This report provides information about modern pipe samples containing dent and cracked gouge defe... more This report provides information about modern pipe samples containing dent and cracked gouge defects for performance evaluation of inspection technologies. Five mechanical damage dent and gouge defects were created in a realistic manner in modern pipes and then submitted to internal pressure cycling to initiate a significant crack at the gouge bottom. Three types of defects were created: shallow gouge in shallow dent, severe gouge in shallow dent and shallow gouge in severe dent. All defects are planned to be used to performance evaluation of inspection technologies. These defects are similar to those created in project PRCI MD-4-1 for destructive metallurgical characterization and for burst and fatigue tests. This version of the report contains the results of measurements of defects' dimensions, and other observations, to be held confidential, in order to allow blind testing of inspection technologies.
This report provides basic information about modern pipe samples containing dent and gouge defect... more This report provides basic information about modern pipe samples containing dent and gouge defects for performance evaluation of inspection technologies and qualification of repair techniques. Ten mechanical damage dent and gouge defects were created in a realistic manner in modern pipes. Three types of defects were created: shallow gouge in shallow dent, severe gouge in shallow dent and shallow gouge in severe dent. Each defect of a given type is repeated twice, one for performance evaluation of inspection technologies, one for qualification of repair techniques. These defects are similar to those created in project PRCI MD-4-1 for destructive metallurgical characterization and for burst and fatigue tests. This version of the report does not contain results of any measurements performed on the defects, in order to facilitate blind testing of inspection technologies using the samples produced in this project.
Abstract: Hydrogen embrittlement is a subject of great scientific curiosity since it has detrimen... more Abstract: Hydrogen embrittlement is a subject of great scientific curiosity since it has detrimental effects in many industrial sectors. As an example, the website “Hydrogen tools” identifies the incidents or accidents related to the presence of hydrogen and tries to give an explanation of each problem and the measures that should be taken to avoid it. The causes may be related to equipment failure, human error, inappropriate maintenance, unsupervised procedures, unsuitable materials, etc. This highlights the need to better understand the degradation mechanisms involved with regards to the loading conditions (environment, temperature, pressure, materials, etc.), in order to establish the strategies required to avoid these problems. The aim of this chapter is to present, in a non-exhaustive way, industrial examples of the consequences of hydrogen embrittlement in metals. The sensitivity to HE may affect the size of the components, the material selection or the security measures imple...
Une approche locale de la dechirure ductile est appliquee aux aciers ferritiques faiblement allie... more Une approche locale de la dechirure ductile est appliquee aux aciers ferritiques faiblement allies. Les parametres inclusionnaires lies aux processus d'endommagement de l'acier, tels que les distributions de la teneur inclusionnaire et de la morphologie des inclusions, sont determines par microscopie quantitative et calculs stereologiques pour trois nuances d'aciers. Une modelisation de l'approche locale de la rupture ductile est utilisee pour quantifier l'influence de l'etat inclusionnaire sur le comportement a la dechirure ductile des aciers.
2008 7th International Pipeline Conference, Volume 2, 2008
In the frame of Pipelines Integrity Management, a better knowledge of actual materials properties... more In the frame of Pipelines Integrity Management, a better knowledge of actual materials properties of pipelines in service can save money by avoiding the cut and interruption of gas transit thanks to a more realistic defect assessment at failure. Different ways have to be explored to improve this knowledge on materials. One is based on the development of adapted correlations, well validated, to get from the poor material data available, the material properties which are required to analyse the defect behaviour. Another one is to use directly on field a non-destructive mechanical characterization tool. This paper focuses on non-destructive characterization by indenter method. This method is a succession of micro-indentations made by a spherical tungstene carbide indenter. From the ball displacement and stress applied during the load phase, tensile mechanical properties and toughness of the material are estimated. As the depth of the indenter displacement in steel is about 300 μm with ...
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the fracture toughness for different plastic constraint ... more The purpose of this work was to evaluate the fracture toughness for different plastic constraint levels of a grade X63 line pipe representative of in-service line pipes in France. This study was carried out for high constraint levels using Compact Tensile (CT) specimens and low constraint levels using Single Edge Notched Tensile (SENT) specimens. Moreover, in order to reduce the amount of tested samples, silicone replicas of crack advance were made all along the test. The results show that the loss of plastic constraint induces J–values about 70% higher compared to high constraint tests. A strong crack growth resistance anisotropy was observed at high constraint. This anisotropy is significantly reduced at low constraint.
Safety, Reliability and Risks Associated with Water, Oil and Gas Pipelines
Repair methods are key operations for the integrity management of pipelines. The parameters guidi... more Repair methods are key operations for the integrity management of pipelines. The parameters guiding the repair decision are briefly reminded. A nonexhaustive external and internal repair techniques are described, notably grinding and weld deposition techniques, metallic and various composite sleeves which are developed for 25 years. The main advantages of different repair techni- ques are summarized in conclusion and perspectives are given.
Volume 2: Integrity Management; Poster Session; Student Paper Competition, 2006
The “State-of-the-art review of the existing fitness-for-purpose assessment methods for damaged p... more The “State-of-the-art review of the existing fitness-for-purpose assessment methods for damaged pipelines” [1] performed recently by Advantica identified, among others, the need to set a limit for the use of failure criteria for gouges and corrosion defects in the toughness-independent regime. This issue has very practical implications, as the length of older pipelines currently operated and having toughness values potentially leading to toughness-dependent failure behavior is not negligible. EPRG launched a project aimed at establishing a limit on the toughness value that separates toughness-dependent from toughness-independent burst failure behavior of gouges. The mainly experimental work checks the toughness related behavior of gouges on varying diameters of gas transmission pipes; small diameter (150 mm), medium diameter (350 mm), and large diameter (900 mm). Pipe material is carefully characterized in terms of tensile properties, Charpy energy, and shear area. Then, based on th...
External interference on gas and oil transmission pipelines is consistently reported as leading c... more External interference on gas and oil transmission pipelines is consistently reported as leading cause of leaks in Europe and USA as identified in the EGIG and PHMSA incident databases. External interference due to ground working machinery strikes, rock strikes during backfilling, etc. on buried pipelines result mainly in dent and gouge defects. The long-term integrity of a pipeline segment damaged by a dent and gouge defect is a complex function of a variety of parameters, including pipe material properties, pipe geometry, defect geometry linked to indenter shape, aggression conditions. The complexity and extreme variability of these dent and gouge defect shapes and pipe materials lead simple assessment models to scattered predictions, hinting towards an insufficient description of real structural and material behavior. To improve knowledge beyond the numerous studies led in the past, and to provide a sound foundation for developing and validating mechanistic models for predicting b...
The residual stress pattern surrounding gouges is complex and, to date, has not been accurately m... more The residual stress pattern surrounding gouges is complex and, to date, has not been accurately modeled using stress modeling software. Thus measurement of these stress distributions is necessary. Neutron diffraction is the only experimental method with the capability of directly evaluating residual strain throughout the entire thickness of a pipe wall, in and around dent or gouged regions. Neutron diffraction measurements were conducted at the NIST reactor on three gouged dents in X52 pipeline sections. These were part of a larger sample set examined as part of the comprehensive MD4-1 PRCI/DOT PHMSA project. Gouges contained in pipeline sections were termed BEA161 (primarily a gouge with little denting), and BEA178 (mild gouging, very large dent). Measurements were also conducted on a coupon sample – P22, that was created as part of an earlier study. For the moderate gouges with little or no associated denting (BEA161 and P22) the residual stress field was highly localized around t...
ABSTRACT This paper deals with hydrogen storage issues and reports the high-pressure technologica... more ABSTRACT This paper deals with hydrogen storage issues and reports the high-pressure technological advancement performed to date at a laboratory scale in two distinct domains. For on-board storage applications, the developments enter the scope of the adsorption approach that relates to materials exhibiting high specific areas and microporous volumes; experimental results connected to a specific device operating under pressures up to 70 MPa are presented. For renewable energy sources, the development aims to reassess the coupling to the electric grid of those suffering from inherent variability; pressurized hydrogen in dedicated pipeline sections is therein considered as a buffer storage means. The latter part presents the recently developed distribution-related pipe section test bench, previously designed for testing under monotonic loading up to 30 MPa or under cyclic loading between 4 and 10 MPa, that the new development shall benefit from.
Mechanical Damage on pipelines is the most frequent in service failure cause, at least in Europe.... more Mechanical Damage on pipelines is the most frequent in service failure cause, at least in Europe. The category of Mechanical Damage actually covers on one hand rock dents, on the other hand, combined “Dent and Gouge” defects resulting from an impact by a ground moving machinery. The latter are complex defects in terms of geometry and mechanical behavior. Improved understanding of toughness reduction in these defects and their vicinity, especially in the case of vintage pipelines, and its impact on burst pressure and remaining fatigue lifetime is crucial in order to ensure a high safety level at the best economic conditions for transmission pipelines. PRCI and DOT/PHMSA supported a large experimental program to investigate the burst and fatigue strength of such defects in modern pipes as well as in vintage pipes by producing very detailed reference experimental data in order to support improvement of current burst and fatigue strength models for these defects. This paper focuses on e...
This report provides information about modern pipe samples containing dent and cracked gouge defe... more This report provides information about modern pipe samples containing dent and cracked gouge defects for performance evaluation of inspection technologies. Five mechanical damage dent and gouge defects were created in a realistic manner in modern pipes and then submitted to internal pressure cycling to initiate a significant crack at the gouge bottom. Three types of defects were created: shallow gouge in shallow dent, severe gouge in shallow dent and shallow gouge in severe dent. All defects are planned to be used to performance evaluation of inspection technologies. These defects are similar to those created in project PRCI MD-4-1 for destructive metallurgical characterization and for burst and fatigue tests. This version of the report contains the results of measurements of defects' dimensions, and other observations, to be held confidential, in order to allow blind testing of inspection technologies.
This report provides basic information about modern pipe samples containing dent and gouge defect... more This report provides basic information about modern pipe samples containing dent and gouge defects for performance evaluation of inspection technologies and qualification of repair techniques. Ten mechanical damage dent and gouge defects were created in a realistic manner in modern pipes. Three types of defects were created: shallow gouge in shallow dent, severe gouge in shallow dent and shallow gouge in severe dent. Each defect of a given type is repeated twice, one for performance evaluation of inspection technologies, one for qualification of repair techniques. These defects are similar to those created in project PRCI MD-4-1 for destructive metallurgical characterization and for burst and fatigue tests. This version of the report does not contain results of any measurements performed on the defects, in order to facilitate blind testing of inspection technologies using the samples produced in this project.
Abstract: Hydrogen embrittlement is a subject of great scientific curiosity since it has detrimen... more Abstract: Hydrogen embrittlement is a subject of great scientific curiosity since it has detrimental effects in many industrial sectors. As an example, the website “Hydrogen tools” identifies the incidents or accidents related to the presence of hydrogen and tries to give an explanation of each problem and the measures that should be taken to avoid it. The causes may be related to equipment failure, human error, inappropriate maintenance, unsupervised procedures, unsuitable materials, etc. This highlights the need to better understand the degradation mechanisms involved with regards to the loading conditions (environment, temperature, pressure, materials, etc.), in order to establish the strategies required to avoid these problems. The aim of this chapter is to present, in a non-exhaustive way, industrial examples of the consequences of hydrogen embrittlement in metals. The sensitivity to HE may affect the size of the components, the material selection or the security measures imple...
Une approche locale de la dechirure ductile est appliquee aux aciers ferritiques faiblement allie... more Une approche locale de la dechirure ductile est appliquee aux aciers ferritiques faiblement allies. Les parametres inclusionnaires lies aux processus d'endommagement de l'acier, tels que les distributions de la teneur inclusionnaire et de la morphologie des inclusions, sont determines par microscopie quantitative et calculs stereologiques pour trois nuances d'aciers. Une modelisation de l'approche locale de la rupture ductile est utilisee pour quantifier l'influence de l'etat inclusionnaire sur le comportement a la dechirure ductile des aciers.
2008 7th International Pipeline Conference, Volume 2, 2008
In the frame of Pipelines Integrity Management, a better knowledge of actual materials properties... more In the frame of Pipelines Integrity Management, a better knowledge of actual materials properties of pipelines in service can save money by avoiding the cut and interruption of gas transit thanks to a more realistic defect assessment at failure. Different ways have to be explored to improve this knowledge on materials. One is based on the development of adapted correlations, well validated, to get from the poor material data available, the material properties which are required to analyse the defect behaviour. Another one is to use directly on field a non-destructive mechanical characterization tool. This paper focuses on non-destructive characterization by indenter method. This method is a succession of micro-indentations made by a spherical tungstene carbide indenter. From the ball displacement and stress applied during the load phase, tensile mechanical properties and toughness of the material are estimated. As the depth of the indenter displacement in steel is about 300 μm with ...
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the fracture toughness for different plastic constraint ... more The purpose of this work was to evaluate the fracture toughness for different plastic constraint levels of a grade X63 line pipe representative of in-service line pipes in France. This study was carried out for high constraint levels using Compact Tensile (CT) specimens and low constraint levels using Single Edge Notched Tensile (SENT) specimens. Moreover, in order to reduce the amount of tested samples, silicone replicas of crack advance were made all along the test. The results show that the loss of plastic constraint induces J–values about 70% higher compared to high constraint tests. A strong crack growth resistance anisotropy was observed at high constraint. This anisotropy is significantly reduced at low constraint.
Safety, Reliability and Risks Associated with Water, Oil and Gas Pipelines
Repair methods are key operations for the integrity management of pipelines. The parameters guidi... more Repair methods are key operations for the integrity management of pipelines. The parameters guiding the repair decision are briefly reminded. A nonexhaustive external and internal repair techniques are described, notably grinding and weld deposition techniques, metallic and various composite sleeves which are developed for 25 years. The main advantages of different repair techni- ques are summarized in conclusion and perspectives are given.
Volume 2: Integrity Management; Poster Session; Student Paper Competition, 2006
The “State-of-the-art review of the existing fitness-for-purpose assessment methods for damaged p... more The “State-of-the-art review of the existing fitness-for-purpose assessment methods for damaged pipelines” [1] performed recently by Advantica identified, among others, the need to set a limit for the use of failure criteria for gouges and corrosion defects in the toughness-independent regime. This issue has very practical implications, as the length of older pipelines currently operated and having toughness values potentially leading to toughness-dependent failure behavior is not negligible. EPRG launched a project aimed at establishing a limit on the toughness value that separates toughness-dependent from toughness-independent burst failure behavior of gouges. The mainly experimental work checks the toughness related behavior of gouges on varying diameters of gas transmission pipes; small diameter (150 mm), medium diameter (350 mm), and large diameter (900 mm). Pipe material is carefully characterized in terms of tensile properties, Charpy energy, and shear area. Then, based on th...
External interference on gas and oil transmission pipelines is consistently reported as leading c... more External interference on gas and oil transmission pipelines is consistently reported as leading cause of leaks in Europe and USA as identified in the EGIG and PHMSA incident databases. External interference due to ground working machinery strikes, rock strikes during backfilling, etc. on buried pipelines result mainly in dent and gouge defects. The long-term integrity of a pipeline segment damaged by a dent and gouge defect is a complex function of a variety of parameters, including pipe material properties, pipe geometry, defect geometry linked to indenter shape, aggression conditions. The complexity and extreme variability of these dent and gouge defect shapes and pipe materials lead simple assessment models to scattered predictions, hinting towards an insufficient description of real structural and material behavior. To improve knowledge beyond the numerous studies led in the past, and to provide a sound foundation for developing and validating mechanistic models for predicting b...
The residual stress pattern surrounding gouges is complex and, to date, has not been accurately m... more The residual stress pattern surrounding gouges is complex and, to date, has not been accurately modeled using stress modeling software. Thus measurement of these stress distributions is necessary. Neutron diffraction is the only experimental method with the capability of directly evaluating residual strain throughout the entire thickness of a pipe wall, in and around dent or gouged regions. Neutron diffraction measurements were conducted at the NIST reactor on three gouged dents in X52 pipeline sections. These were part of a larger sample set examined as part of the comprehensive MD4-1 PRCI/DOT PHMSA project. Gouges contained in pipeline sections were termed BEA161 (primarily a gouge with little denting), and BEA178 (mild gouging, very large dent). Measurements were also conducted on a coupon sample – P22, that was created as part of an earlier study. For the moderate gouges with little or no associated denting (BEA161 and P22) the residual stress field was highly localized around t...
ABSTRACT This paper deals with hydrogen storage issues and reports the high-pressure technologica... more ABSTRACT This paper deals with hydrogen storage issues and reports the high-pressure technological advancement performed to date at a laboratory scale in two distinct domains. For on-board storage applications, the developments enter the scope of the adsorption approach that relates to materials exhibiting high specific areas and microporous volumes; experimental results connected to a specific device operating under pressures up to 70 MPa are presented. For renewable energy sources, the development aims to reassess the coupling to the electric grid of those suffering from inherent variability; pressurized hydrogen in dedicated pipeline sections is therein considered as a buffer storage means. The latter part presents the recently developed distribution-related pipe section test bench, previously designed for testing under monotonic loading up to 30 MPa or under cyclic loading between 4 and 10 MPa, that the new development shall benefit from.
Mechanical Damage on pipelines is the most frequent in service failure cause, at least in Europe.... more Mechanical Damage on pipelines is the most frequent in service failure cause, at least in Europe. The category of Mechanical Damage actually covers on one hand rock dents, on the other hand, combined “Dent and Gouge” defects resulting from an impact by a ground moving machinery. The latter are complex defects in terms of geometry and mechanical behavior. Improved understanding of toughness reduction in these defects and their vicinity, especially in the case of vintage pipelines, and its impact on burst pressure and remaining fatigue lifetime is crucial in order to ensure a high safety level at the best economic conditions for transmission pipelines. PRCI and DOT/PHMSA supported a large experimental program to investigate the burst and fatigue strength of such defects in modern pipes as well as in vintage pipes by producing very detailed reference experimental data in order to support improvement of current burst and fatigue strength models for these defects. This paper focuses on e...
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