It is an unfortunate fact that many of the terms employed in studies of aquatic and terrestrial p... more It is an unfortunate fact that many of the terms employed in studies of aquatic and terrestrial pollution are broad in nature, and have been defined inadequately and used improperly or ambiguously in the literature over some decades. As a result, there is a need to review the terms employed in the title of the present work, to define its contents and scope.
Trace metals play key roles in life - all are toxic above a threshold bioavailability, yet many a... more Trace metals play key roles in life - all are toxic above a threshold bioavailability, yet many are essential to metabolism at lower doses. It is important to appreciate the natural history of an organism in order to understand the interaction between its biology and trace metals. The countryside and indeed the natural history of the British Isles are littered with the effects of metals, mostly via historical mining and subsequent industrial development. This fascinating story encompasses history, economics, geography, geology, chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, ecology, ecotoxicology and above all natural history. Examples abound of interactions between organisms and metals in the terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine, coastal and oceanic environments in and around the British Isles. Many of these interactions have nothing to do with metal pollution. All organisms are affected from bacteria, plants and invertebrates to charismatic species such as seals, dolphins, whales and seabirds. All have a tale to tell.
It should be emphasised here that any present list of contaminants thought to be of potential for... more It should be emphasised here that any present list of contaminants thought to be of potential for exerting significant adverse impacts in aquatic environments will undoubtedly be incomplete, principally due to the shortcomings in aquatic science alluded to in the last section of the previous chapter. Thus, for example, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), now thought to be of very considerable significance as a coastal and oceanic pollutant (e.g. see Waid, 1986; Tanabe et al., 1987a; Tanabe, 1988) were not discovered in aquatic biota until 1966, some 37 years after their initial use by industry (Anon., 1966; Jensen, 1972). There is therefore no doubt that, as analytical techniques improve, new contaminants of concern will emerge.
Trace metals play key roles in life - all are toxic above a threshold bioavailability, yet many a... more Trace metals play key roles in life - all are toxic above a threshold bioavailability, yet many are essential to metabolism at lower doses. It is important to appreciate the natural history of an organism in order to understand the interaction between its biology and trace metals. The countryside and indeed the natural history of the British Isles are littered with the effects of metals, mostly via historical mining and subsequent industrial development. This fascinating story encompasses history, economics, geography, geology, chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, ecology, ecotoxicology and above all natural history. Examples abound of interactions between organisms and metals in the terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine, coastal and oceanic environments in and around the British Isles. Many of these interactions have nothing to do with metal pollution. All organisms are affected from bacteria, plants and invertebrates to charismatic species such as seals, dolphins, whales and seabirds. All have a tale to tell.
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Jan 10, 2003
The comparative tolerance and accumulation of the trace metals zinc, copper and cadmium in popula... more The comparative tolerance and accumulation of the trace metals zinc, copper and cadmium in populations of the littoral polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor from three sites: (a) heavily metal-contaminated Dulas Bay in Anglesey, north Wales, (b) the Blackwater estuary, Essex, as a control site, and (c) West Thurrock, the Thames estuary as a site of intermediate metal contamination, were investigated. Worms from Dulas Bay did not show increased tolerance to any metal, but worms from West Thurrock showed significantly increased copper sensitivity compared to the worms from Dulas Bay and the Blackwater. Worms accumulated zinc and copper from sediments with raised zinc and copper concentrations, and all three metals from solution in proportion to dissolved concentration. Accumulated metal was not excreted in 21 days and field concentrations of zinc and copper in the worms differed between sites. There was no evidence for inter-populational differences in accumulation rates of zinc and cadmium from solution, but worms from Dulas Bay accumulated copper from solution at a significantly higher rate than did worms from the other two sites. Nereis diversicolor takes up and accumulates zinc and cadmium from solution at similar rates per unit molar exposure, but cadmium is taken up at a greater rate per unit free metal ion molar exposure. Although N. diversicolor from Dulas Bay is exposed to very high availabilities of zinc and copper, accumulation and detoxification mechanisms are sufficient to cope with the extra metal influx (accentuated for dissolved copper) without selection for a metal-tolerant population.
Different major types of contaminants and other environmental stressors have affected the Pearl R... more Different major types of contaminants and other environmental stressors have affected the Pearl River Estuary. Organic contaminants include hydrocarbons, halogenated organic compounds, organophosphorus compounds, xenoestrogens, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, as well as other emerging contaminants and microplastics. As a result of industrialization and human population growth in the region, all these potential contaminants find their way into the PRE. Over recent decades, there have been numerous studies to measure the environmental concentrations of these contaminants in water, sediments and organisms in the PRE. Pesticides are of particular environmental concern in the estuary. Eutrophication has also added to environmental concern for the estuary.
It is an unfortunate fact that many of the terms employed in studies of aquatic and terrestrial p... more It is an unfortunate fact that many of the terms employed in studies of aquatic and terrestrial pollution are broad in nature, and have been defined inadequately and used improperly or ambiguously in the literature over some decades. As a result, there is a need to review the terms employed in the title of the present work, to define its contents and scope.
Trace metals play key roles in life - all are toxic above a threshold bioavailability, yet many a... more Trace metals play key roles in life - all are toxic above a threshold bioavailability, yet many are essential to metabolism at lower doses. It is important to appreciate the natural history of an organism in order to understand the interaction between its biology and trace metals. The countryside and indeed the natural history of the British Isles are littered with the effects of metals, mostly via historical mining and subsequent industrial development. This fascinating story encompasses history, economics, geography, geology, chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, ecology, ecotoxicology and above all natural history. Examples abound of interactions between organisms and metals in the terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine, coastal and oceanic environments in and around the British Isles. Many of these interactions have nothing to do with metal pollution. All organisms are affected from bacteria, plants and invertebrates to charismatic species such as seals, dolphins, whales and seabirds. All have a tale to tell.
It should be emphasised here that any present list of contaminants thought to be of potential for... more It should be emphasised here that any present list of contaminants thought to be of potential for exerting significant adverse impacts in aquatic environments will undoubtedly be incomplete, principally due to the shortcomings in aquatic science alluded to in the last section of the previous chapter. Thus, for example, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), now thought to be of very considerable significance as a coastal and oceanic pollutant (e.g. see Waid, 1986; Tanabe et al., 1987a; Tanabe, 1988) were not discovered in aquatic biota until 1966, some 37 years after their initial use by industry (Anon., 1966; Jensen, 1972). There is therefore no doubt that, as analytical techniques improve, new contaminants of concern will emerge.
Trace metals play key roles in life - all are toxic above a threshold bioavailability, yet many a... more Trace metals play key roles in life - all are toxic above a threshold bioavailability, yet many are essential to metabolism at lower doses. It is important to appreciate the natural history of an organism in order to understand the interaction between its biology and trace metals. The countryside and indeed the natural history of the British Isles are littered with the effects of metals, mostly via historical mining and subsequent industrial development. This fascinating story encompasses history, economics, geography, geology, chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, ecology, ecotoxicology and above all natural history. Examples abound of interactions between organisms and metals in the terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine, coastal and oceanic environments in and around the British Isles. Many of these interactions have nothing to do with metal pollution. All organisms are affected from bacteria, plants and invertebrates to charismatic species such as seals, dolphins, whales and seabirds. All have a tale to tell.
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Jan 10, 2003
The comparative tolerance and accumulation of the trace metals zinc, copper and cadmium in popula... more The comparative tolerance and accumulation of the trace metals zinc, copper and cadmium in populations of the littoral polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor from three sites: (a) heavily metal-contaminated Dulas Bay in Anglesey, north Wales, (b) the Blackwater estuary, Essex, as a control site, and (c) West Thurrock, the Thames estuary as a site of intermediate metal contamination, were investigated. Worms from Dulas Bay did not show increased tolerance to any metal, but worms from West Thurrock showed significantly increased copper sensitivity compared to the worms from Dulas Bay and the Blackwater. Worms accumulated zinc and copper from sediments with raised zinc and copper concentrations, and all three metals from solution in proportion to dissolved concentration. Accumulated metal was not excreted in 21 days and field concentrations of zinc and copper in the worms differed between sites. There was no evidence for inter-populational differences in accumulation rates of zinc and cadmium from solution, but worms from Dulas Bay accumulated copper from solution at a significantly higher rate than did worms from the other two sites. Nereis diversicolor takes up and accumulates zinc and cadmium from solution at similar rates per unit molar exposure, but cadmium is taken up at a greater rate per unit free metal ion molar exposure. Although N. diversicolor from Dulas Bay is exposed to very high availabilities of zinc and copper, accumulation and detoxification mechanisms are sufficient to cope with the extra metal influx (accentuated for dissolved copper) without selection for a metal-tolerant population.
Different major types of contaminants and other environmental stressors have affected the Pearl R... more Different major types of contaminants and other environmental stressors have affected the Pearl River Estuary. Organic contaminants include hydrocarbons, halogenated organic compounds, organophosphorus compounds, xenoestrogens, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, as well as other emerging contaminants and microplastics. As a result of industrialization and human population growth in the region, all these potential contaminants find their way into the PRE. Over recent decades, there have been numerous studies to measure the environmental concentrations of these contaminants in water, sediments and organisms in the PRE. Pesticides are of particular environmental concern in the estuary. Eutrophication has also added to environmental concern for the estuary.
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