บทคดยอ โทรศพทเคลอนทในปจจบนสามารถตอบสนองชวตททนสมยและสะดวกสบาย ทำใหมการใชเพมขนอยางรวดเรว อยางไรกตาม... more บทคดยอ โทรศพทเคลอนทในปจจบนสามารถตอบสนองชวตททนสมยและสะดวกสบาย ทำใหมการใชเพมขนอยางรวดเรว อยางไรกตามเทคโนโลยเหลานกทำใหเกดผลกระทบตอมนษย บทความนจงเปนการแสดงผลกระทบทางชวภาพจากโทรศพทเคลอนท ซงอาศยการแผรงสแมเหลกไฟฟายานความถไมโครเวฟ ในกลม non-ionizing โดยมพลงงานไมมากพอในการเหนยวนำใหเกดความรอน ซงอาจจะทำใหเกดผลกระทบทางชวภาพทไมใชความรอน โดยเฉพาะระบบประสาทซงเปนอวยวะทางไฟฟาทมภาวะไมเสถยร รวมกบการใชโทรศพทเคลอนทซงเปนแหลงแผรงสแมเหลกไฟฟาทใกลกบศรษะมากทสด อาจทำใหเกดการเปลยนแปลงหนาททางระบบประสาท ไดแก ความผดปกตของรหสยน ความผดปกตของ blood-brain barrier การเปลยนแปลงโครงสรางเซลล รบกวนเมตทาโบลซมและพบความผดปกตของคลนไฟฟาสมอง เปนตน ซงเปนการเปลยนแปลงหนาททางประสาทและเปลยนแปลงพฤตกรรมแบบชวคราว โดยเฉพาะอาการปวดศรษะทพบบอยทสด สงสำคญคอ ควรมมาตรการในการปองกนทชดเจน แมวาปจจบนความรดานผลกระทบทางชวภาพของการแผรงสแมเหลกไฟฟายงไมมการสรปทชดเจน Abstract As the mobile phone responds to modern lifestyle and makes life convenience, its use has increased greatly. On the other hand this technology could affect humans. This article revi...
Increased prevalence of headaches in teenagers is likely attributable to a number of factors in t... more Increased prevalence of headaches in teenagers is likely attributable to a number of factors in their daily life, especially the use of smartphones. The smartphone is a device that teenagers spend much time using, which correlates with an increased prevalence of headaches. Here we investigated the relationship between smartphone electromagnetic radiation and headaches in high school students. The time series study was conducted from January-April 2015 among 145 high school students in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, who were selected by a set criteria. A total of 12,969 headache diary records, smartphone output power, and other variables were collected by a smartphone application and transmitted by email to a researcher every day. Data was analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equation. The majority of the study subjects were female, 17.4 years old on average. The prevalence of repeated headaches was 13.4%. The study revealed smartphone output power in the range of 1.80-1.99x10-5mW a...
The effects of factories and waste dumping sites on community health are usually difficult to pro... more The effects of factories and waste dumping sites on community health are usually difficult to prove, requiring expertise and expensive laboratories to investigate. To address this problem, the author has developed an easy to use and relatively inexpensive tool, popular epidemiology, that uses a map to locate clusters of people with health problems near environmental risk factors. Case studies in Thailand demonstrate the tool’s applicability and effectiveness. The popular epidemiology tool developed here enables communities to assess the health effects of environmental risk factors themselves.
This study was to investigate health effects of longan drying factory workers who were exposed to... more This study was to investigate health effects of longan drying factory workers who were exposed to potassium chlorate or its metabolites. A descriptive design was applied to this study using interviewing questionnaires and recording forms. The samples comprised 199 workers working in various factories located in Muang district, Lumphun province. Seventy-nine percent of the workers were female, with a mean±SD age of 43.0±11.3 years. Sixty-four percent performed three steps of the longan drying process, i.e., peeling off, rinsing, and aligning longans in a tray in the mean daily working hours of 10.6±5.2. Sixty-eight percent did not wear gloves during their work. Sixty-six percent provided a history of allergy after working in the factories. Physical examination results showed lesions of occupation-related skin diseases on their hands and other parts of the body (21.0%). Laboratory investigations indicated that some workers were in the stage of anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, a...
The levels of air pollution in Chiang Mai city, Thailand, are higher than in most western cities ... more The levels of air pollution in Chiang Mai city, Thailand, are higher than in most western cities and are a cause of concern. Within the city, air pollution monitoring stations are few and modelling is potentially an important planning aid. For the present study the use of the ADMSUrban model was tested using data for Chiang Mai – a tropical city. Pollutant concentrations calculated by ADMS-Urban were compared with concentrations recorded at two monitoring stations. Source information on emission rates, street canyons and meteorological data were inputs to the model. Good correlations were only obtained when corrections were made for the high levels of imported ambient background pollution. The reasons for the limitations in applying the existing ADMS-Urban model to a tropical city are being explored and recommendations for modifications will be made. The model was used to identify ‘hot-spots’ within the city (along Highways 106 and 108). The results produced are influencing the sele...
Early warning systems for outbreak detection is a challenge topic for researchers in the epidemio... more Early warning systems for outbreak detection is a challenge topic for researchers in the epidemiology and biomedical informatics fields. We are proposing a new method for detecting disease epidemics using a symptom-based approach. The data was collected from developed mobile applications which include users' demographic information and a list of chief complaint symptoms. Deliberated outbreaks are differentiated from seasonal outbreak by specific symptoms that represent a sign of infection. These symptoms were grouped, classified, and then converted to a time-series digital signal using the consensus scoring approach. Through the syndromic grouping method, the system digitized each data package into a single independent variable that is ready for further one-dimensional signal processing to predict disease outbreaks in the future.
The study aims to investigate the effect of modern technology in the trigger of migraine headache... more The study aims to investigate the effect of modern technology in the trigger of migraine headaches in high school students by using generalized estimating equation analysis. The prospective time series study was conducted in one hundred and forty-five smartphones using high school students in Chiang Mai Province who each completed a headache diary giving a total of 12,969 data entries. The smartphone output power was measured and recorded by a smartphone application. Smartphone use, sleep quality, anxiety, and depression also were assessed. Results revealed that the prevalence of repeated headache be 13.4% and migraine 16.9%. The migraine had the strongest association with hand-free device use and internet use, followed by age and anxiety. Furthermore, the strongest effect of smartphone output power in triggering a migraine was found at ≤ 1.79×10−5 and 1.80–1.99×10−5 mW ranges. Meanwhile, Lag_6 of daily smartphone output power exposure produced the migraine effect in a reverse dose-...
Purpose Adolescents being in a stage of growth need good sleep, but, today, they suffer from slee... more Purpose Adolescents being in a stage of growth need good sleep, but, today, they suffer from sleep deprivation due to such extrinsic factor as a smartphone which they enjoy spending time using the device. However, the effects of smartphone output power (SOP) on the duration of good sleep remains unclear. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the correlation of the SOP and sleep loss in high school students. Design/methodology/approach The time-series study was conducted among 145 high school students in Chiang Mai Province who completed a sleep diary which applied by the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. The SOP was corrected by a smartphone application and transmitted by e-mail to a researcher every day. The completed data set contains 12,969 entries. Headache, anxiety and depression were also assessed. Data were analyzed using the generalized estimating equation adjusted for demographic data, smartphone use and other factors. Findings Most of the study subjects are female, 17.4...
Purpose Nocturnal headaches among adolescents were reported to be increased with the development ... more Purpose Nocturnal headaches among adolescents were reported to be increased with the development of modern technology. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the smartphone electromagnetic radiation related to nocturnal headaches among high school students. Design/methodology/approach The time series study of all 12,969 records from 145 high school students Chiang Mai Province was selected from the population in the first phase by setting criteria. The samples completed a headache diary utilizing a smartphone application. The smartphone output power (SOP) was measured and recorded by the smartphone application and transmitted by e-mail to a researcher. The smartphone use, sleep quality, anxiety and depression also were assessed. Data were analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equation adjusting for demographic data, smartphone use, and sleep quality and otherwise. Findings The resulted showed the prevalence of repeated headaches to be 13.4 percent, nocturnal headache only 5.3 p...
Cadmium exposure is known to cause adverse health effects in different organs of the human body b... more Cadmium exposure is known to cause adverse health effects in different organs of the human body but whether the effects result in chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) remain inclusive. The present study, therefore, aims to examine the relationship between urinary cadmium levels and CMP. An observational retrospective cohort study was conducted in two areas having different levels of cadmium contamination for comparison. The subjects enrolled into the study were individuals ages 18 and above who have lived in the studied areas for 1 year or more. The evaluation of chronic pain was carried out using a questionnaire and urine samples were collected for analysis of urinary cadmium levels. The data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. The likelihood of CMP increased in a correlation with elevations in urinary cadmium from < 0.359, 0.359–0.753, 0.754–1.742, and ≥ 1.743 μg/g creatinine, adjusted odds ratio 1.07 (95% CI 0.62–1.86), 1.33 (95% CI 0.76–2.32), and 2.26 (95% CI 1.28–3.99) respectively. A positive association was found in our study between urinary cadmium level and CMP suggesting that cadmium exposure might cause neurological damage and/or tissue/muscle injury which in turn causing CMP.
Open burnings (forest fires, agricultural, and garbage burnings) are the major sources of air pol... more Open burnings (forest fires, agricultural, and garbage burnings) are the major sources of air pollution in Chiang Mai, Thailand. A time series prospective study was conducted in which 3025 participants were interviewed for 19 acute symptoms with the daily records of ambient air pollutants: particulate matter less than 10 microm in size (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3). PM10 was positively associated with blurred vision with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.009. CO was positively associated with lower lung and heart symptoms with adjusted ORs of 1.137 and 1.117. NO2 was positively associated with nosebleed, larynx symptoms, dry cough, lower lung symptoms, heart symptoms, and eye irritation with the range of adjusted ORs (ROAORs) of 1.024 to 1.229. SO2 was positively associated with swelling feet, skin symptoms, eye irritation, red eyes, and blurred vision with ROAORs of 1.205 to 2.948. Conversely, O3 was negatively related to ...
An exploratory investigation was conducted to determine the microbiologcal quality of pork dumpli... more An exploratory investigation was conducted to determine the microbiologcal quality of pork dumplings (dim sum) sold in Chiang Mai, Thailand. 90 deep frozen industrial samples were collected from 3 brands and another 90 ready-to-eat samples from small enterprises (market samples, street vendors and restaurants). Although the deep frozen dim sum samples showed on average an internal temperature of only (x) over bar +/- s = -5.5 +/- 1.8 degrees C at the point of selling, their counts of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria ((x) over bar +/- s = 1.38 +/- 0.77 log cfu/g) were significantly lower than the APCs (= Aerobic Plate Count) of the small enterprises ((x) over bar +/- s = 3.12 +/- 1.83 log cfu/g). The corresponding values were (x) over bar +/- s = 0.71 +/- 0.05 resp. (x) over bar +/- s = 1.25 +/- 0.70 log cfu/g for lactic acid bacteria, (x) over bar +/- s = 0.8 +/- 02.2 resp. (x) over bar +/- s = 24.2 +/- 43.2 MPN/g for Enterobacteriaceae and (x) over bar +/- s = 0.6 +/- 1.7 resp. (x...
Our study assessed the influence of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence among people living... more Our study assessed the influence of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence among people living with HIV in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and whether social support had a moderating effect on this relationship. We recruited 128 patients living with HIV from Sansai Hospital, a community hospital in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and collected data through structured interviews. All forms of HIV-related stigma considered in this study (personalized experience, disclosure, negative self-image, and public attitudes) were negatively correlated with adherence to anti-retroviral regimens. Multiple linear regression indicated that total HIV-related stigma was more predictive of treatment adherence than any individual stigma type, after adjusting for socio-demographic and health characteristics. Tests of interaction showed that social support did not appear to moderate the association between HIV stigma and treatment adherence. Our findings suggest that community and government efforts to improve public perceptions about people living with HIV might promote treatment adherence behaviors among HIV-positive patients.
Human behavior can change through external influence. However, internal influences, such as indiv... more Human behavior can change through external influence. However, internal influences, such as individual perceptions, are more powerful in triggering long-term action, ultimately allowing for substantial changes in behavioral patterns. Applying the aforementioned idea to farming practices, the following study seeks to understand the possible association between risk perception and agro-chemical use patterns between conventional and organic farms, the former using
บทคดยอ โทรศพทเคลอนทในปจจบนสามารถตอบสนองชวตททนสมยและสะดวกสบาย ทำใหมการใชเพมขนอยางรวดเรว อยางไรกตาม... more บทคดยอ โทรศพทเคลอนทในปจจบนสามารถตอบสนองชวตททนสมยและสะดวกสบาย ทำใหมการใชเพมขนอยางรวดเรว อยางไรกตามเทคโนโลยเหลานกทำใหเกดผลกระทบตอมนษย บทความนจงเปนการแสดงผลกระทบทางชวภาพจากโทรศพทเคลอนท ซงอาศยการแผรงสแมเหลกไฟฟายานความถไมโครเวฟ ในกลม non-ionizing โดยมพลงงานไมมากพอในการเหนยวนำใหเกดความรอน ซงอาจจะทำใหเกดผลกระทบทางชวภาพทไมใชความรอน โดยเฉพาะระบบประสาทซงเปนอวยวะทางไฟฟาทมภาวะไมเสถยร รวมกบการใชโทรศพทเคลอนทซงเปนแหลงแผรงสแมเหลกไฟฟาทใกลกบศรษะมากทสด อาจทำใหเกดการเปลยนแปลงหนาททางระบบประสาท ไดแก ความผดปกตของรหสยน ความผดปกตของ blood-brain barrier การเปลยนแปลงโครงสรางเซลล รบกวนเมตทาโบลซมและพบความผดปกตของคลนไฟฟาสมอง เปนตน ซงเปนการเปลยนแปลงหนาททางประสาทและเปลยนแปลงพฤตกรรมแบบชวคราว โดยเฉพาะอาการปวดศรษะทพบบอยทสด สงสำคญคอ ควรมมาตรการในการปองกนทชดเจน แมวาปจจบนความรดานผลกระทบทางชวภาพของการแผรงสแมเหลกไฟฟายงไมมการสรปทชดเจน Abstract As the mobile phone responds to modern lifestyle and makes life convenience, its use has increased greatly. On the other hand this technology could affect humans. This article revi...
Increased prevalence of headaches in teenagers is likely attributable to a number of factors in t... more Increased prevalence of headaches in teenagers is likely attributable to a number of factors in their daily life, especially the use of smartphones. The smartphone is a device that teenagers spend much time using, which correlates with an increased prevalence of headaches. Here we investigated the relationship between smartphone electromagnetic radiation and headaches in high school students. The time series study was conducted from January-April 2015 among 145 high school students in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, who were selected by a set criteria. A total of 12,969 headache diary records, smartphone output power, and other variables were collected by a smartphone application and transmitted by email to a researcher every day. Data was analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equation. The majority of the study subjects were female, 17.4 years old on average. The prevalence of repeated headaches was 13.4%. The study revealed smartphone output power in the range of 1.80-1.99x10-5mW a...
The effects of factories and waste dumping sites on community health are usually difficult to pro... more The effects of factories and waste dumping sites on community health are usually difficult to prove, requiring expertise and expensive laboratories to investigate. To address this problem, the author has developed an easy to use and relatively inexpensive tool, popular epidemiology, that uses a map to locate clusters of people with health problems near environmental risk factors. Case studies in Thailand demonstrate the tool’s applicability and effectiveness. The popular epidemiology tool developed here enables communities to assess the health effects of environmental risk factors themselves.
This study was to investigate health effects of longan drying factory workers who were exposed to... more This study was to investigate health effects of longan drying factory workers who were exposed to potassium chlorate or its metabolites. A descriptive design was applied to this study using interviewing questionnaires and recording forms. The samples comprised 199 workers working in various factories located in Muang district, Lumphun province. Seventy-nine percent of the workers were female, with a mean±SD age of 43.0±11.3 years. Sixty-four percent performed three steps of the longan drying process, i.e., peeling off, rinsing, and aligning longans in a tray in the mean daily working hours of 10.6±5.2. Sixty-eight percent did not wear gloves during their work. Sixty-six percent provided a history of allergy after working in the factories. Physical examination results showed lesions of occupation-related skin diseases on their hands and other parts of the body (21.0%). Laboratory investigations indicated that some workers were in the stage of anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, a...
The levels of air pollution in Chiang Mai city, Thailand, are higher than in most western cities ... more The levels of air pollution in Chiang Mai city, Thailand, are higher than in most western cities and are a cause of concern. Within the city, air pollution monitoring stations are few and modelling is potentially an important planning aid. For the present study the use of the ADMSUrban model was tested using data for Chiang Mai – a tropical city. Pollutant concentrations calculated by ADMS-Urban were compared with concentrations recorded at two monitoring stations. Source information on emission rates, street canyons and meteorological data were inputs to the model. Good correlations were only obtained when corrections were made for the high levels of imported ambient background pollution. The reasons for the limitations in applying the existing ADMS-Urban model to a tropical city are being explored and recommendations for modifications will be made. The model was used to identify ‘hot-spots’ within the city (along Highways 106 and 108). The results produced are influencing the sele...
Early warning systems for outbreak detection is a challenge topic for researchers in the epidemio... more Early warning systems for outbreak detection is a challenge topic for researchers in the epidemiology and biomedical informatics fields. We are proposing a new method for detecting disease epidemics using a symptom-based approach. The data was collected from developed mobile applications which include users' demographic information and a list of chief complaint symptoms. Deliberated outbreaks are differentiated from seasonal outbreak by specific symptoms that represent a sign of infection. These symptoms were grouped, classified, and then converted to a time-series digital signal using the consensus scoring approach. Through the syndromic grouping method, the system digitized each data package into a single independent variable that is ready for further one-dimensional signal processing to predict disease outbreaks in the future.
The study aims to investigate the effect of modern technology in the trigger of migraine headache... more The study aims to investigate the effect of modern technology in the trigger of migraine headaches in high school students by using generalized estimating equation analysis. The prospective time series study was conducted in one hundred and forty-five smartphones using high school students in Chiang Mai Province who each completed a headache diary giving a total of 12,969 data entries. The smartphone output power was measured and recorded by a smartphone application. Smartphone use, sleep quality, anxiety, and depression also were assessed. Results revealed that the prevalence of repeated headache be 13.4% and migraine 16.9%. The migraine had the strongest association with hand-free device use and internet use, followed by age and anxiety. Furthermore, the strongest effect of smartphone output power in triggering a migraine was found at ≤ 1.79×10−5 and 1.80–1.99×10−5 mW ranges. Meanwhile, Lag_6 of daily smartphone output power exposure produced the migraine effect in a reverse dose-...
Purpose Adolescents being in a stage of growth need good sleep, but, today, they suffer from slee... more Purpose Adolescents being in a stage of growth need good sleep, but, today, they suffer from sleep deprivation due to such extrinsic factor as a smartphone which they enjoy spending time using the device. However, the effects of smartphone output power (SOP) on the duration of good sleep remains unclear. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the correlation of the SOP and sleep loss in high school students. Design/methodology/approach The time-series study was conducted among 145 high school students in Chiang Mai Province who completed a sleep diary which applied by the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. The SOP was corrected by a smartphone application and transmitted by e-mail to a researcher every day. The completed data set contains 12,969 entries. Headache, anxiety and depression were also assessed. Data were analyzed using the generalized estimating equation adjusted for demographic data, smartphone use and other factors. Findings Most of the study subjects are female, 17.4...
Purpose Nocturnal headaches among adolescents were reported to be increased with the development ... more Purpose Nocturnal headaches among adolescents were reported to be increased with the development of modern technology. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the smartphone electromagnetic radiation related to nocturnal headaches among high school students. Design/methodology/approach The time series study of all 12,969 records from 145 high school students Chiang Mai Province was selected from the population in the first phase by setting criteria. The samples completed a headache diary utilizing a smartphone application. The smartphone output power (SOP) was measured and recorded by the smartphone application and transmitted by e-mail to a researcher. The smartphone use, sleep quality, anxiety and depression also were assessed. Data were analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equation adjusting for demographic data, smartphone use, and sleep quality and otherwise. Findings The resulted showed the prevalence of repeated headaches to be 13.4 percent, nocturnal headache only 5.3 p...
Cadmium exposure is known to cause adverse health effects in different organs of the human body b... more Cadmium exposure is known to cause adverse health effects in different organs of the human body but whether the effects result in chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) remain inclusive. The present study, therefore, aims to examine the relationship between urinary cadmium levels and CMP. An observational retrospective cohort study was conducted in two areas having different levels of cadmium contamination for comparison. The subjects enrolled into the study were individuals ages 18 and above who have lived in the studied areas for 1 year or more. The evaluation of chronic pain was carried out using a questionnaire and urine samples were collected for analysis of urinary cadmium levels. The data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. The likelihood of CMP increased in a correlation with elevations in urinary cadmium from < 0.359, 0.359–0.753, 0.754–1.742, and ≥ 1.743 μg/g creatinine, adjusted odds ratio 1.07 (95% CI 0.62–1.86), 1.33 (95% CI 0.76–2.32), and 2.26 (95% CI 1.28–3.99) respectively. A positive association was found in our study between urinary cadmium level and CMP suggesting that cadmium exposure might cause neurological damage and/or tissue/muscle injury which in turn causing CMP.
Open burnings (forest fires, agricultural, and garbage burnings) are the major sources of air pol... more Open burnings (forest fires, agricultural, and garbage burnings) are the major sources of air pollution in Chiang Mai, Thailand. A time series prospective study was conducted in which 3025 participants were interviewed for 19 acute symptoms with the daily records of ambient air pollutants: particulate matter less than 10 microm in size (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3). PM10 was positively associated with blurred vision with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.009. CO was positively associated with lower lung and heart symptoms with adjusted ORs of 1.137 and 1.117. NO2 was positively associated with nosebleed, larynx symptoms, dry cough, lower lung symptoms, heart symptoms, and eye irritation with the range of adjusted ORs (ROAORs) of 1.024 to 1.229. SO2 was positively associated with swelling feet, skin symptoms, eye irritation, red eyes, and blurred vision with ROAORs of 1.205 to 2.948. Conversely, O3 was negatively related to ...
An exploratory investigation was conducted to determine the microbiologcal quality of pork dumpli... more An exploratory investigation was conducted to determine the microbiologcal quality of pork dumplings (dim sum) sold in Chiang Mai, Thailand. 90 deep frozen industrial samples were collected from 3 brands and another 90 ready-to-eat samples from small enterprises (market samples, street vendors and restaurants). Although the deep frozen dim sum samples showed on average an internal temperature of only (x) over bar +/- s = -5.5 +/- 1.8 degrees C at the point of selling, their counts of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria ((x) over bar +/- s = 1.38 +/- 0.77 log cfu/g) were significantly lower than the APCs (= Aerobic Plate Count) of the small enterprises ((x) over bar +/- s = 3.12 +/- 1.83 log cfu/g). The corresponding values were (x) over bar +/- s = 0.71 +/- 0.05 resp. (x) over bar +/- s = 1.25 +/- 0.70 log cfu/g for lactic acid bacteria, (x) over bar +/- s = 0.8 +/- 02.2 resp. (x) over bar +/- s = 24.2 +/- 43.2 MPN/g for Enterobacteriaceae and (x) over bar +/- s = 0.6 +/- 1.7 resp. (x...
Our study assessed the influence of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence among people living... more Our study assessed the influence of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence among people living with HIV in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and whether social support had a moderating effect on this relationship. We recruited 128 patients living with HIV from Sansai Hospital, a community hospital in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and collected data through structured interviews. All forms of HIV-related stigma considered in this study (personalized experience, disclosure, negative self-image, and public attitudes) were negatively correlated with adherence to anti-retroviral regimens. Multiple linear regression indicated that total HIV-related stigma was more predictive of treatment adherence than any individual stigma type, after adjusting for socio-demographic and health characteristics. Tests of interaction showed that social support did not appear to moderate the association between HIV stigma and treatment adherence. Our findings suggest that community and government efforts to improve public perceptions about people living with HIV might promote treatment adherence behaviors among HIV-positive patients.
Human behavior can change through external influence. However, internal influences, such as indiv... more Human behavior can change through external influence. However, internal influences, such as individual perceptions, are more powerful in triggering long-term action, ultimately allowing for substantial changes in behavioral patterns. Applying the aforementioned idea to farming practices, the following study seeks to understand the possible association between risk perception and agro-chemical use patterns between conventional and organic farms, the former using
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