We present the first results from a novel multiparent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) pop... more We present the first results from a novel multiparent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population derived from four elite wheat cultivars. The large size of this MAGIC population (1579 progeny), its diverse genetic composition and high levels of recombination all contribute to its value as a genetic resource. Applications of this resource include interrogation of the wheat genome and the analysis of gene-trait association in agronomically important wheat phenotypes. Here, we report the utilization of a MAGIC population for the first time for linkage map construction. We have constructed a linkage map with 1162 DArT, single nucleotide polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers distributed across all 21 chromosomes. We benchmark this map against a high-density DArT consensus map created by integrating more than 100 biparental populations. The linkage map forms the basis for further exploration of the genetic architecture within the population, including characterization of linkage disequilibrium, founder contribution and inclusion of an alien introgression into the genetic map. Finally, we demonstrate the application of the resource for quantitative trait loci mapping using the complex traits plant height and hectolitre weight as a proof of principle.
A comprehensive survey of the plant parasitic nematodes associated with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata... more A comprehensive survey of the plant parasitic nematodes associated with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) production fields was carried out in the three primary agro-climatic zones of Burkina Faso in West Africa. Across the three zones, a total of 109 samples were collected from the farms of 32 villages to provide a representative coverage of the cowpea production areas. Samples of rhizosphere soil and samples of roots from actively growing cowpea plants were collected during mid- to late-season. Twelve plant-parasitic nematode genera were identified, of which six appeared to have significant parasitic potential on cowpea based on their frequency and abundance. These included Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Scutellonema, Telotylenchus, and Tylenchorhynchus. Criconemella and Rotylenchulus also had significant levels of abundance and frequency, respectively. Of the primary genera, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, and Scutellonema contained species which are known or suspected to cause ...
Expression of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica from Aegilops squarrosa was stu... more Expression of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica from Aegilops squarrosa was studied in a synthetic allohexaploid produced from Triticum turgidum var. durum cv. Produra and Ae. squarrosa G 3489. The reproductive rate of different races of M. incognita and M. javanica, expressed in eggs per gram of fresh root, was low (P < 0.05) on the synthetic allohexaploid and the resistant parent, Ae. squarrosa G 3489, compared with different bread and durum wheat cultivars. Reproduction of race 2 and race 3 of M. incognita and an isolate of M. javanica was studied on the synthetic allohexaploid and seven cultivars of T. aestivum: Anza, Coker 747, Coker 68-15, Delta Queen, Double Crop, McNair 1813, and Southern Bell. The latter six cultivars are grown in the southeastern United States and reportedly were resistant to M. incognita. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were detected in nematode reproduction on the seven bread wheat cultivars. Reproduction of M. incognita race 3...
Wheat cultivars Anza and Produra grown in winter in California were planted in Meloidogyne incogn... more Wheat cultivars Anza and Produra grown in winter in California were planted in Meloidogyne incognita infested and noninfested sandy loam plots in October (soil temperature 21 C) and November (soil temperature 16 C) of 1979. Meloidogyne incognita penetrated roots of mid-October planted Ataza (427 juveniles/g root), developed into adult females by January, and produced 75 eggs/g root by harvest in April. Penetration and development did not occur in late plantings. Anza seedlings grown in infested soil in pots buried in field soil in early spring were not invaded until soil temperature exceeded 18 C. Meloidogyne incognita juveniles can migrate through soil and penetrate roots at temperatures above 18 C (activity threshold), however development can occur at lower temperatures. Grain yields were not significantly different between nematode infested (3,390 kg/ha) and noninfested (2,988 kg/ha) plots. Winter decline of eggs and juveniles in two late plantings anti in fallow soil were 69, 72...
A granular formulation of a chelate of metham-zinc (CMZ) which liberates the biocidal methyl isot... more A granular formulation of a chelate of metham-zinc (CMZ) which liberates the biocidal methyl isothiocyanate was tested for nematicidal activity on Tylenchulus semipenetrans in a jar soil screening and on Meloidogyne javanica (greenhouse test) and M. incognita (field test) infecting tomato. Comparisons were made with 1,3-D in the jar and pot experiments. The CMZ caused only 3.9% mortality of citrus nematode juveniles at 1.0 mug a.i./g soil, but 95.4% mortality at 10.0 mug a.i./g and 100.0% at 100.0 mug a.i./g. CMZ at 10.0 and 100.0 mug a.i./g significantly reduced tomato root infections by M. javanica in the pot test relative to the untreated control. In the field test, CMZ (11.5 g a.i./m(2) calibration rate) reduced M. incognita populations in the zone of incorporation but not below it, thus failing to provide season-long control for tomato. This material has good nematicidal activity at 10 mug a.i./g or more, but its effectiveness in the field may be limited by its lack of movement.
Two lines of Aegilops squarrosa (G 3489 and G 1279) and Triticum cultivars Anza, Cocorit, Produra... more Two lines of Aegilops squarrosa (G 3489 and G 1279) and Triticum cultivars Anza, Cocorit, Produra, Chinese Spring, Nugaines, and a synthetic hexaploid were screened for resistance to Meloidogyne chitwoodi. Reproduction of M. chitwoodi, expressed as eggs per gram root, was low (P < 0.01) on G 3489 and the synthetic hexaploid. Reproduction on all other cultivars tested was high although differences (P < 0.01) existed among them.
The potential for managing plant-parasitic nenlatodes by combining two or more control strategies... more The potential for managing plant-parasitic nenlatodes by combining two or more control strategies in an integrated program is examined. Advantages of this approach include the use of partially effective strategies and protection of highly effective ones vulnerable from nematode adaptation or environmental risk. Strategies can be combined sequentially from season to season or applied simultaneously. Programs that have several strategies available but that are limited in the true integration of control components are used as examples of current management procedures and the potential for their improvement. These include potato cyst nematodes in northern Europe, soybean cyst nematode in North Carolina, and root-knot nematodes on vegetable and field crops in California. A simplified model of the impact of component strategies on the nematode damage function indicates the potential for combining control measures with different efficacies to give acceptable nematode population reduction a...
The level of resistance to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in NemX, a new cultivar of ... more The level of resistance to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in NemX, a new cultivar of the Acala-type upland cotton, was evaluated in relation to four resistant breeding lines (N6072, N8577, N901, and N903) and four susceptible cultivars (Maxxa, SJ2, Royale, and Prema). In growth pouch tests, an average of only 4 nematode egg masses was produced on roots of NemX or the resistant lines, compared to a significantly higher average of 21 on the susceptible cultivars. In pot tests, the nematode reproduction factor (RF = Pf/Pi) in NemX and the resistant lines averaged 0.7, compared to a significantly higher average of 10 on the susceptible cultivars. Root galling in NemX or other resistant cotton averaged 15%, compared to 74% on the susceptible cultivars, in either pot or field tests. In plots with low levels of nematode infestation (Pi </= 150 second-stage juveniles [J2]/500 g soil), lint yield of NemX averaged 1,370 kg/ha and was less than the yield of susceptible Maxxa (1,...
The importance of plant-parasitic nematodes as yield-limiting pathogens of cotton has received in... more The importance of plant-parasitic nematodes as yield-limiting pathogens of cotton has received increased recognition and attention in the United States in the recent past. This paper summarizes the remarks made during a symposium of the same title that was held in July 2007 at the joint meeting of the Society of Nematologists and the American Phytopathological Society in San Diego, California. Although several cultural practices, including crop rotation, can be effective in suppressing the populations of the important nematode pathogens of cotton, the economic realities of cotton production limit their use. The use of nematicides is also limited by issues of efficacy and economics. There is a need for development of chemistries that will address these limitations. Also needed are systems that would enable precise nematicide application in terms of rate and placement only in areas where nematode population densities warrant application. Substantial progress is being made in the ident...
A study of life-history traits was made to determine factors associated with the fitness of Meloi... more A study of life-history traits was made to determine factors associated with the fitness of Meloidogyne incognita isolates virulent to resistance gene Rk in cowpea. Egg hatch, root penetration, egg mass production, and fecundity (eggs per egg mass) of avirulent and virulent phenotypes were compared among M. incognita isolates, isofemale lines, and single descent lines over multiple generations on resistant and susceptible cowpea. Variation (P </= 0.05) in both hatch and root penetration rates was found among isolates at a given generation. However, this variation was not consistent within nematode lines among generations, and there was no correlation with level of virulence, except for penetration and virulence on resistant cowpea at generation 20. Resistant and susceptible cowpea roots were penetrated at similar levels. Differences in reproductive factors on resistant plants were correlated with levels of virulence expression. In some isofemale lines, single descent lines, and i...
Isofemale lines (IFL) from single egg masses were studied for genetic variation in Meloidogyne in... more Isofemale lines (IFL) from single egg masses were studied for genetic variation in Meloidogyne incognita isolates avirulent and virulent to the resistance gene Rk in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). In parental isolates cultured on susceptible and resistant cowpea, the virulent isolate contained 100% and the avirulent isolate 7% virulent lineages. Virulence was selected from the avirulent isolate within eight generations on resistant cowpea (lineage selection). In addition, virulence was selected from avirulent females (individual selection). Virulence differed (P </= 0.05) both within and between cohorts of IFL cultured for up to 27 generations on susceptible or resistant cowpea. Distinct virulence profiles were observed among IFL. Some remained avirulent on susceptible plants and became extinct on resistant plants; some remained virulent on resistant and susceptible plants; some changed from avirulent to virulent on resistant plants; and others changed from virulent to avirulent on ...
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a damaging pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) wo... more The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a damaging pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) worldwide. A major gene (rkn1) conferring resistance to M. incognita was previously identified on linkage group A03 in G. hirsutum cv. Acala NemX. To determine the patterns of segregation and phenotypic expression of rkn1, F(1), F(2), F(2:3), BC(1)F(1) and F(2:7) recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from intraspecific crosses between Acala NemX and a closely related susceptible cultivar Acala SJ-2 were inoculated in greenhouse tests with M. incognita race 3. The resistance phenotype was determined by the extent of nematode-induced root galling and nematode egg production on roots. Suppression of root galling and egg production was highly correlated among individuals in all tests. Root galling and egg production on heterozygous plants did not differ from the susceptible parent phenotype 125 d or more after inoculation, but were slightly suppressed with shorter screening (60 d), indicating that rk...
The virulence index of three Meloidogyne incognita field isolates to the resistance gene Rk in co... more The virulence index of three Meloidogyne incognita field isolates to the resistance gene Rk in cowpea was 0%, 75%, and 120%, with the index measured as reproduction on resistant plants as a percentage of the reproduction on susceptible plants. Continuous culture of the 75% virulent isolate on susceptible tomato for more than 5 years (about 25 generations) resulted in virulence decline to about 4%. The rate of the decline in virulence was described by exponential decay, indicating the progressive loss of virulence on a susceptible host. The 120% virulent isolate declined to 90% virulence during five generations on susceptible cowpea. Following virulence decline, the two isolates were compared over 5 years in inoculated field microplots both separately and as a mixture on susceptible, gene Rk, and gene Rk(2) cowpea plants. At infestation of the plots, the two isolates were 1.2% and 92.0% virulent, respectively, to gene Rk and 0.2% and 8.1% virulent, respectively, to gene Rk(2). Virule...
Biochemical and molecular analyses of genetic variation were evaluated to address the taxonomic s... more Biochemical and molecular analyses of genetic variation were evaluated to address the taxonomic status of Nacobbus aberrans. Isolates from Mexico, Peru, and Argentina, cultured on tomato in the greenhouse, were analyzed with respect to isozyme and DNA marker variation. Although acid phosphatase and malate dehydrogenase revealed distinct profiles for each isolate, non-specific esterases revealed possible affinities between the Peruvian isolates and between the isolates from Mexico and Peru. Two of l 0 RAPD primers revealed affinities suggested by esterase profiles. RFLP analysis of the rDNA repeating unit with six restriction enzymes revealed identical cleavage patterns between the Peru isolates and a distinct profile shared by isolates from Mexico and Argentina. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 5.8S rRNA coding region revealed differences among the four isolates at eight of 157 positions; sequences of the Peruvian isolates differed from each other at only one position, whereas th...
Nine resistant processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars and advanced lines were comp... more Nine resistant processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars and advanced lines were compared with four susceptible cultivars in 1,3-dichloropropene-fumigated and nontreated plots on Meloidogyne incognita-infested sites over 3 years. Yield of all resistant genotypes grown in nontreated and nematicide-treated plots did not differ and was greater than yield of susceptible genotypes. M. incognita initial soil population densities caused 39.3-56.5% significant (P = 0.05) yield suppressions of susceptible genotypes. Nematode injury to susceptible plants usually caused both fruit soluble solids content and pH to increase significantly (P = 0.05). Only trace nematode reproduction occurred on resistant genotypes in nontreated plots, whereas large population density increases occurred on susceptible genotypes. Slightly greater nematode reproduction occurred on resistant genotypes at the southern desert location, where soil temperature exceeded 30 C, than at other locations. At two lo...
We present the first results from a novel multiparent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) pop... more We present the first results from a novel multiparent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population derived from four elite wheat cultivars. The large size of this MAGIC population (1579 progeny), its diverse genetic composition and high levels of recombination all contribute to its value as a genetic resource. Applications of this resource include interrogation of the wheat genome and the analysis of gene-trait association in agronomically important wheat phenotypes. Here, we report the utilization of a MAGIC population for the first time for linkage map construction. We have constructed a linkage map with 1162 DArT, single nucleotide polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers distributed across all 21 chromosomes. We benchmark this map against a high-density DArT consensus map created by integrating more than 100 biparental populations. The linkage map forms the basis for further exploration of the genetic architecture within the population, including characterization of linkage disequilibrium, founder contribution and inclusion of an alien introgression into the genetic map. Finally, we demonstrate the application of the resource for quantitative trait loci mapping using the complex traits plant height and hectolitre weight as a proof of principle.
A comprehensive survey of the plant parasitic nematodes associated with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata... more A comprehensive survey of the plant parasitic nematodes associated with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) production fields was carried out in the three primary agro-climatic zones of Burkina Faso in West Africa. Across the three zones, a total of 109 samples were collected from the farms of 32 villages to provide a representative coverage of the cowpea production areas. Samples of rhizosphere soil and samples of roots from actively growing cowpea plants were collected during mid- to late-season. Twelve plant-parasitic nematode genera were identified, of which six appeared to have significant parasitic potential on cowpea based on their frequency and abundance. These included Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Scutellonema, Telotylenchus, and Tylenchorhynchus. Criconemella and Rotylenchulus also had significant levels of abundance and frequency, respectively. Of the primary genera, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, and Scutellonema contained species which are known or suspected to cause ...
Expression of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica from Aegilops squarrosa was stu... more Expression of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica from Aegilops squarrosa was studied in a synthetic allohexaploid produced from Triticum turgidum var. durum cv. Produra and Ae. squarrosa G 3489. The reproductive rate of different races of M. incognita and M. javanica, expressed in eggs per gram of fresh root, was low (P < 0.05) on the synthetic allohexaploid and the resistant parent, Ae. squarrosa G 3489, compared with different bread and durum wheat cultivars. Reproduction of race 2 and race 3 of M. incognita and an isolate of M. javanica was studied on the synthetic allohexaploid and seven cultivars of T. aestivum: Anza, Coker 747, Coker 68-15, Delta Queen, Double Crop, McNair 1813, and Southern Bell. The latter six cultivars are grown in the southeastern United States and reportedly were resistant to M. incognita. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were detected in nematode reproduction on the seven bread wheat cultivars. Reproduction of M. incognita race 3...
Wheat cultivars Anza and Produra grown in winter in California were planted in Meloidogyne incogn... more Wheat cultivars Anza and Produra grown in winter in California were planted in Meloidogyne incognita infested and noninfested sandy loam plots in October (soil temperature 21 C) and November (soil temperature 16 C) of 1979. Meloidogyne incognita penetrated roots of mid-October planted Ataza (427 juveniles/g root), developed into adult females by January, and produced 75 eggs/g root by harvest in April. Penetration and development did not occur in late plantings. Anza seedlings grown in infested soil in pots buried in field soil in early spring were not invaded until soil temperature exceeded 18 C. Meloidogyne incognita juveniles can migrate through soil and penetrate roots at temperatures above 18 C (activity threshold), however development can occur at lower temperatures. Grain yields were not significantly different between nematode infested (3,390 kg/ha) and noninfested (2,988 kg/ha) plots. Winter decline of eggs and juveniles in two late plantings anti in fallow soil were 69, 72...
A granular formulation of a chelate of metham-zinc (CMZ) which liberates the biocidal methyl isot... more A granular formulation of a chelate of metham-zinc (CMZ) which liberates the biocidal methyl isothiocyanate was tested for nematicidal activity on Tylenchulus semipenetrans in a jar soil screening and on Meloidogyne javanica (greenhouse test) and M. incognita (field test) infecting tomato. Comparisons were made with 1,3-D in the jar and pot experiments. The CMZ caused only 3.9% mortality of citrus nematode juveniles at 1.0 mug a.i./g soil, but 95.4% mortality at 10.0 mug a.i./g and 100.0% at 100.0 mug a.i./g. CMZ at 10.0 and 100.0 mug a.i./g significantly reduced tomato root infections by M. javanica in the pot test relative to the untreated control. In the field test, CMZ (11.5 g a.i./m(2) calibration rate) reduced M. incognita populations in the zone of incorporation but not below it, thus failing to provide season-long control for tomato. This material has good nematicidal activity at 10 mug a.i./g or more, but its effectiveness in the field may be limited by its lack of movement.
Two lines of Aegilops squarrosa (G 3489 and G 1279) and Triticum cultivars Anza, Cocorit, Produra... more Two lines of Aegilops squarrosa (G 3489 and G 1279) and Triticum cultivars Anza, Cocorit, Produra, Chinese Spring, Nugaines, and a synthetic hexaploid were screened for resistance to Meloidogyne chitwoodi. Reproduction of M. chitwoodi, expressed as eggs per gram root, was low (P < 0.01) on G 3489 and the synthetic hexaploid. Reproduction on all other cultivars tested was high although differences (P < 0.01) existed among them.
The potential for managing plant-parasitic nenlatodes by combining two or more control strategies... more The potential for managing plant-parasitic nenlatodes by combining two or more control strategies in an integrated program is examined. Advantages of this approach include the use of partially effective strategies and protection of highly effective ones vulnerable from nematode adaptation or environmental risk. Strategies can be combined sequentially from season to season or applied simultaneously. Programs that have several strategies available but that are limited in the true integration of control components are used as examples of current management procedures and the potential for their improvement. These include potato cyst nematodes in northern Europe, soybean cyst nematode in North Carolina, and root-knot nematodes on vegetable and field crops in California. A simplified model of the impact of component strategies on the nematode damage function indicates the potential for combining control measures with different efficacies to give acceptable nematode population reduction a...
The level of resistance to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in NemX, a new cultivar of ... more The level of resistance to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in NemX, a new cultivar of the Acala-type upland cotton, was evaluated in relation to four resistant breeding lines (N6072, N8577, N901, and N903) and four susceptible cultivars (Maxxa, SJ2, Royale, and Prema). In growth pouch tests, an average of only 4 nematode egg masses was produced on roots of NemX or the resistant lines, compared to a significantly higher average of 21 on the susceptible cultivars. In pot tests, the nematode reproduction factor (RF = Pf/Pi) in NemX and the resistant lines averaged 0.7, compared to a significantly higher average of 10 on the susceptible cultivars. Root galling in NemX or other resistant cotton averaged 15%, compared to 74% on the susceptible cultivars, in either pot or field tests. In plots with low levels of nematode infestation (Pi </= 150 second-stage juveniles [J2]/500 g soil), lint yield of NemX averaged 1,370 kg/ha and was less than the yield of susceptible Maxxa (1,...
The importance of plant-parasitic nematodes as yield-limiting pathogens of cotton has received in... more The importance of plant-parasitic nematodes as yield-limiting pathogens of cotton has received increased recognition and attention in the United States in the recent past. This paper summarizes the remarks made during a symposium of the same title that was held in July 2007 at the joint meeting of the Society of Nematologists and the American Phytopathological Society in San Diego, California. Although several cultural practices, including crop rotation, can be effective in suppressing the populations of the important nematode pathogens of cotton, the economic realities of cotton production limit their use. The use of nematicides is also limited by issues of efficacy and economics. There is a need for development of chemistries that will address these limitations. Also needed are systems that would enable precise nematicide application in terms of rate and placement only in areas where nematode population densities warrant application. Substantial progress is being made in the ident...
A study of life-history traits was made to determine factors associated with the fitness of Meloi... more A study of life-history traits was made to determine factors associated with the fitness of Meloidogyne incognita isolates virulent to resistance gene Rk in cowpea. Egg hatch, root penetration, egg mass production, and fecundity (eggs per egg mass) of avirulent and virulent phenotypes were compared among M. incognita isolates, isofemale lines, and single descent lines over multiple generations on resistant and susceptible cowpea. Variation (P </= 0.05) in both hatch and root penetration rates was found among isolates at a given generation. However, this variation was not consistent within nematode lines among generations, and there was no correlation with level of virulence, except for penetration and virulence on resistant cowpea at generation 20. Resistant and susceptible cowpea roots were penetrated at similar levels. Differences in reproductive factors on resistant plants were correlated with levels of virulence expression. In some isofemale lines, single descent lines, and i...
Isofemale lines (IFL) from single egg masses were studied for genetic variation in Meloidogyne in... more Isofemale lines (IFL) from single egg masses were studied for genetic variation in Meloidogyne incognita isolates avirulent and virulent to the resistance gene Rk in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). In parental isolates cultured on susceptible and resistant cowpea, the virulent isolate contained 100% and the avirulent isolate 7% virulent lineages. Virulence was selected from the avirulent isolate within eight generations on resistant cowpea (lineage selection). In addition, virulence was selected from avirulent females (individual selection). Virulence differed (P </= 0.05) both within and between cohorts of IFL cultured for up to 27 generations on susceptible or resistant cowpea. Distinct virulence profiles were observed among IFL. Some remained avirulent on susceptible plants and became extinct on resistant plants; some remained virulent on resistant and susceptible plants; some changed from avirulent to virulent on resistant plants; and others changed from virulent to avirulent on ...
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a damaging pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) wo... more The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a damaging pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) worldwide. A major gene (rkn1) conferring resistance to M. incognita was previously identified on linkage group A03 in G. hirsutum cv. Acala NemX. To determine the patterns of segregation and phenotypic expression of rkn1, F(1), F(2), F(2:3), BC(1)F(1) and F(2:7) recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from intraspecific crosses between Acala NemX and a closely related susceptible cultivar Acala SJ-2 were inoculated in greenhouse tests with M. incognita race 3. The resistance phenotype was determined by the extent of nematode-induced root galling and nematode egg production on roots. Suppression of root galling and egg production was highly correlated among individuals in all tests. Root galling and egg production on heterozygous plants did not differ from the susceptible parent phenotype 125 d or more after inoculation, but were slightly suppressed with shorter screening (60 d), indicating that rk...
The virulence index of three Meloidogyne incognita field isolates to the resistance gene Rk in co... more The virulence index of three Meloidogyne incognita field isolates to the resistance gene Rk in cowpea was 0%, 75%, and 120%, with the index measured as reproduction on resistant plants as a percentage of the reproduction on susceptible plants. Continuous culture of the 75% virulent isolate on susceptible tomato for more than 5 years (about 25 generations) resulted in virulence decline to about 4%. The rate of the decline in virulence was described by exponential decay, indicating the progressive loss of virulence on a susceptible host. The 120% virulent isolate declined to 90% virulence during five generations on susceptible cowpea. Following virulence decline, the two isolates were compared over 5 years in inoculated field microplots both separately and as a mixture on susceptible, gene Rk, and gene Rk(2) cowpea plants. At infestation of the plots, the two isolates were 1.2% and 92.0% virulent, respectively, to gene Rk and 0.2% and 8.1% virulent, respectively, to gene Rk(2). Virule...
Biochemical and molecular analyses of genetic variation were evaluated to address the taxonomic s... more Biochemical and molecular analyses of genetic variation were evaluated to address the taxonomic status of Nacobbus aberrans. Isolates from Mexico, Peru, and Argentina, cultured on tomato in the greenhouse, were analyzed with respect to isozyme and DNA marker variation. Although acid phosphatase and malate dehydrogenase revealed distinct profiles for each isolate, non-specific esterases revealed possible affinities between the Peruvian isolates and between the isolates from Mexico and Peru. Two of l 0 RAPD primers revealed affinities suggested by esterase profiles. RFLP analysis of the rDNA repeating unit with six restriction enzymes revealed identical cleavage patterns between the Peru isolates and a distinct profile shared by isolates from Mexico and Argentina. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 5.8S rRNA coding region revealed differences among the four isolates at eight of 157 positions; sequences of the Peruvian isolates differed from each other at only one position, whereas th...
Nine resistant processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars and advanced lines were comp... more Nine resistant processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars and advanced lines were compared with four susceptible cultivars in 1,3-dichloropropene-fumigated and nontreated plots on Meloidogyne incognita-infested sites over 3 years. Yield of all resistant genotypes grown in nontreated and nematicide-treated plots did not differ and was greater than yield of susceptible genotypes. M. incognita initial soil population densities caused 39.3-56.5% significant (P = 0.05) yield suppressions of susceptible genotypes. Nematode injury to susceptible plants usually caused both fruit soluble solids content and pH to increase significantly (P = 0.05). Only trace nematode reproduction occurred on resistant genotypes in nontreated plots, whereas large population density increases occurred on susceptible genotypes. Slightly greater nematode reproduction occurred on resistant genotypes at the southern desert location, where soil temperature exceeded 30 C, than at other locations. At two lo...
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Papers by Philip Roberts