicate, atrocities policing ("humanitarian intervention") is... more As Rwanda and Yugoslavia indicate, atrocities policing ("humanitarian intervention") is, in our currentglobal polity, unreliable and carried out crudely. This becomes apparent when it is compared with domestic policing. It is the result of the system of sovereign states, into which atrocities policing does not readily fit. Even innovation to accommodate it leads to the haphazard interventions we have seen in this decade. But the sovereign state system, which developed in Europe in the context of a particular historical contingency and was then endowed to the rest of the world through decolonization, is not the only possible way of organizing the global polity. Thus, the author offers as an alternative the concept of a democratic global federation in which atrocities policing - including preventative policing - can be conducted in a much more reliable and responsible manner. While such a global political organization may seem utopian, in the long term it is not, given how r...
This concluding piece on the ethics of development-induced displacement notes how all of the prec... more This concluding piece on the ethics of development-induced displacement notes how all of the preceding articles find the displacement of people by development policies and projects morally objectionable and that it should be prevented. The question of why it is morally objectionable, how states attempt to justify it nevertheless, and how acceptable such justifications are, is addressed in some detail. This is a discussion that falls into the terrain of the new field of development ethics. Development's promise to reduce poverty and inequality have been used to justify large projects and disruptive policies. In assessing these justifications, three lines of ethical argument are explored, one in terms of the public interest, a second in terms of self-determination, and third in terms of distributive justice. The conclusion is that, while forced migration cannot be categorically declared unjustifiable, the conditions that must be met for its justifiability are considerable.
This chapter is a small part of a larger project: to develop a conception of global environmental... more This chapter is a small part of a larger project: to develop a conception of global environmental justice. It deals with the intersection of the fields of global environment and development, international political economy, and, most of all, political philosophy. The concern is with the application of the notion of social justice to such issues as global warming and the sharing of common waters; the impact of economic globalization on environmental sustainability and on people’s livelihood; the implications of historical land distributions for obligations of international redistribution; and the protection of biodiversity and the sharing of burdens connected with it.1
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