Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a common chemotherapy drug with the testicular damage. The aim of this s... more Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a common chemotherapy drug with the testicular damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of saponin (SP) on the toxicity of CP in the male reproductive system. Following an experimental pilot study for determining SP dose, 40 male mice (32 ± 3 g) were divided into five groups (n = 8): control, sham (normal saline 0.2 ml/day), CP (15 mg/kg/week, intraperitoneally), SP (2.5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally) and saponin group with cyclophosphamide (SP + CP). After treatment, the left testes were removed for the measurement of malonedialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels, and sperm DNA fragmentation was assessed by SDFA kit. In the CP group, a significant decrease in motility, viability, count, normal morphology and DNA fragmentation of spermatozoa and TAC was observed, while in MDA level, a significant increase was observed compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Attenuated sperm parameters in CP group improved signifi...
International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine, 2017
Diabetes has an adverse effect on spermatogenesis by rising oxidative stress. The aim of this stu... more Diabetes has an adverse effect on spermatogenesis by rising oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Teucrium Polium extract administration on spermatogenesis and testicular structure in diabetic rats induced with Streptozotocin. 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=8/each): control group, diabetic group received distilled water, and two experimental groups included diabetic rats treated with 50 and 100 mg/body weigh of Teucrium Polium extract for 6 six weeks. After six weeks, the left testis had been removed and the morphometrical study was performed. Blood samples were collected from the ophthalmic veins of the rats and plasma levels of glucose and testosterone hormone were measured afterward. The reduction in diameters of the seminiferous tubules and thickening of the wall of the seminiferous tubules (p=0.05) were seen in diabetic rats. Also, the degenerative changes in cells arrangement have been observed. Statistical anal...
This study was designed to determine the effects of daily oral administration (250 mg/kg) of the ... more This study was designed to determine the effects of daily oral administration (250 mg/kg) of the hydroalcoholic extract of Fumaria parviflora (FP) for 14 days on the sperm parameters, oxidative stress parameters, serum testosterone levels, expression of Bax and Bcl‐2 genes, and apoptosis index of germ cells after testicular torsion–detorsion (ischaemia–reperfusion, IR) injury model in rats. Twenty‐eight adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups of seven each: sham operation, torsion–detorsion (TD), TD plus the hydroalcoholic extract FP (TDFP) and only FP without TD application (FP). Testicular torsion was created by rotating the left testis 720° in a counterclockwise direction; then, after 4 hr, detorsion was performed. The Johnson's score, mean seminiferous tubule diameter (MSTD) and height (thickness) of seminiferous tubule epithelium (HST) were significantly increased in TDFP and FP groups as compared to TD group. The gene expression of Bcl‐2, level of ser...
Introduction Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating and cytotoxic agent that is used in cancer th... more Introduction Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating and cytotoxic agent that is used in cancer therapy; it acts as an immunesuppressive agent in organ transplantation as well (1). CP is well absorbed from the digestive system and is widely distributed in tissues and body fluids and leads to the alkylation of DNA molecules (2,3). CP is bound between two strands of DNA and applies its cytotoxic effect by breaking the strands of DNA and inhibiting protein synthesis (2,3). Despite the wide clinical applications, CP causes many side effects in humans and laboratory animals. The most important side effects include decreased blood cells, increased levels of uric acid, reduced gonadal function and causing amenorrhea (2,4). A damaged testicular germ cell is one of the main adverse effects of chemotherapy drugs that have been proved in some experimental and clinical studies. Some of the reported adverse effects of aforementioned drugs on the male reproductive system are decreased testicular w...
Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, 2019
Introduction The improvements and simplification of treatment methods, especially the surgery, ar... more Introduction The improvements and simplification of treatment methods, especially the surgery, are due to the advances in medical procedures and equipment. However, some of these tools are problematic regardless of being useful. Electrosurgical unit (electrocautery) is one of such devices that is used in the operating room. In addition, electrocautery is the most common heat-producing device that utilizes the high-frequency electrical current to cut or coagulate the targeted tissue in the surgery. This heat causes the boiling of the cellular contents thus releases the plume into the air that is called “surgical smoke” (1,2). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration in the United States estimates that 500 000 workers in the US are exposed to surgical smoke and many health care professionals such as surgeons and the operating room technicians are exposed to it for several hours a day for years (1). Further, surgical smoke contains 95% water and 5% toxic and mutagenic componen...
BACKGROUND Despite its vast spectrum of clinical usage, cyclophosphamide (CP) exerts many adverse... more BACKGROUND Despite its vast spectrum of clinical usage, cyclophosphamide (CP) exerts many adverse impacts, including hepatotoxicity. Antioxidant properties of ghrelin might protect the liver from CP-induced toxicity. The current study aimed to assess the protective impacts of ghrelin on CP-induced liver toxicity. METHODS Forty male mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) Group 1 as control received no intervention,group 2 received cyclophosphamide (CP) (100 mg/kg, i.p.) for five weeks and once a week. Group 3 received CP+ghrelin (CP+G), (80 µg/kg daily, i.p.) for five weeks. Group 4 received ghrelin with above-mentioned dose. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed to remove liver tissuesfor histological and biochemical examination. RESULTS Malondialdehyde (MDA) level increased after CP treatment but ghrelin administration significantly decreased the level of MDA (P<0.05). Measurement of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) noted a significant decrease i...
Introduction: One of the main reasons for acute renal failure is the renal ischemiareperfusion. I... more Introduction: One of the main reasons for acute renal failure is the renal ischemiareperfusion. It seems that renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative stress not only lead to alterations in renal function but also causes tissue alterations in distant organs such as the liver. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of renal ischemia-reperfusion on biochemical factors and histopathological changes in the liver of male rats. Methods: Forty male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, the sham group (only laparotomy), right nephrectomy and ischemic-reperfusion (right nephrectomy + left ischemicreperfusion). In the end, following anesthesia, blood and liver samples were taken for the measurement of biochemical factors (malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels) and histopathological changes. Results: The result of this study indicated that renal ...
Anatomical variations of the brachial plexus may have not any clinical symptoms. One of these var... more Anatomical variations of the brachial plexus may have not any clinical symptoms. One of these variations refers to the position of the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus. However, a good knowledge of this variation is very necessary in post-traumatic assessment, exploratory interventions, and administration of brachial plexus blocks in the interscalene space in order to surgical treatments. This report explains a case of variation in the position of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus which was observed in a male cadaver during routine dissection. Anatomically, the three trunks of the brachial plexus are originated from the C5-T1 spinal nerves, then, pass the interscalene space toenter the posteriortriangle of the neck. It is not usual that the upper trunk of the brachial plexus pierces the anterior scalene muscle, but in this report, it was observed that the upper trunk of the brachial plexus piercing the anterior scalene muscleunilaterally, then, was divided into two divis...
Introduction Embryologically, during gastrulation (week 3 of gestational), three types of mesoder... more Introduction Embryologically, during gastrulation (week 3 of gestational), three types of mesoderm, namely, the paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderm are formed on both sides of the midline of the embryonic body (1,2). The intermediate mesoderm, which is also called the nephrotome, forms several parts in the body such as gonads, a portion of adrenal glands, reproductive system, and nephric structures, that is, the pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric kidneys, weeks 4 and 5 of gestational, in the cranial-to-caudal sequence, and ureters (1,2). At the fourth week of gestation, mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) develop on either side of the body. Then, they grow toward the lower lumbar region in order to form a part of the posterior wall of the definitive bladder when fusing to anterolateral (ventrolateral) walls of the cloaca at week 4 of gestation, forming the ureteric buds (metanephrogenic diverticulum) at week 5 of gestation (1,2). After the formation of the defini...
Introduction Electromagnetic wave or electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a phenomenon that spreads... more Introduction Electromagnetic wave or electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a phenomenon that spreads as propagated in a vacuum or material. These waves include electric and magnetic fields oscillating perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy (1,2). Since the past few decades human has ever been exposed to industrial electric (ELF) and electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from power transmission lines or household electromagnetic waves such as radio, television and mobile phones. EMFs not only are produced in advanced industries such as strong power transmission lines and cell phones but also are widely used in medical diagnosis such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1,3). Considering the increasing use of electrical wave generator devices in modern life, exposure to EMF is inevitable. Today, there are discussions on adverse biological effects of these fields on the human body (1,4). Given the huge technological advances in EMFs, there are many controversies ...
The aim of the current study is to determine the protective and therapeutic effects of linalool a... more The aim of the current study is to determine the protective and therapeutic effects of linalool against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Six-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control group (a regular diet); CCl4 group (1 ml/kg dissolved in olive oil, intraperitoneally at 14th day); pretreatment group (25 mg/kg linalool daily + CCl4 14thday); post-treatment group (25 mg/kg linalool 2, 6, 24, and 48 h after the injection of CCl4 at 14th day); and linalool group (25 mg/kg linalool daily, orally). All animals were sacrificed, tissue and blood samples were collected to analysis. Administration of CCl4 resulted in a marked increase in hepatic (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase) and renal (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) markers. Also, CCl4 resulted in pathological damages, a significant increase in the concentration of malondialdehyde , tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and Interleukin 6 , expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and a significant decrease in the levels of serum total protein, serum albumin, and antioxidants. However, in pretreatment and post treatment groups, linalool significantly inhibited CCl4- induced hepatic and nephric damages. These results demonstrate that linalool has protective and therapeutic effects in an in vitro model of CCL4-induced hepatic and nephric damage, proposing linalool as a potential therapeutic agent against chemical and drug induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
Abstract An 11-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital complaining of odorous discharge from an... more Abstract An 11-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital complaining of odorous discharge from an opening in the anterior region of the left side of his neck. During physical examinations, we understood that his cyst moved with deglutition and protrusion of the tongue. In order to get a correct diagnosis of the patient problem, fistulography with contrast agent meglumine was done from the patient neck in two projections, anterior-posterior and anterior-posterior-oblique. By information obtained of physical examinations and his neck radiographs, thyroglossal duct cyst coexisting with a fistulous tract was diagnosed. In adolescents and adults, thyroglossal duct cyst is one the most common causes of midline congenital cyst formation in the neck that may appear anywhere between the base of the tongue and the suprasternal region. Thyroglossal duct cyst develops from a persistence of any portion of the thyroglossal tract in the embryonic period. After birthday, infection of cyst can sometimes lead to fistula formation in the neck. Both of them, thyroglossal duct cyst and thyroglossal fistula, are usually diagnosed by imaging techniques.
International journal of surgery case reports, 2017
Anatomical variations of the peripheral nervous system may have not any clinical signs and sympto... more Anatomical variations of the peripheral nervous system may have not any clinical signs and symptoms. One of these variations belongs to the Musculocutaneous nerve. However, a good knowledge of nerve pathways and their variations is very important for surgeons in post-traumatic evaluations, exploratory interventions, and/or administration of neuromuscular blocks in axillary region in order to surgical therapies. This report describes a case of variation of the musculocutaneous nerve which was observed in an old Iranian male cadaver during routine educational dissection (Fig. 1). Anatomically, in the axilla region, the Musculocutaneous nerve is originated of the lateral cord of brachial plexus, then, by piercing the coracobrachialis muscle arrives enters to anterior compartment of the arm. But, in the present report, we observed that the Musculocutaneous nerve without piercing the coracobrachialis muscle has arrived in the left arm, then communicated to the Median nerve. To explorator...
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a common chemotherapy drug with the testicular damage. The aim of this s... more Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a common chemotherapy drug with the testicular damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of saponin (SP) on the toxicity of CP in the male reproductive system. Following an experimental pilot study for determining SP dose, 40 male mice (32 ± 3 g) were divided into five groups (n = 8): control, sham (normal saline 0.2 ml/day), CP (15 mg/kg/week, intraperitoneally), SP (2.5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally) and saponin group with cyclophosphamide (SP + CP). After treatment, the left testes were removed for the measurement of malonedialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels, and sperm DNA fragmentation was assessed by SDFA kit. In the CP group, a significant decrease in motility, viability, count, normal morphology and DNA fragmentation of spermatozoa and TAC was observed, while in MDA level, a significant increase was observed compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Attenuated sperm parameters in CP group improved signifi...
International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine, 2017
Diabetes has an adverse effect on spermatogenesis by rising oxidative stress. The aim of this stu... more Diabetes has an adverse effect on spermatogenesis by rising oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Teucrium Polium extract administration on spermatogenesis and testicular structure in diabetic rats induced with Streptozotocin. 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=8/each): control group, diabetic group received distilled water, and two experimental groups included diabetic rats treated with 50 and 100 mg/body weigh of Teucrium Polium extract for 6 six weeks. After six weeks, the left testis had been removed and the morphometrical study was performed. Blood samples were collected from the ophthalmic veins of the rats and plasma levels of glucose and testosterone hormone were measured afterward. The reduction in diameters of the seminiferous tubules and thickening of the wall of the seminiferous tubules (p=0.05) were seen in diabetic rats. Also, the degenerative changes in cells arrangement have been observed. Statistical anal...
This study was designed to determine the effects of daily oral administration (250 mg/kg) of the ... more This study was designed to determine the effects of daily oral administration (250 mg/kg) of the hydroalcoholic extract of Fumaria parviflora (FP) for 14 days on the sperm parameters, oxidative stress parameters, serum testosterone levels, expression of Bax and Bcl‐2 genes, and apoptosis index of germ cells after testicular torsion–detorsion (ischaemia–reperfusion, IR) injury model in rats. Twenty‐eight adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups of seven each: sham operation, torsion–detorsion (TD), TD plus the hydroalcoholic extract FP (TDFP) and only FP without TD application (FP). Testicular torsion was created by rotating the left testis 720° in a counterclockwise direction; then, after 4 hr, detorsion was performed. The Johnson's score, mean seminiferous tubule diameter (MSTD) and height (thickness) of seminiferous tubule epithelium (HST) were significantly increased in TDFP and FP groups as compared to TD group. The gene expression of Bcl‐2, level of ser...
Introduction Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating and cytotoxic agent that is used in cancer th... more Introduction Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating and cytotoxic agent that is used in cancer therapy; it acts as an immunesuppressive agent in organ transplantation as well (1). CP is well absorbed from the digestive system and is widely distributed in tissues and body fluids and leads to the alkylation of DNA molecules (2,3). CP is bound between two strands of DNA and applies its cytotoxic effect by breaking the strands of DNA and inhibiting protein synthesis (2,3). Despite the wide clinical applications, CP causes many side effects in humans and laboratory animals. The most important side effects include decreased blood cells, increased levels of uric acid, reduced gonadal function and causing amenorrhea (2,4). A damaged testicular germ cell is one of the main adverse effects of chemotherapy drugs that have been proved in some experimental and clinical studies. Some of the reported adverse effects of aforementioned drugs on the male reproductive system are decreased testicular w...
Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, 2019
Introduction The improvements and simplification of treatment methods, especially the surgery, ar... more Introduction The improvements and simplification of treatment methods, especially the surgery, are due to the advances in medical procedures and equipment. However, some of these tools are problematic regardless of being useful. Electrosurgical unit (electrocautery) is one of such devices that is used in the operating room. In addition, electrocautery is the most common heat-producing device that utilizes the high-frequency electrical current to cut or coagulate the targeted tissue in the surgery. This heat causes the boiling of the cellular contents thus releases the plume into the air that is called “surgical smoke” (1,2). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration in the United States estimates that 500 000 workers in the US are exposed to surgical smoke and many health care professionals such as surgeons and the operating room technicians are exposed to it for several hours a day for years (1). Further, surgical smoke contains 95% water and 5% toxic and mutagenic componen...
BACKGROUND Despite its vast spectrum of clinical usage, cyclophosphamide (CP) exerts many adverse... more BACKGROUND Despite its vast spectrum of clinical usage, cyclophosphamide (CP) exerts many adverse impacts, including hepatotoxicity. Antioxidant properties of ghrelin might protect the liver from CP-induced toxicity. The current study aimed to assess the protective impacts of ghrelin on CP-induced liver toxicity. METHODS Forty male mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) Group 1 as control received no intervention,group 2 received cyclophosphamide (CP) (100 mg/kg, i.p.) for five weeks and once a week. Group 3 received CP+ghrelin (CP+G), (80 µg/kg daily, i.p.) for five weeks. Group 4 received ghrelin with above-mentioned dose. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed to remove liver tissuesfor histological and biochemical examination. RESULTS Malondialdehyde (MDA) level increased after CP treatment but ghrelin administration significantly decreased the level of MDA (P<0.05). Measurement of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) noted a significant decrease i...
Introduction: One of the main reasons for acute renal failure is the renal ischemiareperfusion. I... more Introduction: One of the main reasons for acute renal failure is the renal ischemiareperfusion. It seems that renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative stress not only lead to alterations in renal function but also causes tissue alterations in distant organs such as the liver. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of renal ischemia-reperfusion on biochemical factors and histopathological changes in the liver of male rats. Methods: Forty male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, the sham group (only laparotomy), right nephrectomy and ischemic-reperfusion (right nephrectomy + left ischemicreperfusion). In the end, following anesthesia, blood and liver samples were taken for the measurement of biochemical factors (malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels) and histopathological changes. Results: The result of this study indicated that renal ...
Anatomical variations of the brachial plexus may have not any clinical symptoms. One of these var... more Anatomical variations of the brachial plexus may have not any clinical symptoms. One of these variations refers to the position of the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus. However, a good knowledge of this variation is very necessary in post-traumatic assessment, exploratory interventions, and administration of brachial plexus blocks in the interscalene space in order to surgical treatments. This report explains a case of variation in the position of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus which was observed in a male cadaver during routine dissection. Anatomically, the three trunks of the brachial plexus are originated from the C5-T1 spinal nerves, then, pass the interscalene space toenter the posteriortriangle of the neck. It is not usual that the upper trunk of the brachial plexus pierces the anterior scalene muscle, but in this report, it was observed that the upper trunk of the brachial plexus piercing the anterior scalene muscleunilaterally, then, was divided into two divis...
Introduction Embryologically, during gastrulation (week 3 of gestational), three types of mesoder... more Introduction Embryologically, during gastrulation (week 3 of gestational), three types of mesoderm, namely, the paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderm are formed on both sides of the midline of the embryonic body (1,2). The intermediate mesoderm, which is also called the nephrotome, forms several parts in the body such as gonads, a portion of adrenal glands, reproductive system, and nephric structures, that is, the pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric kidneys, weeks 4 and 5 of gestational, in the cranial-to-caudal sequence, and ureters (1,2). At the fourth week of gestation, mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) develop on either side of the body. Then, they grow toward the lower lumbar region in order to form a part of the posterior wall of the definitive bladder when fusing to anterolateral (ventrolateral) walls of the cloaca at week 4 of gestation, forming the ureteric buds (metanephrogenic diverticulum) at week 5 of gestation (1,2). After the formation of the defini...
Introduction Electromagnetic wave or electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a phenomenon that spreads... more Introduction Electromagnetic wave or electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a phenomenon that spreads as propagated in a vacuum or material. These waves include electric and magnetic fields oscillating perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy (1,2). Since the past few decades human has ever been exposed to industrial electric (ELF) and electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from power transmission lines or household electromagnetic waves such as radio, television and mobile phones. EMFs not only are produced in advanced industries such as strong power transmission lines and cell phones but also are widely used in medical diagnosis such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1,3). Considering the increasing use of electrical wave generator devices in modern life, exposure to EMF is inevitable. Today, there are discussions on adverse biological effects of these fields on the human body (1,4). Given the huge technological advances in EMFs, there are many controversies ...
The aim of the current study is to determine the protective and therapeutic effects of linalool a... more The aim of the current study is to determine the protective and therapeutic effects of linalool against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Six-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control group (a regular diet); CCl4 group (1 ml/kg dissolved in olive oil, intraperitoneally at 14th day); pretreatment group (25 mg/kg linalool daily + CCl4 14thday); post-treatment group (25 mg/kg linalool 2, 6, 24, and 48 h after the injection of CCl4 at 14th day); and linalool group (25 mg/kg linalool daily, orally). All animals were sacrificed, tissue and blood samples were collected to analysis. Administration of CCl4 resulted in a marked increase in hepatic (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase) and renal (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) markers. Also, CCl4 resulted in pathological damages, a significant increase in the concentration of malondialdehyde , tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and Interleukin 6 , expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and a significant decrease in the levels of serum total protein, serum albumin, and antioxidants. However, in pretreatment and post treatment groups, linalool significantly inhibited CCl4- induced hepatic and nephric damages. These results demonstrate that linalool has protective and therapeutic effects in an in vitro model of CCL4-induced hepatic and nephric damage, proposing linalool as a potential therapeutic agent against chemical and drug induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
Abstract An 11-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital complaining of odorous discharge from an... more Abstract An 11-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital complaining of odorous discharge from an opening in the anterior region of the left side of his neck. During physical examinations, we understood that his cyst moved with deglutition and protrusion of the tongue. In order to get a correct diagnosis of the patient problem, fistulography with contrast agent meglumine was done from the patient neck in two projections, anterior-posterior and anterior-posterior-oblique. By information obtained of physical examinations and his neck radiographs, thyroglossal duct cyst coexisting with a fistulous tract was diagnosed. In adolescents and adults, thyroglossal duct cyst is one the most common causes of midline congenital cyst formation in the neck that may appear anywhere between the base of the tongue and the suprasternal region. Thyroglossal duct cyst develops from a persistence of any portion of the thyroglossal tract in the embryonic period. After birthday, infection of cyst can sometimes lead to fistula formation in the neck. Both of them, thyroglossal duct cyst and thyroglossal fistula, are usually diagnosed by imaging techniques.
International journal of surgery case reports, 2017
Anatomical variations of the peripheral nervous system may have not any clinical signs and sympto... more Anatomical variations of the peripheral nervous system may have not any clinical signs and symptoms. One of these variations belongs to the Musculocutaneous nerve. However, a good knowledge of nerve pathways and their variations is very important for surgeons in post-traumatic evaluations, exploratory interventions, and/or administration of neuromuscular blocks in axillary region in order to surgical therapies. This report describes a case of variation of the musculocutaneous nerve which was observed in an old Iranian male cadaver during routine educational dissection (Fig. 1). Anatomically, in the axilla region, the Musculocutaneous nerve is originated of the lateral cord of brachial plexus, then, by piercing the coracobrachialis muscle arrives enters to anterior compartment of the arm. But, in the present report, we observed that the Musculocutaneous nerve without piercing the coracobrachialis muscle has arrived in the left arm, then communicated to the Median nerve. To explorator...
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