ABSTRACT Despite the fact that the climate of North-East (NE) India is suitable for tick diversit... more ABSTRACT Despite the fact that the climate of North-East (NE) India is suitable for tick diversity, no systematic study has been done regarding the prevalence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens affecting small ruminants. A total of 1053 goats belonging to different age groups, breeds, and sex were examined from April 2019 to March 2020. Blood smear examination and PCR assays were conducted to detect tick-borne pathogens in the collected samples. The tick species recorded were Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, and Haemaphysalis bispinosa. The overall prevalence of tick-borne pathogens was 32.28%. Mixed infection with Theileria sp. and Anaplasma sp. was most common followed by single infections of Anaplasma sp. and Theileria sp. A significantly higher rate of infection was observed in female animals. Species-specific PCR revealed different tickborne pathogens like Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma centrale, and Theileria luwenshuni in goats. Isolated DNA samples of ticks were found to be positive for A. marginale, A. centrale, and T. luwenshuni and Coxiella burnetii in three genera of ticks with PCR assay. The results showed that vector-borne intracellular haemoprotozoa and Anaplasma are prevalent in the study area in apparently healthy small ruminants and the identified ticks have an endosymbiotic relationship with C. burnetii.
The main aim of this study was to report the occurrence of tapeworm Ophiotaenia spp in various sp... more The main aim of this study was to report the occurrence of tapeworm Ophiotaenia spp in various species of snakes by conventional faecal sample examination as well as molecular confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 65 snakes from both poisonous and non-poisonous were examined over a period of one year from July, 2016 to August, 2017 from different parts of Mizoram. Some tapeworms were also collected during post mortem (PM) examination and permanent slides were made. Three faecal samples were found positive for tapeworm eggs, while two rat snakes belonging to the family Colubridae were found positive for tapeworm s during PM. Scolex could not be recovered from intestine due to a time gap between death and PM examination. It was not possible to determine the Ophiotaenia species due to the non recovery of scolex.
Protozoan infections in animals are responsible for significant losses of production and many pro... more Protozoan infections in animals are responsible for significant losses of production and many protozoan parasites are of zoonotic importance. Among various parasitic infections, several protozoan parasites cause severe morbidity and mortality in animals and thus affect the economy of livestock in tropical and sub-tropical regions including India. The most common way to combat protozoan diseases is based on using anti-protozoal drugs. However, increasing evidence of anti-protozoan resistance and drug residues in food producing animals has emerged as the major concern for protozoan control programmes in various parts of the world. The most efficient and cost effective way to control protozoan infections is to vaccinate animals to control such infections. Although initial cost of vaccination is high, the long lasting immunity resulting from vaccination of animals offer a cheaper and effective alternative to control such infections. Based on this objective, this review underscores up to...
An epidemiological study was performed to determine the role of dogs and ticks infesting dogs in ... more An epidemiological study was performed to determine the role of dogs and ticks infesting dogs in the transmission of Q fever in humans and animals from April 2019 to March 2020 in the northeastern hill states of India. In total, 245 pet and stray dogs irrespective of age or sex were sampled, without specific inclusion or exclusion criteria. In total, 478 ticks belonging to three species were detected, namely Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. The DNA extracted from blood and tick samples was assayed for molecular characterization of Coxiella burnetii targeting the 16S rRNA and superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes. Amplified PCR products were purified, cloned and custom sequenced. PCR assay showed 3.3% (8/245) of the dogs were positive for Coxiella-like bacteria. Coxiella-like bacterial DNA was detected in adult fully engorged females of R. sanguineus (7.7%, 13/168), R. (B.) microplus (3.3%, 4/123) and H. anatolicum (1.9%, 1/54). Coxiella-like bacterial DNA lacked in adult male or nymphal stage. The infection rate did not vary significantly between seasons, nor according to sex or age of the host. Six nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA and SOD genes are discussed.
A study on incidence of helminth parasites of cattle was carried out from eight different distric... more A study on incidence of helminth parasites of cattle was carried out from eight different districts of Mizoram, India from June 2018 to May 2019. A total of 1153 faecal samples from different age groups of cattle were examined microscopically using salt flotation and sedimentation method. Some positive samples were copro-cultured for proper identification of Strongyle larvae. The overall prevalence of gastro intestinal (GI) helminths was 33.39% (385/1153). The identified species revealed nematodes, cestodes and trematodes with a total of 11 species. The percentage prevalence of various helminthes in descending order include Haemonchus sp (20.25%), Toxocaravitulovum (15.84%), Moniezia sp (13.76%), Strongyloidespapillosus (10.38%), Trichuris sp (8.57%), Oesophagastomum sp (6.75%), Trichostrongylussp (6.75%), Nematodirus sp (5.97%), Fasciolagigantica (5.19%), Paramphistomumsp (3.89%) and Eurytrema sp (2.59%). A total of 225 cattle slaughtered at local abattoirs were also inspected for ...
1 Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Cen... more 1 Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 2 Department of Veterinary Parasitology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K. B. Sarani, Kolkata-37, West Bengal, India. 3 Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 4 District Microbiologist, Malda Medical College and Hospital, Malda, West Bengal, India. 5 FCLA, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India.
The present study reports the prevalence of ecto- and endo-parasites in small wild ruminants from... more The present study reports the prevalence of ecto- and endo-parasites in small wild ruminants from various NE region of India. A total of 565 wild small ruminants in captivity were examined between ...
The main objective of this study is to record the prevalence of haemoprotozoan Hepatozoon in vari... more The main objective of this study is to record the prevalence of haemoprotozoan Hepatozoon in various species of snake blood by conventional blood film examination as well as by molecular technique. A total of 100 blood samples from both poisonous and non-poisonous snakes were examined over a period of one year from July, 2016 to June, 2017 from different parts of Mizoram. Twenty blood samples were found positive for Hepatozoon spp. by blood film examination, while twenty five samples were found positive for PCR. Gametocytes of the parasite were observed inside the RBC. Some were found free in the plasma. They were broadly elongate in shape. Nuclei of the infected erythrocytes were pushed to one side of the host cell. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) selectively amplified a fragment length of about 253bp. The study indicates that Hepatozoon infection is quite common in snakes.
Background & objectives: For detection and molecular characterization of Babesia microti in labor... more Background & objectives: For detection and molecular characterization of Babesia microti in laboratory mice from India. Methods: A total of 625 mice were screened by peripheral blood smear examination and subsequently was confirmed by PCR using a piroplasm conserved primer set (Piro A/B). Nested PCR was done using a species-specific primer targeting the gene encoding the small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA). The PCR products were cloned, purified and sequenced. A total of 12 isolates were obtained. The sequences were aligned and phylogenetic trees were prepared with other published Babesia spp. sequences. Results: B. microti was detected with a total infection rate of 8.80%. The higher rate of infection was observed by species specific PCR (8.80%) than examined by blood smear (7.20%). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed that Babesia species detected in mice were genetically identical to the genotypes of B. microti and can be easily distinguished from other genotypes of Babes...
1 Department of Veterinary Parasitology; College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Cen... more 1 Department of Veterinary Parasitology; College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 2 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry; College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 3 Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension; College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 4 Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology; College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 5 Department of Veterinary Parasitology; WBUAFS, Kolkata-37, West Bengal, India. 6 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology; College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 7 District Microbiologist, Malda Medical College & Hospital, Malda, West Bengal, India. 8 FCLA; Colle...
The aim of the present study is to describe morphological structures by light microscopy (LM) and... more The aim of the present study is to describe morphological structures by light microscopy (LM) and molecular confirmation of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp which were recovered from wild goat. Light microscopic study revealed both male and female ticks with hexagonal basis capituli, shorter mouthparts and posterior border without festoons and other similar Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) morphological features. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) selectively amplified a fragment length of about 400bp. It seems that this is the first report of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) sp from wild goats in India.
The objective of the present study is to underscore the ultra-structural morphology of Aponomma v... more The objective of the present study is to underscore the ultra-structural morphology of Aponomma varanense-a rare tick of reptile. A. varanense were collected from an Indian Cobra during post mortem and subsequently processed for both light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies. Light microscopy study revealed few typical morphological features through which the collected specimen identification was confirmed. Further, SEM study revealed little morphological ultrastructural peculiarity with other ixodid ticks as well difference between male and female A. varenense itself. Occurrence of A. varanense is reported first time from this part of country and this is the first SEM studies of this hard tick from India.
A survey of helminths in house lizard (Hemidactylus flaviviridis) from different parts of Aizawl ... more A survey of helminths in house lizard (Hemidactylus flaviviridis) from different parts of Aizawl district of Mizoram was carried out. Interestingly one house lizard was found infected with 8 numbers of one particular species of trematode among 50 lizards examined. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the recovered parasite belongs to Postorchigenes sp. This paper presented the detail surface morphology of the Postorchigenes sp. of lizard. So far, this is the first report of such trematode from this part of India.
The nematological fauna of amphibian species from North Eastern part of India has not received an... more The nematological fauna of amphibian species from North Eastern part of India has not received any attention. Amphibians including frogs are prone to suffer from a variety of parasites and diseases like other animals. Thirty species of either sex representing two species (Rana tigrina, Bufomelano tictus) of amphibians were collected from various parts of Aizawl, Mizoram during the month of June and July 2016 and searched for presence of any nematodes. Rana tigrina and Bufomelano tictus were found positive for Cosmocercoides sp. The present study describes light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Cosmocercoides species.
ABSTRACT Despite the fact that the climate of North-East (NE) India is suitable for tick diversit... more ABSTRACT Despite the fact that the climate of North-East (NE) India is suitable for tick diversity, no systematic study has been done regarding the prevalence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens affecting small ruminants. A total of 1053 goats belonging to different age groups, breeds, and sex were examined from April 2019 to March 2020. Blood smear examination and PCR assays were conducted to detect tick-borne pathogens in the collected samples. The tick species recorded were Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, and Haemaphysalis bispinosa. The overall prevalence of tick-borne pathogens was 32.28%. Mixed infection with Theileria sp. and Anaplasma sp. was most common followed by single infections of Anaplasma sp. and Theileria sp. A significantly higher rate of infection was observed in female animals. Species-specific PCR revealed different tickborne pathogens like Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma centrale, and Theileria luwenshuni in goats. Isolated DNA samples of ticks were found to be positive for A. marginale, A. centrale, and T. luwenshuni and Coxiella burnetii in three genera of ticks with PCR assay. The results showed that vector-borne intracellular haemoprotozoa and Anaplasma are prevalent in the study area in apparently healthy small ruminants and the identified ticks have an endosymbiotic relationship with C. burnetii.
The main aim of this study was to report the occurrence of tapeworm Ophiotaenia spp in various sp... more The main aim of this study was to report the occurrence of tapeworm Ophiotaenia spp in various species of snakes by conventional faecal sample examination as well as molecular confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 65 snakes from both poisonous and non-poisonous were examined over a period of one year from July, 2016 to August, 2017 from different parts of Mizoram. Some tapeworms were also collected during post mortem (PM) examination and permanent slides were made. Three faecal samples were found positive for tapeworm eggs, while two rat snakes belonging to the family Colubridae were found positive for tapeworm s during PM. Scolex could not be recovered from intestine due to a time gap between death and PM examination. It was not possible to determine the Ophiotaenia species due to the non recovery of scolex.
Protozoan infections in animals are responsible for significant losses of production and many pro... more Protozoan infections in animals are responsible for significant losses of production and many protozoan parasites are of zoonotic importance. Among various parasitic infections, several protozoan parasites cause severe morbidity and mortality in animals and thus affect the economy of livestock in tropical and sub-tropical regions including India. The most common way to combat protozoan diseases is based on using anti-protozoal drugs. However, increasing evidence of anti-protozoan resistance and drug residues in food producing animals has emerged as the major concern for protozoan control programmes in various parts of the world. The most efficient and cost effective way to control protozoan infections is to vaccinate animals to control such infections. Although initial cost of vaccination is high, the long lasting immunity resulting from vaccination of animals offer a cheaper and effective alternative to control such infections. Based on this objective, this review underscores up to...
An epidemiological study was performed to determine the role of dogs and ticks infesting dogs in ... more An epidemiological study was performed to determine the role of dogs and ticks infesting dogs in the transmission of Q fever in humans and animals from April 2019 to March 2020 in the northeastern hill states of India. In total, 245 pet and stray dogs irrespective of age or sex were sampled, without specific inclusion or exclusion criteria. In total, 478 ticks belonging to three species were detected, namely Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. The DNA extracted from blood and tick samples was assayed for molecular characterization of Coxiella burnetii targeting the 16S rRNA and superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes. Amplified PCR products were purified, cloned and custom sequenced. PCR assay showed 3.3% (8/245) of the dogs were positive for Coxiella-like bacteria. Coxiella-like bacterial DNA was detected in adult fully engorged females of R. sanguineus (7.7%, 13/168), R. (B.) microplus (3.3%, 4/123) and H. anatolicum (1.9%, 1/54). Coxiella-like bacterial DNA lacked in adult male or nymphal stage. The infection rate did not vary significantly between seasons, nor according to sex or age of the host. Six nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA and SOD genes are discussed.
A study on incidence of helminth parasites of cattle was carried out from eight different distric... more A study on incidence of helminth parasites of cattle was carried out from eight different districts of Mizoram, India from June 2018 to May 2019. A total of 1153 faecal samples from different age groups of cattle were examined microscopically using salt flotation and sedimentation method. Some positive samples were copro-cultured for proper identification of Strongyle larvae. The overall prevalence of gastro intestinal (GI) helminths was 33.39% (385/1153). The identified species revealed nematodes, cestodes and trematodes with a total of 11 species. The percentage prevalence of various helminthes in descending order include Haemonchus sp (20.25%), Toxocaravitulovum (15.84%), Moniezia sp (13.76%), Strongyloidespapillosus (10.38%), Trichuris sp (8.57%), Oesophagastomum sp (6.75%), Trichostrongylussp (6.75%), Nematodirus sp (5.97%), Fasciolagigantica (5.19%), Paramphistomumsp (3.89%) and Eurytrema sp (2.59%). A total of 225 cattle slaughtered at local abattoirs were also inspected for ...
1 Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Cen... more 1 Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 2 Department of Veterinary Parasitology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K. B. Sarani, Kolkata-37, West Bengal, India. 3 Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 4 District Microbiologist, Malda Medical College and Hospital, Malda, West Bengal, India. 5 FCLA, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India.
The present study reports the prevalence of ecto- and endo-parasites in small wild ruminants from... more The present study reports the prevalence of ecto- and endo-parasites in small wild ruminants from various NE region of India. A total of 565 wild small ruminants in captivity were examined between ...
The main objective of this study is to record the prevalence of haemoprotozoan Hepatozoon in vari... more The main objective of this study is to record the prevalence of haemoprotozoan Hepatozoon in various species of snake blood by conventional blood film examination as well as by molecular technique. A total of 100 blood samples from both poisonous and non-poisonous snakes were examined over a period of one year from July, 2016 to June, 2017 from different parts of Mizoram. Twenty blood samples were found positive for Hepatozoon spp. by blood film examination, while twenty five samples were found positive for PCR. Gametocytes of the parasite were observed inside the RBC. Some were found free in the plasma. They were broadly elongate in shape. Nuclei of the infected erythrocytes were pushed to one side of the host cell. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) selectively amplified a fragment length of about 253bp. The study indicates that Hepatozoon infection is quite common in snakes.
Background & objectives: For detection and molecular characterization of Babesia microti in labor... more Background & objectives: For detection and molecular characterization of Babesia microti in laboratory mice from India. Methods: A total of 625 mice were screened by peripheral blood smear examination and subsequently was confirmed by PCR using a piroplasm conserved primer set (Piro A/B). Nested PCR was done using a species-specific primer targeting the gene encoding the small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA). The PCR products were cloned, purified and sequenced. A total of 12 isolates were obtained. The sequences were aligned and phylogenetic trees were prepared with other published Babesia spp. sequences. Results: B. microti was detected with a total infection rate of 8.80%. The higher rate of infection was observed by species specific PCR (8.80%) than examined by blood smear (7.20%). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed that Babesia species detected in mice were genetically identical to the genotypes of B. microti and can be easily distinguished from other genotypes of Babes...
1 Department of Veterinary Parasitology; College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Cen... more 1 Department of Veterinary Parasitology; College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 2 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry; College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 3 Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension; College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 4 Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology; College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 5 Department of Veterinary Parasitology; WBUAFS, Kolkata-37, West Bengal, India. 6 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology; College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India. 7 District Microbiologist, Malda Medical College & Hospital, Malda, West Bengal, India. 8 FCLA; Colle...
The aim of the present study is to describe morphological structures by light microscopy (LM) and... more The aim of the present study is to describe morphological structures by light microscopy (LM) and molecular confirmation of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp which were recovered from wild goat. Light microscopic study revealed both male and female ticks with hexagonal basis capituli, shorter mouthparts and posterior border without festoons and other similar Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) morphological features. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) selectively amplified a fragment length of about 400bp. It seems that this is the first report of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) sp from wild goats in India.
The objective of the present study is to underscore the ultra-structural morphology of Aponomma v... more The objective of the present study is to underscore the ultra-structural morphology of Aponomma varanense-a rare tick of reptile. A. varanense were collected from an Indian Cobra during post mortem and subsequently processed for both light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies. Light microscopy study revealed few typical morphological features through which the collected specimen identification was confirmed. Further, SEM study revealed little morphological ultrastructural peculiarity with other ixodid ticks as well difference between male and female A. varenense itself. Occurrence of A. varanense is reported first time from this part of country and this is the first SEM studies of this hard tick from India.
A survey of helminths in house lizard (Hemidactylus flaviviridis) from different parts of Aizawl ... more A survey of helminths in house lizard (Hemidactylus flaviviridis) from different parts of Aizawl district of Mizoram was carried out. Interestingly one house lizard was found infected with 8 numbers of one particular species of trematode among 50 lizards examined. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the recovered parasite belongs to Postorchigenes sp. This paper presented the detail surface morphology of the Postorchigenes sp. of lizard. So far, this is the first report of such trematode from this part of India.
The nematological fauna of amphibian species from North Eastern part of India has not received an... more The nematological fauna of amphibian species from North Eastern part of India has not received any attention. Amphibians including frogs are prone to suffer from a variety of parasites and diseases like other animals. Thirty species of either sex representing two species (Rana tigrina, Bufomelano tictus) of amphibians were collected from various parts of Aizawl, Mizoram during the month of June and July 2016 and searched for presence of any nematodes. Rana tigrina and Bufomelano tictus were found positive for Cosmocercoides sp. The present study describes light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Cosmocercoides species.
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