Present work was designed to know the inter-species genetic variation by detecting polymorphisms ... more Present work was designed to know the inter-species genetic variation by detecting polymorphisms and analysing the nucleotide sequences of cytochrome b gene. Blood samples were collected from apparently healthy adult animals of indigenous goat, sheep and pig of Asom, and mitochondrial DNA was extracted for amplification by PCR. One half of the PCR product was used for restriction digestion while the other half after purification was sent for sequencing. Species specific restriction patterns were observed for cytochrome b gene amplicon upon digestion with AluI, HinfI, and HaeIII. The nucleotide sequence results were further analyzed using ClustalW and Mega5 softwares for unambiguous species typing. The percent similarity study showed that goat cytochrome b gene had 89.64 and 82.12% similarity with sheep and pig respectively. Phylogenetic tree also revealed close relationship of goat and sheep cytochrome b gene. Lowest pair wise distance was observed between goat and sheep (0.123) fol...
Listeriosis is an important emerging bacterial food-borne zoonotic disease caused by Listeria mon... more Listeriosis is an important emerging bacterial food-borne zoonotic disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes. During the last two decades, the organism has been implicated in several food-borne disease outbreaks making it a serious public health hazard. The pathogenic strains of Listeria can cause severe illness in man after the ingestion of contaminated food products, especially the refrigerated foods of animal origin. In India, very few studies have been carried out in respect to the occurrence and incidence of L. monocytogenes. Assam, one of the eight states of Northeastern India, where approximately 79.0 percent of the total population are non-vegetarians. Chicken meat, pork, chevon and beef are exclusively taken as regular food items throughout the state. The present study describes about isolation, identification and molecular characterization of L.monocytogens from different foods of animal origin from Assam, India. A total of 750 different meat (chicken, chevon, pork and bee...
Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) from cows were matured under normal (38.5°C) and elevated tempera... more Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) from cows were matured under normal (38.5°C) and elevated temperatures (41°C) simulating heat stress and their maturation was assessed based on measurement of cumulus expansion in both groups. There was a significant reduction (P<0.01) in maturation rate in the heat stressed oocytes. The ultrastructural events associated with in vitro oocyte maturation and changes associated with elevated temperature were also studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Normal maturation cellular events were marked by migration of Golgi and mitochondria from the cortical regions, and conversely by a migration of cortical granules from the inner regions to a sub-perivitelline zone. Heat stressed oocytes (41°C) were not only marked by a reduction in rate and less cumulus cell expansion, but also by a reduction in cortical granule migration. The mitochondria appeared swollen with cristolysis. Ribosomal disruption and an abundance of free ribosomes were also see...
The study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobi... more The study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Salmonella isolates recovered from human and different species of animals and birds. Out of 88 (7.15%), 21 (23.86%) belonged to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Weltevreden, 22 (25%) to serovar Enteritidis, 16 (18.2%) to serovar Typhi and 14 (15.9%) to serovar Newport, while 7 (7.95%) isolates were found to be untypable. Among the 88 isolates, 45.45% showed resistance to ampicillin, 61.36% to tetracycline, 61.18% to cefotaxime, 65.90% to gentamicin, 48.86% to trimethoprim, 11.36% to ceftriaxone, 10.22% to chloramphenicol, and 7.95% each to ciprofloxacin and cefepime. Most of the isolates were susceptible to a low MIC (≤ 0.25 µg/ml) of Cefepime, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone and Co-trimoxazole and a moderate MIC (0.5µg/ml − 4µg/ml) of Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Gentamicin and Chloramphenicol. The resistance genes, blaTEM, tetA and df...
ABSTRACTThe present study was carried out to evaluate in-vitro toxicity associated with chitosan ... more ABSTRACTThe present study was carried out to evaluate in-vitro toxicity associated with chitosan nanoparticles, poly(anhydride) nanoparticles and poly-lactide co-glycolide (PLG) microparticle in Vero cell line. The cytotoxicity of all three micro/nano-particles was assessed using different concentration. For each concentration, the confluent monolayer was treated for a period of 36-48 hours and studied for morphological alteration, live and death count etc. after the treatment. It was observed that the different concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles and Gantrez® nanoparticles did not have significant effect on the cell viability as evident from the non-significant difference between the OD540 of formazan product formed from MTT in treated and untreated cells. The concentration of chitosan nanoparticles and Gantrez® nanoparticles up to 1000 μg/ml did not have any influence in cellular metabolic activities and viability. However, a reduction in the cellular viability and metabolic ...
Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, 2022
The present study was conducted to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus type âOâ in milk sampl... more The present study was conducted to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus type âOâ in milk samples of FMD infected cattle and also to distinguish naturally infected from vaccinated cattle by use of DIVA ELISA. A total of 30 milk samples were collected from FMD infected cattle to carry out the study and serum samples were also collected from the same herd of animals. RNA extraction was done by Trizol method from milk samples. All the milk samples were found to be positive by RT-PCR for presence of Foot and mouth disease virus type O. Detection of antibody against non-strucructural protein using r3AB3 kit showed 100% positivity rate, which indicates the animals were naturally infected by Foot and mouth disease virus type O.
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 2022
Prostate cancer is the World's second most common cancer, with the fifth-highest male mortali... more Prostate cancer is the World's second most common cancer, with the fifth-highest male mortality rate. Point mutations such as T877A and W741L are frequently seen in advanced prostate cancer patients, conferring drug-resistance and hence driving cancer growth. Such occurrence of drug resistance in prostate cancer necessitates designing of suitable ligands to ensure better interactions with the receptors which can block the progression of the disease. The present study focus on the modification of plant-derived flavonoids that might act as inhibitors against such point mutations namely, T877A and W741L. In T877A mutation threonine is substituted by alanine at the 877 codon and W741L mutation, tryptophan is substituted by lysine at the 741 codon in prostate cancer. The study revolved on the aspect of the evaluation of Isobavachin and its derivatives as a potential agent to tackle such point mutations by using the in silico approach. A total of 98 molecular dockings were performed to find the ligand-receptor complexes with the lowest binding energy employing Autodock Software to conduct the blind and site-specific docking. Additionally, ligands were screened for Drug-likeness and toxicity using several tools yielding eight possible drug candidates. Based on the results of Molecular Docking, Drug-likeness, and ADMET testing, ten structures, including six complexes and three receptors were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation of 100 ns covering RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and MM/PBSA. Based on the simulation results, Isobavachin, IsoMod4, and IsoMod7 were concluded to be stable and exhibited potential properties for developing a novel drug to combat prostate cancer and its associated drug-resistance.
An epidemiological study was conducted in North-East India (part of Indo-Burma biodiversity hotsp... more An epidemiological study was conducted in North-East India (part of Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot) to better understand the distribution, diversity, and transmission of Clostridium perfringens among livestock, pets, wild animals (captive), and humans. A total of 160 C. perfringens isolates were recovered from 642 diarrhoeic faecal samples with an isolation rate of 24.92%. Isolation rate was the highest among captive wild animals (37.5%) followed by dog (34.6%), human (33.8%), pig (32.7%), cattle (20.8%), goat (18.3%) and poultry (9.3%). Isolates were toxin typed using a seven gene multiplex PCR designed for simultaneous detection of cpa, cpb, cpb2, etx, iap, cpe and netB. The majority of isolates, 128 (80%) were of type A, followed by 17 (10.62%), 5 (3.12%), 4 (2.5%), 3 (1.87%), 2 (1.25%) and 1 (0.63%) isolates of type C, D, E, G, F and B, respectively. Beta 2 toxin gene was present in 65 (50%) of type A isolates, followed by 7 (41.2%), 4 (80%), 1(25%), and 1 (100%) of type C, D, G and B isolates, respectively. Beta 2 toxin has a high prevalence among dogs (28.6 %), cattle (27.3%), and pig (20.8%) compared to humans, goat, wild animals, and poultry (1.2-14.3%). The prevalence of CPE and NetB toxin-positive strains was low, with only 3 (1.8 %) and 5 (3.1%) isolates, respectively. Association of C. perfringens with diarrhoea in Civet Cat, Golden Langur, and Gray Langur has been reported for the first time. The genetic diversity and transmission of isolates were investigated using automated rep-PCR (Diversilab®, bioMérieux) using two densitometry-based matrices: modified Kullback-Leibler (KL) and Pearson's correlation (PC). The PC and modified KL matrices formed three distinct clusters with 59% and 27.2 % similarity, respectively. C. perfringens diversity and transmission were best studied using modified KL matrix that placed more emphasis on the presence of bands rather than intensity. However, the PC method was found to be more suitable for differentiating strains within a toxin type, with slightly higher D-values.
Protein–ligand docking is a structural biology tool that predicts the possible binding modes of a... more Protein–ligand docking is a structural biology tool that predicts the possible binding modes of a ligand with protein.
ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) is a Bioinformatics Resource Portal from Swiss Institute ... more ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) is a Bioinformatics Resource Portal from Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics that offers Bioinformatics support like accessing scientific databases and software tools for the research in life sciences.
Genetic markers are polymorphic genetic sequences, like RFLPs or microsatellites, that differ wit... more Genetic markers are polymorphic genetic sequences, like RFLPs or microsatellites, that differ within chromosomal alleles. Rather than analysing the sequence directly, this gene is inferred through analysis of a genetic marker. Marker analysis approach is quite helpful in population biology and ecology studies that can be trace patterns in populations like plants, animals, humans, etc.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) and Vitamin C (L-Asc... more The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) and Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic Acid) on the rates of in-vitro maturation in respect to cumulus cell expansion and polar body formation of vitrified bovine oocytes. A total of 264 vitrified oocytes were equally divided in to four experimental groups and subjected to in-vitro maturation as vitrified control (without antioxidant), and groups supplemented with Vitamin E @100μM, Vitamin C @ 100μM and combination of Vitamin E @100μM + Vitamin C @ 100μM. In another group, 66 numbers of non-vitrified Cumulus Oocyte Complexes (COCs) were in-vitro cultured in TCM-199 medium and was considered as the control group. TCM-199 supplemented with Oestradiol 17β + p-FSH + Follicular fluid + Gentamicin + Sodium pyruvate + Cysteamine + FBS were taken as base medium. In-vitro maturation was conducted for 24 hrs at 38.5C in presence of 5% CO2 in a CO2 incubator. Among the treatment groups, the group with vitamin E @ 100 μM + vitamin...
The present study was conducted to assess the effect of supplementation of L-ascorbic acid (vitam... more The present study was conducted to assess the effect of supplementation of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on in-vitro maturation (IVM) of vitrified-thawed bovine oocytes. A total of 264 normal vitrified-thawed bovine follicular oocytes were divided into four experimental groups consisting of 66 oocytes in each group. In-vitro maturation was done in the medium supplemented with different concentrations of vitamin C @ 50 µM, 100 µM and 200 µM. In the control group, in-vitro maturation was done in medium without addition of vitamin C. In-vitro maturation was conducted for 24 hrs at 38.5oC in presence of 5% CO2 in a CO2 incubator. The mean percentages of vitrified oocytes in medium supplemented with 50 µM, 100 µM and 200 µM vitamin C were found to be 52.79 ± 1.39 and 33.56 ± 2.18,71.19 ± 2.63 and 54.57 ± 1.69and 51.17 ± 3.59 and 30.43 ± 2.01, respectively in respect of cumulus cell expansion and polar body formation. The percentage of both cumulus cell expansion and polar body formation in...
Tools of bioinformatics can supplement and replace the traditional drug discovery process. The tr... more Tools of bioinformatics can supplement and replace the traditional drug discovery process. The traditional process involve extraction, isolation and characterization of a compound or synthesize one in laboratory, followed by a series of pharmacological test, animal model and then trial on human volunteers. All these take 10-15 years, huge sum of money and skilled man power. Tools of bioinformatics, particularly Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD) can reduce the cost by 33% and the time period by 30%. Molecular models of drug compound and its interaction with target molecule can reveal intricate, atomic scale binding properties which can not be deciphered by other
The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit), Carica papaya (Pa... more The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit), Carica papaya (Papaya) and Terminalia bellerica (Bhumura) revealed the presence of tannin, saponin, flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid, steroid, glycosides and protein etc. in all the three plant leaves. The quantitative analysis of tannin, saponin and flavonoid of A. heterophyllus (Jackfruit), C. papaya (Papaya) and T. bellerica (Bhumura) were analyzed in methanolic extract. Out of the three plants, T. bellerica contains highest concentration of saponin (2.67±0.07 mg/100g DW) and Flavanoid (0.825 ±0.00 mg QE/g) of extract. The tannin concentration was highest in C. papaya (0.638 ± 0.05%).
Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) is a pore forming toxin which damages target cells by d... more Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) is a pore forming toxin which damages target cells by disrupting the selective permeability of the plasma membrane and causes food poisoning and diarrhea. Domain-I (C-CPE, residues 184-319) of CPE is responsible for binding to the specific receptor such as claudin (CLDN) and it is reported that the second extracellular loop of claudins (specially, CLDN3 and CLDN4) located on the C-terminal acts as receptor of CPE. C. perfringens has acquired resistance against most of the antibiotics available in the market. Thus there is a need to identify new potent inhibitors for treating CPE induced infections. In order to obtain the most potent inhibitors of CPE, different computer-aided drug designing methodologies, like virtual screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations are utilized. In order to identify the various CPE inhibitors, plant extracts (metabolites) of Lepidium sativum (Halim sak) is chosen and 20 compounds are virtual...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is recognized as one of the life-th... more Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is recognized as one of the life-threatening viruses causing the most destructive pandemic in this century. The genesis of this virus is still unknown. To elucidate its molecular evolution and regulation of gene expression, the knowledge of codon usage is a pre-requisite. In this study, an attempt was made to document the genome-wide codon usage profile and the various factors influencing the codon usage patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in human and dog. The SARS-CoV-2 genome showed relative abundance of A and U nucleotides and relative synonymous codon usage analysis revealed that the preferred synonymous codons mostly end with A/U. The analysis of ENc-GC3s, Neutrality and Parity rule 2 plots indicated that natural selection and other undefined factors dominate the overall codon usage bias in SARS-CoV-2 whereas the impact of mutation pressure is comparatively minor. The codon adaptation index and relative codon deoptimization inde...
Present work was designed to know the inter-species genetic variation by detecting polymorphisms ... more Present work was designed to know the inter-species genetic variation by detecting polymorphisms and analysing the nucleotide sequences of cytochrome b gene. Blood samples were collected from apparently healthy adult animals of indigenous goat, sheep and pig of Asom, and mitochondrial DNA was extracted for amplification by PCR. One half of the PCR product was used for restriction digestion while the other half after purification was sent for sequencing. Species specific restriction patterns were observed for cytochrome b gene amplicon upon digestion with AluI, HinfI, and HaeIII. The nucleotide sequence results were further analyzed using ClustalW and Mega5 softwares for unambiguous species typing. The percent similarity study showed that goat cytochrome b gene had 89.64 and 82.12% similarity with sheep and pig respectively. Phylogenetic tree also revealed close relationship of goat and sheep cytochrome b gene. Lowest pair wise distance was observed between goat and sheep (0.123) fol...
Listeriosis is an important emerging bacterial food-borne zoonotic disease caused by Listeria mon... more Listeriosis is an important emerging bacterial food-borne zoonotic disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes. During the last two decades, the organism has been implicated in several food-borne disease outbreaks making it a serious public health hazard. The pathogenic strains of Listeria can cause severe illness in man after the ingestion of contaminated food products, especially the refrigerated foods of animal origin. In India, very few studies have been carried out in respect to the occurrence and incidence of L. monocytogenes. Assam, one of the eight states of Northeastern India, where approximately 79.0 percent of the total population are non-vegetarians. Chicken meat, pork, chevon and beef are exclusively taken as regular food items throughout the state. The present study describes about isolation, identification and molecular characterization of L.monocytogens from different foods of animal origin from Assam, India. A total of 750 different meat (chicken, chevon, pork and bee...
Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) from cows were matured under normal (38.5°C) and elevated tempera... more Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) from cows were matured under normal (38.5°C) and elevated temperatures (41°C) simulating heat stress and their maturation was assessed based on measurement of cumulus expansion in both groups. There was a significant reduction (P<0.01) in maturation rate in the heat stressed oocytes. The ultrastructural events associated with in vitro oocyte maturation and changes associated with elevated temperature were also studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Normal maturation cellular events were marked by migration of Golgi and mitochondria from the cortical regions, and conversely by a migration of cortical granules from the inner regions to a sub-perivitelline zone. Heat stressed oocytes (41°C) were not only marked by a reduction in rate and less cumulus cell expansion, but also by a reduction in cortical granule migration. The mitochondria appeared swollen with cristolysis. Ribosomal disruption and an abundance of free ribosomes were also see...
The study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobi... more The study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Salmonella isolates recovered from human and different species of animals and birds. Out of 88 (7.15%), 21 (23.86%) belonged to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Weltevreden, 22 (25%) to serovar Enteritidis, 16 (18.2%) to serovar Typhi and 14 (15.9%) to serovar Newport, while 7 (7.95%) isolates were found to be untypable. Among the 88 isolates, 45.45% showed resistance to ampicillin, 61.36% to tetracycline, 61.18% to cefotaxime, 65.90% to gentamicin, 48.86% to trimethoprim, 11.36% to ceftriaxone, 10.22% to chloramphenicol, and 7.95% each to ciprofloxacin and cefepime. Most of the isolates were susceptible to a low MIC (≤ 0.25 µg/ml) of Cefepime, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone and Co-trimoxazole and a moderate MIC (0.5µg/ml − 4µg/ml) of Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Gentamicin and Chloramphenicol. The resistance genes, blaTEM, tetA and df...
ABSTRACTThe present study was carried out to evaluate in-vitro toxicity associated with chitosan ... more ABSTRACTThe present study was carried out to evaluate in-vitro toxicity associated with chitosan nanoparticles, poly(anhydride) nanoparticles and poly-lactide co-glycolide (PLG) microparticle in Vero cell line. The cytotoxicity of all three micro/nano-particles was assessed using different concentration. For each concentration, the confluent monolayer was treated for a period of 36-48 hours and studied for morphological alteration, live and death count etc. after the treatment. It was observed that the different concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles and Gantrez® nanoparticles did not have significant effect on the cell viability as evident from the non-significant difference between the OD540 of formazan product formed from MTT in treated and untreated cells. The concentration of chitosan nanoparticles and Gantrez® nanoparticles up to 1000 μg/ml did not have any influence in cellular metabolic activities and viability. However, a reduction in the cellular viability and metabolic ...
Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, 2022
The present study was conducted to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus type âOâ in milk sampl... more The present study was conducted to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus type âOâ in milk samples of FMD infected cattle and also to distinguish naturally infected from vaccinated cattle by use of DIVA ELISA. A total of 30 milk samples were collected from FMD infected cattle to carry out the study and serum samples were also collected from the same herd of animals. RNA extraction was done by Trizol method from milk samples. All the milk samples were found to be positive by RT-PCR for presence of Foot and mouth disease virus type O. Detection of antibody against non-strucructural protein using r3AB3 kit showed 100% positivity rate, which indicates the animals were naturally infected by Foot and mouth disease virus type O.
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 2022
Prostate cancer is the World's second most common cancer, with the fifth-highest male mortali... more Prostate cancer is the World's second most common cancer, with the fifth-highest male mortality rate. Point mutations such as T877A and W741L are frequently seen in advanced prostate cancer patients, conferring drug-resistance and hence driving cancer growth. Such occurrence of drug resistance in prostate cancer necessitates designing of suitable ligands to ensure better interactions with the receptors which can block the progression of the disease. The present study focus on the modification of plant-derived flavonoids that might act as inhibitors against such point mutations namely, T877A and W741L. In T877A mutation threonine is substituted by alanine at the 877 codon and W741L mutation, tryptophan is substituted by lysine at the 741 codon in prostate cancer. The study revolved on the aspect of the evaluation of Isobavachin and its derivatives as a potential agent to tackle such point mutations by using the in silico approach. A total of 98 molecular dockings were performed to find the ligand-receptor complexes with the lowest binding energy employing Autodock Software to conduct the blind and site-specific docking. Additionally, ligands were screened for Drug-likeness and toxicity using several tools yielding eight possible drug candidates. Based on the results of Molecular Docking, Drug-likeness, and ADMET testing, ten structures, including six complexes and three receptors were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation of 100 ns covering RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and MM/PBSA. Based on the simulation results, Isobavachin, IsoMod4, and IsoMod7 were concluded to be stable and exhibited potential properties for developing a novel drug to combat prostate cancer and its associated drug-resistance.
An epidemiological study was conducted in North-East India (part of Indo-Burma biodiversity hotsp... more An epidemiological study was conducted in North-East India (part of Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot) to better understand the distribution, diversity, and transmission of Clostridium perfringens among livestock, pets, wild animals (captive), and humans. A total of 160 C. perfringens isolates were recovered from 642 diarrhoeic faecal samples with an isolation rate of 24.92%. Isolation rate was the highest among captive wild animals (37.5%) followed by dog (34.6%), human (33.8%), pig (32.7%), cattle (20.8%), goat (18.3%) and poultry (9.3%). Isolates were toxin typed using a seven gene multiplex PCR designed for simultaneous detection of cpa, cpb, cpb2, etx, iap, cpe and netB. The majority of isolates, 128 (80%) were of type A, followed by 17 (10.62%), 5 (3.12%), 4 (2.5%), 3 (1.87%), 2 (1.25%) and 1 (0.63%) isolates of type C, D, E, G, F and B, respectively. Beta 2 toxin gene was present in 65 (50%) of type A isolates, followed by 7 (41.2%), 4 (80%), 1(25%), and 1 (100%) of type C, D, G and B isolates, respectively. Beta 2 toxin has a high prevalence among dogs (28.6 %), cattle (27.3%), and pig (20.8%) compared to humans, goat, wild animals, and poultry (1.2-14.3%). The prevalence of CPE and NetB toxin-positive strains was low, with only 3 (1.8 %) and 5 (3.1%) isolates, respectively. Association of C. perfringens with diarrhoea in Civet Cat, Golden Langur, and Gray Langur has been reported for the first time. The genetic diversity and transmission of isolates were investigated using automated rep-PCR (Diversilab®, bioMérieux) using two densitometry-based matrices: modified Kullback-Leibler (KL) and Pearson's correlation (PC). The PC and modified KL matrices formed three distinct clusters with 59% and 27.2 % similarity, respectively. C. perfringens diversity and transmission were best studied using modified KL matrix that placed more emphasis on the presence of bands rather than intensity. However, the PC method was found to be more suitable for differentiating strains within a toxin type, with slightly higher D-values.
Protein–ligand docking is a structural biology tool that predicts the possible binding modes of a... more Protein–ligand docking is a structural biology tool that predicts the possible binding modes of a ligand with protein.
ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) is a Bioinformatics Resource Portal from Swiss Institute ... more ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) is a Bioinformatics Resource Portal from Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics that offers Bioinformatics support like accessing scientific databases and software tools for the research in life sciences.
Genetic markers are polymorphic genetic sequences, like RFLPs or microsatellites, that differ wit... more Genetic markers are polymorphic genetic sequences, like RFLPs or microsatellites, that differ within chromosomal alleles. Rather than analysing the sequence directly, this gene is inferred through analysis of a genetic marker. Marker analysis approach is quite helpful in population biology and ecology studies that can be trace patterns in populations like plants, animals, humans, etc.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) and Vitamin C (L-Asc... more The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) and Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic Acid) on the rates of in-vitro maturation in respect to cumulus cell expansion and polar body formation of vitrified bovine oocytes. A total of 264 vitrified oocytes were equally divided in to four experimental groups and subjected to in-vitro maturation as vitrified control (without antioxidant), and groups supplemented with Vitamin E @100μM, Vitamin C @ 100μM and combination of Vitamin E @100μM + Vitamin C @ 100μM. In another group, 66 numbers of non-vitrified Cumulus Oocyte Complexes (COCs) were in-vitro cultured in TCM-199 medium and was considered as the control group. TCM-199 supplemented with Oestradiol 17β + p-FSH + Follicular fluid + Gentamicin + Sodium pyruvate + Cysteamine + FBS were taken as base medium. In-vitro maturation was conducted for 24 hrs at 38.5C in presence of 5% CO2 in a CO2 incubator. Among the treatment groups, the group with vitamin E @ 100 μM + vitamin...
The present study was conducted to assess the effect of supplementation of L-ascorbic acid (vitam... more The present study was conducted to assess the effect of supplementation of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on in-vitro maturation (IVM) of vitrified-thawed bovine oocytes. A total of 264 normal vitrified-thawed bovine follicular oocytes were divided into four experimental groups consisting of 66 oocytes in each group. In-vitro maturation was done in the medium supplemented with different concentrations of vitamin C @ 50 µM, 100 µM and 200 µM. In the control group, in-vitro maturation was done in medium without addition of vitamin C. In-vitro maturation was conducted for 24 hrs at 38.5oC in presence of 5% CO2 in a CO2 incubator. The mean percentages of vitrified oocytes in medium supplemented with 50 µM, 100 µM and 200 µM vitamin C were found to be 52.79 ± 1.39 and 33.56 ± 2.18,71.19 ± 2.63 and 54.57 ± 1.69and 51.17 ± 3.59 and 30.43 ± 2.01, respectively in respect of cumulus cell expansion and polar body formation. The percentage of both cumulus cell expansion and polar body formation in...
Tools of bioinformatics can supplement and replace the traditional drug discovery process. The tr... more Tools of bioinformatics can supplement and replace the traditional drug discovery process. The traditional process involve extraction, isolation and characterization of a compound or synthesize one in laboratory, followed by a series of pharmacological test, animal model and then trial on human volunteers. All these take 10-15 years, huge sum of money and skilled man power. Tools of bioinformatics, particularly Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD) can reduce the cost by 33% and the time period by 30%. Molecular models of drug compound and its interaction with target molecule can reveal intricate, atomic scale binding properties which can not be deciphered by other
The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit), Carica papaya (Pa... more The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit), Carica papaya (Papaya) and Terminalia bellerica (Bhumura) revealed the presence of tannin, saponin, flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid, steroid, glycosides and protein etc. in all the three plant leaves. The quantitative analysis of tannin, saponin and flavonoid of A. heterophyllus (Jackfruit), C. papaya (Papaya) and T. bellerica (Bhumura) were analyzed in methanolic extract. Out of the three plants, T. bellerica contains highest concentration of saponin (2.67±0.07 mg/100g DW) and Flavanoid (0.825 ±0.00 mg QE/g) of extract. The tannin concentration was highest in C. papaya (0.638 ± 0.05%).
Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) is a pore forming toxin which damages target cells by d... more Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) is a pore forming toxin which damages target cells by disrupting the selective permeability of the plasma membrane and causes food poisoning and diarrhea. Domain-I (C-CPE, residues 184-319) of CPE is responsible for binding to the specific receptor such as claudin (CLDN) and it is reported that the second extracellular loop of claudins (specially, CLDN3 and CLDN4) located on the C-terminal acts as receptor of CPE. C. perfringens has acquired resistance against most of the antibiotics available in the market. Thus there is a need to identify new potent inhibitors for treating CPE induced infections. In order to obtain the most potent inhibitors of CPE, different computer-aided drug designing methodologies, like virtual screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations are utilized. In order to identify the various CPE inhibitors, plant extracts (metabolites) of Lepidium sativum (Halim sak) is chosen and 20 compounds are virtual...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is recognized as one of the life-th... more Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is recognized as one of the life-threatening viruses causing the most destructive pandemic in this century. The genesis of this virus is still unknown. To elucidate its molecular evolution and regulation of gene expression, the knowledge of codon usage is a pre-requisite. In this study, an attempt was made to document the genome-wide codon usage profile and the various factors influencing the codon usage patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in human and dog. The SARS-CoV-2 genome showed relative abundance of A and U nucleotides and relative synonymous codon usage analysis revealed that the preferred synonymous codons mostly end with A/U. The analysis of ENc-GC3s, Neutrality and Parity rule 2 plots indicated that natural selection and other undefined factors dominate the overall codon usage bias in SARS-CoV-2 whereas the impact of mutation pressure is comparatively minor. The codon adaptation index and relative codon deoptimization inde...
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