Long-range transport of black carbon from South Asia to the Tibetan plateau and its deposition on... more Long-range transport of black carbon from South Asia to the Tibetan plateau and its deposition on glaciers directly enhances glacier melt. Here we find South Asian black carbon also has an indirect effect on the plateau’s glaciers shrinkage by acting to reduce the water supply over the southern Tibetan plateau. Black carbon enhances vertical convection and cloud condensation, which results in water vapor depletion over the Indian subcontinent that is the main moisture flux source for the southern Tibetan plateau. Increasing concentrations of black carbon causes a decrease in summer precipitation over the southern Tibetan plateau, resulting in 11.0% glacier deficit mass balance on average from 2007 to 2016; this loss rises to 22.1% in the Himalayas. The direct (accelerated melt) and indirect (mass supply decrease) effects of black carbon are driving the glacial mass decline of the so-called “Asian Water Tower”.
1995 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications
ABSTRACT Describes a new method for estimating the spatial variation in surface soil water conten... more ABSTRACT Describes a new method for estimating the spatial variation in surface soil water content and the surface energy fluxes. Satisfactory surface energy fluxes can be calculated with the aid of constraints imposed by a visual inspection of the measurements in the form of scatterplots (the “triangle method”). The authors briefly address inherent inability of surface radiant temperatures to determine root-zone water content (“decoupling”)
Impervious surface area (ISA) has recently emerged as an important ecological indicator of cumula... more Impervious surface area (ISA) has recently emerged as an important ecological indicator of cumulative water resource impacts to urban watersheds. An ISA study was conducted in Cache County, Utah, to examine the potential of ISA as an indicator of water resource impacts in the region. Two LANDSAT 7 images from the spring of 2000 and, the summer of 2002 were analysed to compute ISA. Water chemistry and discharge data were collected from canals during five stormwater runoff events. Variables measured included dissolved metals, nutrients, sediment, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, and field parameters (e.g., water temperature). Percent ISA and loading coefficients were calculated for each of the contributing basins for a total of eight sampling locations. Results of linear regressions correlating mean site concentrations and percentage ISA were positive and strong (p<0.03) for total phosphorus (R=0.86), total nitrogen (R=0.94), orthophosphate (R=0.94), total suspended solids (R=0.67)...
In this paper, the concepts of wavelet analysis and neural networks are applied to the classifica... more In this paper, the concepts of wavelet analysis and neural networks are applied to the classification of shuttle imaging radar experiment C (SIR-C) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from a location in northwest China. Initially, the paper presents the visual elements of tone, texture and structural features on SAR imagery as important bases for image classification and target recognition. The wavelet analysis is used as a method to extract elements of texture and structural features; it involves deriving the energy of sub-image blocks through wavelet decomposition. A improved backpropagation neural network was applied to a multiresolution representation of six images comprising reflectance SAR data and those obtained by the wavelet transform. A simple scene was classified, yielding poplar trees and bushes. Where they were well differentiated the probability of yielding the correct classification was found to be 100%. Erroneous classification occurred in transition areas between co...
ABSTRACT Measurements of evapotranspiration and radiometric surface temperature, supplemented by ... more ABSTRACT Measurements of evapotranspiration and radiometric surface temperature, supplemented by model simulations, illustrate the effect of transient water stress on the evapotranspiration and radiometric surface temperatures over a corn (Zea Mays L) canopy. Transient stress is manifested by a plateau in the evapotranspiration and a warmer radiometric temperature of the canopy. Model simulations suggest that the cause of the evapotranspiration plateau is not solely due to reduced soil water content but to excessive atmospheric demand in the face of internal plant constraints. One of these constraints is a threshold epidermal leaf water potential, below which stomatal resistance increases very rapidly with decreasing leaf water potential. Accordingly the evapotranspiration plateau can occur at relatively high soil water content.The sensitivity of the canopy temperature to changing soil water content is weak at high soil water content. The evapotranspiration plateau and its effect on radiometric surface temperatures would not be detectable until, in this case, the soil water content decreases to about half of field capacity. Since evapotranspiration collapse (wilting) would occur at about 35% of field capacity, it may be possible to remotely monitor the onset of crop water stress over dense vegetation before catastrophic damage occurs.
... An Overview of the Workshop on Thermal Remote Sensing Held at La Londe les Maures, France, Se... more ... An Overview of the Workshop on Thermal Remote Sensing Held at La Londe les Maures, France, September 20-24, 1993 TOBY N. CARLSON ... Page 3. OVERVIEW OF THERMAL REMOTESENSING WORKSHOP 149 achievements, were touched upon or discussed in depth. ...
Abstract A unique relationship between the surface soil moisture availability and the radiant tem... more Abstract A unique relationship between the surface soil moisture availability and the radiant temperature does not exist in the presence of variable vegetation cover. To overcome this ambiguity, the authors present a method which couples a Soil‐Vegetation‐Atmosphere‐ ...
The future of the Colorado River water supply (WS) affects millions of people and the U.S. econom... more The future of the Colorado River water supply (WS) affects millions of people and the U.S. economy. A recent study suggested a cross-basin correlation between the Colorado River and its neighboring Great Salt Lake (GSL). Following that study, the feasibility of using the previously developed multi-year prediction of the GSL water level to forecast the Colorado River WS was tested. Time-series models were developed to predict the changes in WS out to 10 years. Regressive methods and the GSL water level data were used for the depiction of decadal variability of the Colorado River WS. Various time-series models suggest a decline in the 10-year-averaged WS since 2013 before starting to increase around 2020. Comparison between this WS prediction and the WS projection published in a 2012 government report (derived from climate models) reveals a widened imbalance between supply and demand by 2020. Further research to update similar multi-year prediction of the Colorado River WS is needed. ...
Long-range transport of black carbon from South Asia to the Tibetan plateau and its deposition on... more Long-range transport of black carbon from South Asia to the Tibetan plateau and its deposition on glaciers directly enhances glacier melt. Here we find South Asian black carbon also has an indirect effect on the plateau’s glaciers shrinkage by acting to reduce the water supply over the southern Tibetan plateau. Black carbon enhances vertical convection and cloud condensation, which results in water vapor depletion over the Indian subcontinent that is the main moisture flux source for the southern Tibetan plateau. Increasing concentrations of black carbon causes a decrease in summer precipitation over the southern Tibetan plateau, resulting in 11.0% glacier deficit mass balance on average from 2007 to 2016; this loss rises to 22.1% in the Himalayas. The direct (accelerated melt) and indirect (mass supply decrease) effects of black carbon are driving the glacial mass decline of the so-called “Asian Water Tower”.
1995 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS '95. Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications
ABSTRACT Describes a new method for estimating the spatial variation in surface soil water conten... more ABSTRACT Describes a new method for estimating the spatial variation in surface soil water content and the surface energy fluxes. Satisfactory surface energy fluxes can be calculated with the aid of constraints imposed by a visual inspection of the measurements in the form of scatterplots (the “triangle method”). The authors briefly address inherent inability of surface radiant temperatures to determine root-zone water content (“decoupling”)
Impervious surface area (ISA) has recently emerged as an important ecological indicator of cumula... more Impervious surface area (ISA) has recently emerged as an important ecological indicator of cumulative water resource impacts to urban watersheds. An ISA study was conducted in Cache County, Utah, to examine the potential of ISA as an indicator of water resource impacts in the region. Two LANDSAT 7 images from the spring of 2000 and, the summer of 2002 were analysed to compute ISA. Water chemistry and discharge data were collected from canals during five stormwater runoff events. Variables measured included dissolved metals, nutrients, sediment, oil and grease, fecal coliforms, and field parameters (e.g., water temperature). Percent ISA and loading coefficients were calculated for each of the contributing basins for a total of eight sampling locations. Results of linear regressions correlating mean site concentrations and percentage ISA were positive and strong (p<0.03) for total phosphorus (R=0.86), total nitrogen (R=0.94), orthophosphate (R=0.94), total suspended solids (R=0.67)...
In this paper, the concepts of wavelet analysis and neural networks are applied to the classifica... more In this paper, the concepts of wavelet analysis and neural networks are applied to the classification of shuttle imaging radar experiment C (SIR-C) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from a location in northwest China. Initially, the paper presents the visual elements of tone, texture and structural features on SAR imagery as important bases for image classification and target recognition. The wavelet analysis is used as a method to extract elements of texture and structural features; it involves deriving the energy of sub-image blocks through wavelet decomposition. A improved backpropagation neural network was applied to a multiresolution representation of six images comprising reflectance SAR data and those obtained by the wavelet transform. A simple scene was classified, yielding poplar trees and bushes. Where they were well differentiated the probability of yielding the correct classification was found to be 100%. Erroneous classification occurred in transition areas between co...
ABSTRACT Measurements of evapotranspiration and radiometric surface temperature, supplemented by ... more ABSTRACT Measurements of evapotranspiration and radiometric surface temperature, supplemented by model simulations, illustrate the effect of transient water stress on the evapotranspiration and radiometric surface temperatures over a corn (Zea Mays L) canopy. Transient stress is manifested by a plateau in the evapotranspiration and a warmer radiometric temperature of the canopy. Model simulations suggest that the cause of the evapotranspiration plateau is not solely due to reduced soil water content but to excessive atmospheric demand in the face of internal plant constraints. One of these constraints is a threshold epidermal leaf water potential, below which stomatal resistance increases very rapidly with decreasing leaf water potential. Accordingly the evapotranspiration plateau can occur at relatively high soil water content.The sensitivity of the canopy temperature to changing soil water content is weak at high soil water content. The evapotranspiration plateau and its effect on radiometric surface temperatures would not be detectable until, in this case, the soil water content decreases to about half of field capacity. Since evapotranspiration collapse (wilting) would occur at about 35% of field capacity, it may be possible to remotely monitor the onset of crop water stress over dense vegetation before catastrophic damage occurs.
... An Overview of the Workshop on Thermal Remote Sensing Held at La Londe les Maures, France, Se... more ... An Overview of the Workshop on Thermal Remote Sensing Held at La Londe les Maures, France, September 20-24, 1993 TOBY N. CARLSON ... Page 3. OVERVIEW OF THERMAL REMOTESENSING WORKSHOP 149 achievements, were touched upon or discussed in depth. ...
Abstract A unique relationship between the surface soil moisture availability and the radiant tem... more Abstract A unique relationship between the surface soil moisture availability and the radiant temperature does not exist in the presence of variable vegetation cover. To overcome this ambiguity, the authors present a method which couples a Soil‐Vegetation‐Atmosphere‐ ...
The future of the Colorado River water supply (WS) affects millions of people and the U.S. econom... more The future of the Colorado River water supply (WS) affects millions of people and the U.S. economy. A recent study suggested a cross-basin correlation between the Colorado River and its neighboring Great Salt Lake (GSL). Following that study, the feasibility of using the previously developed multi-year prediction of the GSL water level to forecast the Colorado River WS was tested. Time-series models were developed to predict the changes in WS out to 10 years. Regressive methods and the GSL water level data were used for the depiction of decadal variability of the Colorado River WS. Various time-series models suggest a decline in the 10-year-averaged WS since 2013 before starting to increase around 2020. Comparison between this WS prediction and the WS projection published in a 2012 government report (derived from climate models) reveals a widened imbalance between supply and demand by 2020. Further research to update similar multi-year prediction of the Colorado River WS is needed. ...
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