Desde os anos 1960, várias missões, tripuladas ou não, voltaram do espaço portando amostras de re... more Desde os anos 1960, várias missões, tripuladas ou não, voltaram do espaço portando amostras de recursos naturais lunares. Cada uma dessas missões configurou-se em ato regulado pelo Direito Espacial e balizado pelas diretrizes do Tratado do Espaço, o mais importante diploma legal internacional a tutelar atividades fora da Terra. A coleta de recursos espaciais obedeceu, em todos os casos, o princípio da "não apropriação" trazido pelo artigo 2º da Carta Magna do Espaço, que torna defeso aos Estados declararem, por qualquer meio, propriedade sobre corpos celestes. Porém, quando fragmentos desses mesmos corpos espaciais entram em nossa atmosfera e atingem a superfície sem interferência humana, de forma natural, a regulação sobre sua propriedade sai do âmbito do Direito Internacional e passa para a responsabilidade individual do país atingido.
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[ENG] Since the 1960s, several missions, crewed or not, have returned from space bringing with them lunar natural resources. Each of these missions was an act regulated by Space Law and guided by the principles of the Outer Space Treaty, the most important international agreement to rule activities in space. The extraction of space resources followed, in all cases, the “non-appropriation” principle, brought by the Article 2 of the Outer Space Treaty, which makes it forbidden for States to declare, by any means, ownership of celestial bodies. However, when fragments of these same space bodies enter our atmosphere and reach the surface without human interference, in a natural way, the regulation of their property rights goes off the scope of International Law and is transfered to the individual responsibility of the affected country. On land, property rights over these resources, called meteorites, are admitted. Defining, however, to whom they belong, should be the task of legislators. In Brazil there is still no law on the matter. So, based on the analysis of the peculiarities of the occurred phenomena and on the study of the current national and international law regency, this paper exposes the available alternatives to solve the question about the property rights over meteorites fallen in Brazilian territory.
ANÁLISE DE LEGALIDADE DA EXTRAÇÃO DE RECURSOS NATURAIS E DO USO EXCLUSIVO DE ÁREAS EM TERRITÓRIO LUNAR, À LUZ DO TRATADO DO ESPAÇO - UNIVERSIDADE ESTÁCIO DE SÁ - PÓS GRADUAÇÃO EM DIREITO INTERNACIONAL, 2020
Desde o ano de 2017, o governo dos Estados Unidos vem publicando
diretrizes e normas que buscam r... more Desde o ano de 2017, o governo dos Estados Unidos vem publicando diretrizes e normas que buscam regulamentar uma nova incursão ao território lunar. Entre elas estão a “Ordem Executiva de Incentivo ao Apoio Internacional à Recuperação e Uso de Recursos Espaciais” e o “Artemis Accords”. Dispõem sobre a volta à Lua de maneira sustentável e de forma que seja permitida a exploração comercial por parte de cidadãos e empresas nacionais, bem como de parceiros. Citam a extração de recursos naturais lunares como forma de incentivo à própria economia e visam apoio privado e internacional. Em ambas as normas, reiteram o respeito pelo Tratado do Espaço, a chamada “Carta Magna” do setor espacial, adotada por mais de 100 países. No entanto, neste acordo mestre, a questão da apropriação é proibida, seja na Lua ou outros corpos celestes. Considerando que as normas norte-americanas sugerem permitir ações de venda do produto de minério espacial, bem como instituir a possibilidade de criação de zonas de segurança onde teriam exclusividade de uso, este trabalho pretende avaliar a legalidade de tais operações à Luz do Tratado do Espaço, julgando se elas, caso realizadas, adentram no conceito de apropriação, o que as tornaria irregulares perante os preceitos atuais do Direito Espacial Internacional. <ENGLISH> Since the year 2017, the United States government has been publishing guidelines and standards that seek to regulate a new incursion into lunar territory. Among them are the “Executive Order on Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources” and the “Artemis Accords”. They provide for the return to the Moon in a sustainable manner and in a way that commercial exploitation by national citizens and companies, as well as partners, is allowed. They cite the extraction of natural lunar resources as a way to encourage their own economy and seek private and international support. In both standards, they reiterate respect for the Outer Space Treaty, the main rule of the space sector, adopted by more than 100 countries. However, in this master agreement, the question of appropriation is prohibited, whether on the Moon or other celestial bodies. Considering that the North American standards suggest allowing actions to sell the space mining product, as well as instituting the possibility of creating safety zones where they would have exclusive use, this work intends to evaluate the legality of such operations under the auspicies of the Outer Space Treaty, judging whether, if carried out, they enter the concept of appropriation, which would make them irregular in the face of the current precepts of International Space Law.
Desde os anos 1960, várias missões, tripuladas ou não, voltaram do espaço portando amostras de re... more Desde os anos 1960, várias missões, tripuladas ou não, voltaram do espaço portando amostras de recursos naturais lunares. Cada uma dessas missões configurou-se em ato regulado pelo Direito Espacial e balizado pelas diretrizes do Tratado do Espaço, o mais importante diploma legal internacional a tutelar atividades fora da Terra. A coleta de recursos espaciais obedeceu, em todos os casos, o princípio da "não apropriação" trazido pelo artigo 2º da Carta Magna do Espaço, que torna defeso aos Estados declararem, por qualquer meio, propriedade sobre corpos celestes. Porém, quando fragmentos desses mesmos corpos espaciais entram em nossa atmosfera e atingem a superfície sem interferência humana, de forma natural, a regulação sobre sua propriedade sai do âmbito do Direito Internacional e passa para a responsabilidade individual do país atingido.
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[ENG] Since the 1960s, several missions, crewed or not, have returned from space bringing with them lunar natural resources. Each of these missions was an act regulated by Space Law and guided by the principles of the Outer Space Treaty, the most important international agreement to rule activities in space. The extraction of space resources followed, in all cases, the “non-appropriation” principle, brought by the Article 2 of the Outer Space Treaty, which makes it forbidden for States to declare, by any means, ownership of celestial bodies. However, when fragments of these same space bodies enter our atmosphere and reach the surface without human interference, in a natural way, the regulation of their property rights goes off the scope of International Law and is transfered to the individual responsibility of the affected country. On land, property rights over these resources, called meteorites, are admitted. Defining, however, to whom they belong, should be the task of legislators. In Brazil there is still no law on the matter. So, based on the analysis of the peculiarities of the occurred phenomena and on the study of the current national and international law regency, this paper exposes the available alternatives to solve the question about the property rights over meteorites fallen in Brazilian territory.
ANÁLISE DE LEGALIDADE DA EXTRAÇÃO DE RECURSOS NATURAIS E DO USO EXCLUSIVO DE ÁREAS EM TERRITÓRIO LUNAR, À LUZ DO TRATADO DO ESPAÇO - UNIVERSIDADE ESTÁCIO DE SÁ - PÓS GRADUAÇÃO EM DIREITO INTERNACIONAL, 2020
Desde o ano de 2017, o governo dos Estados Unidos vem publicando
diretrizes e normas que buscam r... more Desde o ano de 2017, o governo dos Estados Unidos vem publicando diretrizes e normas que buscam regulamentar uma nova incursão ao território lunar. Entre elas estão a “Ordem Executiva de Incentivo ao Apoio Internacional à Recuperação e Uso de Recursos Espaciais” e o “Artemis Accords”. Dispõem sobre a volta à Lua de maneira sustentável e de forma que seja permitida a exploração comercial por parte de cidadãos e empresas nacionais, bem como de parceiros. Citam a extração de recursos naturais lunares como forma de incentivo à própria economia e visam apoio privado e internacional. Em ambas as normas, reiteram o respeito pelo Tratado do Espaço, a chamada “Carta Magna” do setor espacial, adotada por mais de 100 países. No entanto, neste acordo mestre, a questão da apropriação é proibida, seja na Lua ou outros corpos celestes. Considerando que as normas norte-americanas sugerem permitir ações de venda do produto de minério espacial, bem como instituir a possibilidade de criação de zonas de segurança onde teriam exclusividade de uso, este trabalho pretende avaliar a legalidade de tais operações à Luz do Tratado do Espaço, julgando se elas, caso realizadas, adentram no conceito de apropriação, o que as tornaria irregulares perante os preceitos atuais do Direito Espacial Internacional. <ENGLISH> Since the year 2017, the United States government has been publishing guidelines and standards that seek to regulate a new incursion into lunar territory. Among them are the “Executive Order on Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources” and the “Artemis Accords”. They provide for the return to the Moon in a sustainable manner and in a way that commercial exploitation by national citizens and companies, as well as partners, is allowed. They cite the extraction of natural lunar resources as a way to encourage their own economy and seek private and international support. In both standards, they reiterate respect for the Outer Space Treaty, the main rule of the space sector, adopted by more than 100 countries. However, in this master agreement, the question of appropriation is prohibited, whether on the Moon or other celestial bodies. Considering that the North American standards suggest allowing actions to sell the space mining product, as well as instituting the possibility of creating safety zones where they would have exclusive use, this work intends to evaluate the legality of such operations under the auspicies of the Outer Space Treaty, judging whether, if carried out, they enter the concept of appropriation, which would make them irregular in the face of the current precepts of International Space Law.
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Papers by Rodrigo Vesule
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[ENG] Since the 1960s, several missions, crewed or not, have returned from space bringing with them lunar natural resources. Each of these missions was an act regulated by Space Law and guided by the principles of the Outer Space Treaty, the most important international agreement to rule activities in space. The extraction of space resources followed, in all cases, the “non-appropriation” principle, brought by the Article 2 of the Outer Space Treaty, which makes it forbidden for States to declare, by any means, ownership of celestial bodies. However, when fragments of these same space bodies enter our atmosphere and reach the surface without human interference, in a natural way, the regulation of their property rights goes off the scope of International Law and is transfered to the individual responsibility of the affected country. On land, property rights over these resources, called meteorites, are admitted. Defining, however, to whom they belong, should be the task of legislators. In Brazil there is still no law on the matter. So, based on the analysis of the peculiarities of the occurred phenomena and on the study of the current national and international law regency, this paper exposes the available alternatives to solve the question about the property rights over meteorites fallen in Brazilian territory.
diretrizes e normas que buscam regulamentar uma nova incursão ao território lunar.
Entre elas estão a “Ordem Executiva de Incentivo ao Apoio Internacional à
Recuperação e Uso de Recursos Espaciais” e o “Artemis Accords”. Dispõem sobre a
volta à Lua de maneira sustentável e de forma que seja permitida a exploração
comercial por parte de cidadãos e empresas nacionais, bem como de parceiros.
Citam a extração de recursos naturais lunares como forma de incentivo à própria
economia e visam apoio privado e internacional. Em ambas as normas, reiteram o
respeito pelo Tratado do Espaço, a chamada “Carta Magna” do setor espacial,
adotada por mais de 100 países. No entanto, neste acordo mestre, a questão da
apropriação é proibida, seja na Lua ou outros corpos celestes. Considerando que as
normas norte-americanas sugerem permitir ações de venda do produto de minério
espacial, bem como instituir a possibilidade de criação de zonas de segurança onde
teriam exclusividade de uso, este trabalho pretende avaliar a legalidade de tais
operações à Luz do Tratado do Espaço, julgando se elas, caso realizadas, adentram
no conceito de apropriação, o que as tornaria irregulares perante os preceitos atuais
do Direito Espacial Internacional.
<ENGLISH>
Since the year 2017, the United States government has been publishing
guidelines and standards that seek to regulate a new incursion into lunar territory.
Among them are the “Executive Order on Encouraging International Support for the
Recovery and Use of Space Resources” and the “Artemis Accords”. They provide for
the return to the Moon in a sustainable manner and in a way that commercial
exploitation by national citizens and companies, as well as partners, is allowed. They
cite the extraction of natural lunar resources as a way to encourage their own
economy and seek private and international support. In both standards, they reiterate
respect for the Outer Space Treaty, the main rule of the space sector, adopted by
more than 100 countries. However, in this master agreement, the question of
appropriation is prohibited, whether on the Moon or other celestial bodies.
Considering that the North American standards suggest allowing actions to sell the
space mining product, as well as instituting the possibility of creating safety zones
where they would have exclusive use, this work intends to evaluate the legality of
such operations under the auspicies of the Outer Space Treaty, judging whether, if
carried out, they enter the concept of appropriation, which would make them irregular
in the face of the current precepts of International Space Law.
-
[ENG] Since the 1960s, several missions, crewed or not, have returned from space bringing with them lunar natural resources. Each of these missions was an act regulated by Space Law and guided by the principles of the Outer Space Treaty, the most important international agreement to rule activities in space. The extraction of space resources followed, in all cases, the “non-appropriation” principle, brought by the Article 2 of the Outer Space Treaty, which makes it forbidden for States to declare, by any means, ownership of celestial bodies. However, when fragments of these same space bodies enter our atmosphere and reach the surface without human interference, in a natural way, the regulation of their property rights goes off the scope of International Law and is transfered to the individual responsibility of the affected country. On land, property rights over these resources, called meteorites, are admitted. Defining, however, to whom they belong, should be the task of legislators. In Brazil there is still no law on the matter. So, based on the analysis of the peculiarities of the occurred phenomena and on the study of the current national and international law regency, this paper exposes the available alternatives to solve the question about the property rights over meteorites fallen in Brazilian territory.
diretrizes e normas que buscam regulamentar uma nova incursão ao território lunar.
Entre elas estão a “Ordem Executiva de Incentivo ao Apoio Internacional à
Recuperação e Uso de Recursos Espaciais” e o “Artemis Accords”. Dispõem sobre a
volta à Lua de maneira sustentável e de forma que seja permitida a exploração
comercial por parte de cidadãos e empresas nacionais, bem como de parceiros.
Citam a extração de recursos naturais lunares como forma de incentivo à própria
economia e visam apoio privado e internacional. Em ambas as normas, reiteram o
respeito pelo Tratado do Espaço, a chamada “Carta Magna” do setor espacial,
adotada por mais de 100 países. No entanto, neste acordo mestre, a questão da
apropriação é proibida, seja na Lua ou outros corpos celestes. Considerando que as
normas norte-americanas sugerem permitir ações de venda do produto de minério
espacial, bem como instituir a possibilidade de criação de zonas de segurança onde
teriam exclusividade de uso, este trabalho pretende avaliar a legalidade de tais
operações à Luz do Tratado do Espaço, julgando se elas, caso realizadas, adentram
no conceito de apropriação, o que as tornaria irregulares perante os preceitos atuais
do Direito Espacial Internacional.
<ENGLISH>
Since the year 2017, the United States government has been publishing
guidelines and standards that seek to regulate a new incursion into lunar territory.
Among them are the “Executive Order on Encouraging International Support for the
Recovery and Use of Space Resources” and the “Artemis Accords”. They provide for
the return to the Moon in a sustainable manner and in a way that commercial
exploitation by national citizens and companies, as well as partners, is allowed. They
cite the extraction of natural lunar resources as a way to encourage their own
economy and seek private and international support. In both standards, they reiterate
respect for the Outer Space Treaty, the main rule of the space sector, adopted by
more than 100 countries. However, in this master agreement, the question of
appropriation is prohibited, whether on the Moon or other celestial bodies.
Considering that the North American standards suggest allowing actions to sell the
space mining product, as well as instituting the possibility of creating safety zones
where they would have exclusive use, this work intends to evaluate the legality of
such operations under the auspicies of the Outer Space Treaty, judging whether, if
carried out, they enter the concept of appropriation, which would make them irregular
in the face of the current precepts of International Space Law.