Abstract In future smart transmission grids, there are distributed applications that will benefit... more Abstract In future smart transmission grids, there are distributed applications that will benefit from the deployment of Internet Protocol (IP) multicast technology for communication. Sharing of Routable-Sample Values (R-SV) and Routable-GOOSE among the digital substations for wide-area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) applications will be needed. Using multicast for distribution of R-SVs is resource-efficient and offers a simpler configuration with only the interested substations needing reconfiguration. However, the demands for such concurrent delivery of R-SV data will put constraints on the underlying supporting networking infrastructure. For example, it must be ensured that the paths taken to route data traffic are within the bounds of delay to achieve the aims of the WAMPAC application. In this paper, we look at the problem of network topology augmentation through link additions. We present a heuristic algorithm that finds a set of links to be added to a network topology such that the multicast distribution tree for a multicast configuration is bounded by latency, which is set as the hop-count threshold. Our results show that by adding a few new links to the network topology, the delay incurred by the multicast traffic from sources to destinations can be reduced.
Critical infrastructures, like the future power grid, rely strongly on a reliable communication i... more Critical infrastructures, like the future power grid, rely strongly on a reliable communication infrastructure. Mobile communication seems an attractive candidate, as the entry costs are low and, provided the coverage, the new devices have immediate communication access upon installation. However, considering the long time-frame of this investment, it is important to think about the constraints in mobile networks and also potential challenges waiting in the future. In this study, which is based on the situation in Norway, we discuss four important future challenges: policy change, contract change, change of Quality of Service and network failure. We show that a clever use of mobile communication like multihoming or using a mobile virtual network operator may meet the challenges. In the second part, we quantify the availability of the different mobile communication usages with the help of analytical models and show that already a small increase of additional battery capacity in the mobile network improves the availability significantly.
ABSTRACT The pervasive use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the future power ... more ABSTRACT The pervasive use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the future power grid introduces new dependencies and new failure patterns. The simultaneous failure of several nodes may become more likely as devices get more complex and increasingly interconnected. Several studies investigated the behavior of power grids under simultaneous failures. However, the commonly used measure to quantify the outcome is agnostic to important characteristics of the power grid and its interpretation for dependability analysis remains unclear. We introduce two new measures which take the most fundamental characteristics of the power grid into account: the connectivity to power sources and the balancing of load and production. We analyze the two measures in scenarios with random and intentional node failures and conclude, that they are suitable for structural dependability and survivability analysis of power grids. Further, we use the new measures to quantify the potential dependability increase when using the smart grid services Demand Response (DR) and Distributed Energy Resources for failure mitigation. We find that a load reduction with DR by 20% may already achieve a large part of the possible dependability increase with Demand Response.
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing
The rapid evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, with ever more profound implication... more The rapid evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, with ever more profound implications for humans and societies, has triggered visions and initiatives to re-align the Next-Generation IoT with what works for humans and humanity first. However, despite the increased push towards “human-centric” IoT, it is still poorly understood what “human-centric” actually means in this context, how it is interpreted and embedded into the design, by whom, and for which purposes. To address these questions, we conducted a systematic literature review (N = 84) on the theory, principles, and design requirements of human-centric IoT. A key observation is that, despite the recent increase in research on humane perspectives for IoT, “human-centredness” often still seems to be used primarily as a label and overarching paradigm, not leading to a profound change in the underlying practices. We found no shared understanding of what “human-centric” implies in this context or common agreement on whi...
With Quality of Experience (QoE) research having made significant advances over the years, increa... more With Quality of Experience (QoE) research having made significant advances over the years, increased attention is being put on exploiting this knowledge from a service/network provider perspective in the context of the user-centric evaluation of systems. Current research investigates the impact of system/service mechanisms, their implementation or configurations on the service performance and how it affects the corresponding QoE of its users. Prominent examples address adaptive video streaming services, as well as enabling technologies for QoE-aware service management and monitoring, such as SDN/NFV and machine learning.
Abstract In future smart transmission grids, there are distributed applications that will benefit... more Abstract In future smart transmission grids, there are distributed applications that will benefit from the deployment of Internet Protocol (IP) multicast technology for communication. Sharing of Routable-Sample Values (R-SV) and Routable-GOOSE among the digital substations for wide-area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) applications will be needed. Using multicast for distribution of R-SVs is resource-efficient and offers a simpler configuration with only the interested substations needing reconfiguration. However, the demands for such concurrent delivery of R-SV data will put constraints on the underlying supporting networking infrastructure. For example, it must be ensured that the paths taken to route data traffic are within the bounds of delay to achieve the aims of the WAMPAC application. In this paper, we look at the problem of network topology augmentation through link additions. We present a heuristic algorithm that finds a set of links to be added to a network topology such that the multicast distribution tree for a multicast configuration is bounded by latency, which is set as the hop-count threshold. Our results show that by adding a few new links to the network topology, the delay incurred by the multicast traffic from sources to destinations can be reduced.
Critical infrastructures, like the future power grid, rely strongly on a reliable communication i... more Critical infrastructures, like the future power grid, rely strongly on a reliable communication infrastructure. Mobile communication seems an attractive candidate, as the entry costs are low and, provided the coverage, the new devices have immediate communication access upon installation. However, considering the long time-frame of this investment, it is important to think about the constraints in mobile networks and also potential challenges waiting in the future. In this study, which is based on the situation in Norway, we discuss four important future challenges: policy change, contract change, change of Quality of Service and network failure. We show that a clever use of mobile communication like multihoming or using a mobile virtual network operator may meet the challenges. In the second part, we quantify the availability of the different mobile communication usages with the help of analytical models and show that already a small increase of additional battery capacity in the mobile network improves the availability significantly.
ABSTRACT The pervasive use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the future power ... more ABSTRACT The pervasive use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the future power grid introduces new dependencies and new failure patterns. The simultaneous failure of several nodes may become more likely as devices get more complex and increasingly interconnected. Several studies investigated the behavior of power grids under simultaneous failures. However, the commonly used measure to quantify the outcome is agnostic to important characteristics of the power grid and its interpretation for dependability analysis remains unclear. We introduce two new measures which take the most fundamental characteristics of the power grid into account: the connectivity to power sources and the balancing of load and production. We analyze the two measures in scenarios with random and intentional node failures and conclude, that they are suitable for structural dependability and survivability analysis of power grids. Further, we use the new measures to quantify the potential dependability increase when using the smart grid services Demand Response (DR) and Distributed Energy Resources for failure mitigation. We find that a load reduction with DR by 20% may already achieve a large part of the possible dependability increase with Demand Response.
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing
The rapid evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, with ever more profound implication... more The rapid evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, with ever more profound implications for humans and societies, has triggered visions and initiatives to re-align the Next-Generation IoT with what works for humans and humanity first. However, despite the increased push towards “human-centric” IoT, it is still poorly understood what “human-centric” actually means in this context, how it is interpreted and embedded into the design, by whom, and for which purposes. To address these questions, we conducted a systematic literature review (N = 84) on the theory, principles, and design requirements of human-centric IoT. A key observation is that, despite the recent increase in research on humane perspectives for IoT, “human-centredness” often still seems to be used primarily as a label and overarching paradigm, not leading to a profound change in the underlying practices. We found no shared understanding of what “human-centric” implies in this context or common agreement on whi...
With Quality of Experience (QoE) research having made significant advances over the years, increa... more With Quality of Experience (QoE) research having made significant advances over the years, increased attention is being put on exploiting this knowledge from a service/network provider perspective in the context of the user-centric evaluation of systems. Current research investigates the impact of system/service mechanisms, their implementation or configurations on the service performance and how it affects the corresponding QoE of its users. Prominent examples address adaptive video streaming services, as well as enabling technologies for QoE-aware service management and monitoring, such as SDN/NFV and machine learning.
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Papers by Poul Heegaard